Session 2 Anatomy

8/3/2019 Session 2 Anatomy

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Understanding human bodys physiological

responses to work & biomechanicalevaluations.

Anatomy bodys structure includingmuscles, bones tendon, ligaments & other

structures.

Physiology bodys function includingmetabolism, muscles mechanics, oxygen &

nutrient distribution, temperature regulation,nerve transmission, cognition & otherfunctional activities.


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Anatomical PositionStanding erect the eyes looking

forward to the horizon, the arms by

the sides, the palms of the hands &

the toes directed forward.


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Reference Planes

The mid sagittal (median) plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into right &

left halves.


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A coronal (frontal) plane

Any vertical plane which divides the body

into anterior (front) & posterior (back)

portions.

A transverse (horizontal) plane

Any horizontal plane at right angles to the

sagittal & frontal (coronal) planes, dividing

the body into superior (upper) & interior(lower) parts.


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The skeletal + Muscular system of human

body > Movement Mechanism. Skeletal system provides the mechanical

levers movements -> contraction of the

muscles. Skeletal system -> bones, cartilages, joints

connective tissues

Bones -> Long, short, flat, irregular.


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Joint Articulations types based on function

Diarthroses freely movable joints

e.g. ball & socket joint, Hinge joint

Synarthroses immovable or Slightly

movable. e.g. skull joint.


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Joint movement

Flexion movement decreases the angle

between two bones. bending

Extension stretching or strengthening

movement, increases angle between twobones.


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Joint movement

Abduction moving away laterally from the

central axis of the body (median plane)

Adduction moving towards the central axis


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Circumduction

Involves all above movements in sequence

Rotation Movement of bone along its long axis.


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Pronation Medical rotation.

Supination Lateral / upward rotation.


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Muscular system and work

The muscular system provide power for

performing mechanical work. The muscle

transform chemical energy stored in the body

into physical activities.

The mechanical work is of various forms,

such as moving parts of the body, carrying

loads and manipulating objects.


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Guidelines for Muscle use

If a static effort repeated every day over a

long period, permanent aches can appear in

the limbs and may involve not only the

muscles but also the joints, tendons,

ligaments and other tissues.


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General Guidelines

The optimal use of muscle strength can beachieved by adapting the following guidelines.

Appropriate movements must be made to allow

muscles to develop as much power as possible.

Since a muscle typically generates its greatest

tension at or near its resting length, appropriate

postures (resting lengths of muscles) should be

assumed.


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Posture and movement

Posture & movement play a central role in

ergonomics.

Poor posture & movement can lead to localmechanical stress on the muscles.


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Biomechanical, Physiological &

Anthropometric background A number ofprinciples of importance to the

ergonomics of posture and movement derive

from a range of specialist fields, namelybiomechanics, physiology and

anthropometrics.


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Biomechanical background

Estimating the local mechanical stress on

muscles & joints which occurs while adopting

a posture or making a movement.


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Biomechanical principles,

Joints must be in a neutral position

Keep the work close to the body

Avoid bending forward

A twisted trunk strains the back

Sudden movements & forces produce peakstresses

Alternate postures as well as movements.

Limit the duration of any continuous muscular

effort Prevent muscular exhaustion

More frequent short breaks are better than asingle long one.


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Physiological background

Amount ofenergy which the heart & lungs

can supply to the muscles to allow posture to

be adopted or movement to be carried out.


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Physiological principles,

Limit the energy expenditure in a task

Rest is necessary after heavy tasks

Take account of differences in body size Use of anthropometric tables appropriate for

specific populations

Session 2 Anatomy

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