Senior University Executives andSenior University Executives andSpecial Professorships:Special Professorships:

The Realities for WomenThe Realities for Women

ETS SymposiumETS SymposiumAddressing Achievement Gaps: The Progress and Addressing Achievement Gaps: The Progress and

Challenges of Women and Girls in Education and WorkChallenges of Women and Girls in Education and WorkPrinceton, NJPrinceton, NJ

May 2005May 2005

Beverly LindsayProfessor and Senior ScientistCenter for the Study of Higher EducationThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA 16802

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“We owe it to the current generation of students, and to “We owe it to the current generation of students, and to subsequent generations, to continue the progress toward what subsequent generations, to continue the progress toward what

we can truly and proudly call a great meritocracy, on this we can truly and proudly call a great meritocracy, on this campus and across the nation.”campus and across the nation.”

I hope that my election to MIT’s presidency will give I hope that my election to MIT’s presidency will give confidence to women and girls, as well as to people from all confidence to women and girls, as well as to people from all backgrounds, to believe that they, too, can take on roles that backgrounds, to believe that they, too, can take on roles that

perhaps have not previously been open to them.”perhaps have not previously been open to them.”

“There must be an atmosphere that “There must be an atmosphere that encourages more questions and fewer encourages more questions and fewer

answers.”answers.”

Susan Hockfield, President, MIT(MIT, 2005)

Johnnetta B. Cole, President, Bennett College(ACE, 2005a)

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Table 1. Race/Ethnicity of Senior Executive Leadership Table 1. Race/Ethnicity of Senior Executive Leadership Positions at AAU InstitutionsPositions at AAU Institutions

1256263TOTAL

000Hispanic Female

000Hispanic Male

000Asian American Female

211Asian American Male

101African American Female

211African American Male

199 (1)10White Females

10151 (4)50 (4)White Males

Most SeniorLeadershipProvostPresidentRace/Ethnicity

•Information accessed through institutional websites and accurate as of April 8, 2005.•President position includes alternative titles such as Chancellor. Provost position includes alternative titles such as Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs.•At the time of data collection, there were four acting presidents and five acting provosts, listed in parenthesis.•University of Washington-St. Louis has no provost/vice president position, thus 125 senior leadership positions.•17% of the presidents are women; 83% of the presidents are men•14% of the provosts are women; 86% of the provosts are men•84% of the 125 positions are men

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Table 2. FourTable 2. Four--Year College and University Presidents by Year College and University Presidents by Institutional Type, Race/Ethnicity, and GenderInstitutional Type, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender

200.031Women

-22.279Men

0.01010American Indian

400.0102Women

56.53623Men

84.04625Asian American

87.53016Women

47.17551Men

56.710567Hispanic

87.04323Women

2.7114111Men

17.2157134African American

43.9413287Women

12.71,7431,547Men

17.62,1561,834White (non-Hispanic)

51.7499329Women

13.41,9751,741Men

19.52,4742,070Total

Percent Change20041994Race/Ethnicity

4 2004: 20.2% of the presidents are women; 79.8% of the presidents are menSource: American Council on Education, 2005b

Table 3. TwoTable 3. Two--Year College and University Presidents by Year College and University Presidents by Institutional Type, Race/Ethnicity, and GenderInstitutional Type, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender

-50.048Women

87.51513Men

58.31921American Indian

0.033Women

-20.0810Men

-15.41113Asian American

115.42813Women

55.65636Men

71.48449Hispanic

100.04422Women

-84.3851Men

-28.85273African American

35.5355182Women

1.3852841Men

18.01,2071,023White (non-Hispanic)

90.4434228Women

-1.3939951Men

16.51,3731,179Total

Percent Change20041994Race/Ethnicity

5 2004: 31.6% of the presidents are women; 68.4% of the presidents are menSource: American Council on Education, 2005b

FourFour--Year Historically Black Year Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)

•• Over 90% of CEOs are Over 90% of CEOs are Executives of ColorExecutives of Color

•• 25.8% are Female25.8% are Female•• 74.2% are Male74.2% are Male

Source: Bertrand (forthcoming, 2005)

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Women Scientists as CEOs atWomen Scientists as CEOs atComprehensive Research UniversitiesComprehensive Research Universities

•• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)•• Susan HockfieldSusan Hockfield

•• Rensellaer Polytechnic InstituteRensellaer Polytechnic Institute•• Shirley Ann JacksonShirley Ann Jackson

•• University of California, MercedUniversity of California, Merced•• Carol TomlinsonCarol Tomlinson--KeaseyKeasey

•• University of California, RiversideUniversity of California, Riverside•• France A. CordovaFrance A. Cordova

•• University of California, San DiegoUniversity of California, San Diego•• Mary Anne FoxMary Anne Fox

•• University of California, Santa CruzUniversity of California, Santa Cruz•• Denice DentonDenice Denton

•• University of MichiganUniversity of Michigan•• Mary Sue ColemanMary Sue Coleman

Only Research I Universities (1994 Carnegie Classification) consOnly Research I Universities (1994 Carnegie Classification) considered idered

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Table 4. Master’s Degrees Conferred byTable 4. Master’s Degrees Conferred byEthnic Group and Gender, 1981, 2001Ethnic Group and Gender, 1981, 2001

468,476294,183Total

.2917.2501Native American Men

.31,594.2533Native American Women

1.88,2711.03,085Hispanic Males

2.813,2721.13,376Hispanic Females

2.411,3491.33,773Asian Males

2.812,934.82,509Asian Females

2.511,5682.16,158African American Males

5.726,6973.710,975African American Females

26.9125,99339.3115,562White Males

41.5194,48742.7125,654White Females

%2000-01%1980-81Ethnicity/Gender

Total includes international students (non-residents)Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2002

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Table 5. Doctoral Degrees Conferred byTable 5. Doctoral Degrees Conferred byEthnic Group and Gender, 1981, 2001Ethnic Group and Gender, 1981, 2001

44,98932,819Total

.276.395Native American Men

.3101.135Native American Women

1.8687.8277Hispanic Males

2.8829.5179Hispanic Females

2.41,4532.0655Asian Males

2.81,134.7222Asian Females

2.58552.1694African American Males

5.71,3521.7571African American Females

41.513,93752.717,310White Males

26.913,51726.28,598White Females

%2000-01%1980-81Ethnicity/Gender

Total includes international students (non-residents)Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2002

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Table 6. FullTable 6. Full--time Faculty by Tenure Status,time Faculty by Tenure Status,Race/Ethnicity and GenderRace/Ethnicity and Gender——Fall 1993, 2001Fall 1993, 2001

0.36950.2546Native American Men

0.13940.1214Native American Women

1.74,7751.95,243Hispanic Males

1.02,7631.23,352Hispanic Females

4.412,1793.49,550Asian Males

1.33,5850.72,019Asian Females

2.56,9162.16,027African American Males

2.05,4061.64,528African American Females

60.0166,21567.0189,704White Males

26.072,02421.360,435White Females

%2001%1993Ethnicity/Gender

Total includes international students (non-residents)Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2002

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Illustrations and Numbers of Endowed/Named Illustrations and Numbers of Endowed/Named Chairs Held by Women of Color at Chairs Held by Women of Color at

Comprehensive Research UniversitiesComprehensive Research Universities•• Emory UniversityEmory University

•• Delores AlridgeDelores Alridge•• Frances Smith FosterFrances Smith Foster•• Jacqueline Jordan IrvineJacqueline Jordan Irvine

•• Georgia State UniversityGeorgia State University•• Joyce KingJoyce King

•• Harvard UniversityHarvard University•• Lani GuinierLani Guinier

•• Michigan State UniversityMichigan State University•• Darlene Clark HinesDarlene Clark Hines

•• Northwestern UniversityNorthwestern University•• Darlene Clark HinesDarlene Clark Hines

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Illustrations and Numbers of Endowed/Named Illustrations and Numbers of Endowed/Named Chairs Held by Women of Color at Chairs Held by Women of Color at

Comprehensive Research Universities Comprehensive Research Universities (continued)(continued)

•• Stanford UniversityStanford University•• Linda Darling HammondLinda Darling Hammond•• Guadalupe ValdesGuadalupe Valdes

•• University of California, Santa BarbaraUniversity of California, Santa Barbara•• Maria HerreraMaria Herrera--SobekSobek

•• University of TennesseeUniversity of Tennessee•• Marvalene MooreMarvalene Moore

•• University of Wisconsin, MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison•• Gloria Ladson BillingsGloria Ladson Billings•• Linda GreeneLinda Greene

•• Vanderbilt UniversityVanderbilt University•• Donna FordDonna Ford

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Table 7. Penn State University: Endowed Chairs and Table 7. Penn State University: Endowed Chairs and Professorships, Evan Pugh Professors andProfessorships, Evan Pugh Professors and

Distinguished ProfessorsDistinguished Professors

33833870704040228228TOTALSTOTALS

441133Dean’s ChairsDean’s Chairs

133133343417178282Endowed ProfessorshipsEndowed Professorships

75752020664949Endowed ChairsEndowed Chairs

9090161614146060Distinguished ProfessorsDistinguished Professors

3636223434Evan Pugh ProfessorsEvan Pugh Professors

TotalTotalVacantVacantFemaleFemaleMaleMale

Includes Dickinson Law School (Carlisle, PA) and the School of Medicine (Hershey, PA)Excludes branch campuses and University LibrariesPercentage of Positions Held by Men: Evan Pugh—94%; Distinguished—66%; Endowed Chairs—65%; Endowed Professorships—62%; Dean’s Chairs—75%; Total—67%Source: Penn State, 2005

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Portraits atPortraits atThe Pennsylvania State UniversityThe Pennsylvania State University

•• The Criteria for SelectionThe Criteria for Selection•• Women Special ProfessorsWomen Special Professors•• Women of ColorWomen of Color

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The Experiences andThe Experiences andVoices of Women ExecutivesVoices of Women Executives

•• Formal Qualifications for Executives (Deans, Formal Qualifications for Executives (Deans, Provosts, Presidents with tenured full Provosts, Presidents with tenured full professorships)professorships)

•• The Application ProcessesThe Application Processes•• The Sociopolitical VariablesThe Sociopolitical Variables

•• College or University MilieuCollege or University Milieu•• CommunityCommunity•• State Legislators and Political LeadersState Legislators and Political Leaders•• AlumniAlumni•• Sponsor(s)/Mentor(s)Sponsor(s)/Mentor(s)

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The Selection Process forThe Selection Process forSpecial ProfessorshipsSpecial Professorships

•• The Written Public CriteriaThe Written Public Criteria•• Examples from Stanford, Vanderbilt, Examples from Stanford, Vanderbilt,

University of California, Santa University of California, Santa Barbara, and Penn StateBarbara, and Penn State

•• The Roles of ScholarshipThe Roles of Scholarship•• The Roles of Offers and CounteroffersThe Roles of Offers and Counteroffers

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Conceptual and Theoretical ParadigmsConceptual and Theoretical ParadigmsAdministrative ParadigmsAdministrative Paradigms

•• Situational LeadershipSituational Leadership•• Paul HersheyPaul Hershey•• Kenneth BlanchardKenneth Blanchard

•• Collaborative/Collegial LeadershipCollaborative/Collegial Leadership•• Rosabeth Moss KanterRosabeth Moss Kanter•• Marcellette WilliamsMarcellette Williams

•• Cultural ContextCultural Context•• David DillDavid Dill•• William BernquistWilliam Bernquist

•• Crisis LeadershipCrisis Leadership•• Belinda WilsonBelinda Wilson

•• BureaucraciesBureaucracies•• Amitai EtzioniAmitai Etzioni

•• HBCUs LeadershipHBCUs Leadership•• William HarveyWilliam Harvey

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Conceptual and Theoretical ParadigmsConceptual and Theoretical ParadigmsFeministFeminist ParadigmsParadigms

•• Roles of GenderRoles of Gender•• MarvaleneMarvalene HughesHughes•• Beverly LindsayBeverly Lindsay

•• Male/Patriarchal Power RelationsMale/Patriarchal Power Relations•• Johnnetta B. ColeJohnnetta B. Cole•• Claudia LimbertClaudia Limbert

•• Global LeadershipGlobal Leadership•• Ellen Galinsky, et al.Ellen Galinsky, et al.

•• Cultural DiversityCultural Diversity•• Yolanda MosesYolanda Moses

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Toward Authentic Changes and Toward Authentic Changes and Collaborations: A TimeframeCollaborations: A Timeframe

•• The Status QuoThe Status Quo•• The ChallengesThe Challenges•• The RealitiesThe Realities•• Options for Generation X and the Options for Generation X and the

Net GenerationNet Generation

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ReferencesReferencesAmerican Council on Education (2005a). Transcending boundaries to build a new academic

model. Presidency Magazine , 8 (1), p. 14-17. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

American Council on Education (2005b). Minorities in higher education. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

Bernquist, William. (1992). The four cultures of the academy: Insights and strategies for improving leadership in collegiate organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Bertrand, R. (forthcoming, 2005). Mission of Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Presidential perspectives on their role in the higher education system. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Pennsylvania State University: University Park, PA.

Birnbaum, Robert. (1992). How academic leadership works. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Cole, J. (1979). Fair science: Women in the scientific community. New York: The Free Press.

Dill, David. (1991). The management of academic culture: Notes on the management of meaning and social integration. In J. L. Bess (Ed.), Foundations of American higher education (pp. 567-579). Needham Heights, MA: Ginn Press.

Etzioni, Amitai. (1964). Modern organizations. Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Galinsky, Ellen, Salmond, Kimberlee, Bond, James T., Kropf, Marcia Brumit, Moore, Meredith, & Harrington, Brad. (2002). Leaders in a global economy: A study of executive women and men. New York: Families and Work Institute.

References (continued)References (continued)Harvey, William B., & Williams, Lea. E. (1996). Historically Black Colleges and Universities:

Models for increasing minority representation. In C. Turner, M. Garcia, A. Nora, & L. I. Rendon (Eds.), Racial and ethnic diversity in higher education, ASHE Reader Series (pp. 233-240). Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster.

Hersey, Paul, & Blanchard, Kenneth H. (1993). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. (1999, Summer). The enduring skills of change leaders. Leader to Leader [on-line]. Available: www.pfdf.org/leaderbooks/121/summer99/kanter.html

Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. (1990). When giants learn to dance. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Kotter, John P. (1985). Power and influence: Beyond formal authority. New York: Free Press.

Lindsay, Beverly. (2001). Forging new university initiatives in the twenty-first century: Women executives and equity. In B. Lindsay, & M. J. Justiz (Eds.), The quest for equity in higher education: Toward new paradigms in an evolving affirmative action era (pp. 229-255). Albany: State University of New York Press.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2005). Presidency ‘An enormous honor’ for Hockfield. The Tech [on-line] Available: http://www-tech.mit.edu/V124/N59/59hockfieldint.59n.html.

References (continued)References (continued)National Center for Educational Statistics. (2002). Digest of educational statistics. Available on-

line at: www.nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/.

Pennsylvania State University. (April 25, 2005). Personal communication with Dr. Blannie Bowen, Vice Provost for Academic Affairs.

Richardson, F. C. (1994). The president’s role in shaping the culture of academic institutions. In J. D. Davis (Ed.), Coloring the halls of ivy: Leadership and diversity in the academy. Boston MA: Anker Publishing.

Rimer, Sara. (2005). For women in sciences, slow progress in academia. New York Times. Available on-line at: www.nytimes.com/2005/04/15education/15women.html.

Williams, L. (1988). Effective and non-effective components of job satisfaction and organizational commitment as determinants of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.