Seminar 2
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Transcript of Seminar 2
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Afghan Political Culture
1. Lessons from History
2. Contemporary visions
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Afghanistan = cradle of civilisations
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Birthplace of the Aryan race and Indo-European languages?
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But also essential for the spread of BuddhismBut also essential for the spread of Buddhism
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Afghanistan: sword of the
Islam
Minaret of Sultan Mas’ud in Ghazni
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...and centre of Islamic learning
Friday Mosque in Herat
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Afghans are aware of sharing an ancient, illustrious history
• Pre-Islamic period: syncretism, tolerance, trade and transmission of culture– Assimilation of and impulse to Achaemenid/Sassanid,
Hellenistic, steppe (Parthian) and South Asian cultures – Religious mix: Monotheistic (Zoroastrian), Polytheistic
(Hellenistic, Hindu), animist and especially Buddhist
• Islamic period: centre of regional propagation– Base for the spread of Islam in South and Central Asia
(Sufi brotherhoods). Warrior fame– Contribution to Islamic arts and sciences
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1747: Afghanistan founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani
• i.e. not a buffer state• Confederation of Pashtun
(Durrani) tribes• No state structures• Charismatic leadership• Reward & punish• ‘Ghazi’ tradition of
conquest• Opportunistic alliances
with foreign powers (GB)
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1880: Creation of the Afghan State• Borders determined by British• Modernization in response to external
pressure• State institutions to control territory:
army, ministries, bureacracy, taxation...
• Nascent urban middle class
• Modernist & pan-Islamic ideologies
• Reaction by tribal, conservative society
Pashtun predominance Deliberate mixing of ethnic groups
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1929-1973: Consolidation• Repression of progressives & independents• Pashtun nationalism as state ideology• Strengthening system of royal patronage• Incremental reforms benefit privileged only• Neutrality politics during Cold War• 1947+ Pashtunistan issue (tensions Pakistan)
(growing influence of USA & USSR nonetheless)
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Modernizing forces 1960s & 70s
Communists
1978-92
Islamists
1992-2001
RepublicanNationalists
1973-78
POWER
USSR & Soviet Block USA
PakistanSaudi ArabiaMuslim Brotherhood
Tajiks
Pashtuns
Progressive elites linked to royal family
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1973 Coup by Daud - Republic1978 Coup by the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
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1973-1992: Rush forward
• Superpower rivalry stokes conflict• Massive foreign aid replaces traditional power base• Decline of traditional social forces
– seek accommodation with Kabul– join (and taint) Islamic resistance– or flee into exile
Progressive forces decimated in waves or flee into exile
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Cycle of Modernization & Backlash
Rapid Modernization
1919-19281973-1992
ConservativeBacklash
1924-19291980-1992
Gradual Modernization
1880-19191929-1973
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1992-1996: Disintegration
• 1991 disappearance of Soviet Union• Pakistan interference • State and its resources looted. • Kabul destroyed• Warlord rule established (drugs &
smuggling)• Traditional forces accommodate or
are sidelined
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1996-2001: Taliban
• Taliban step into political void• Social basis of power: rural clergy. Deobandi• Legitimacy: sharia and namus (honour)• Commander of the Faithful (millenarianism)• Weaken but do not defeat warlordism• Parallel structures of government• International isolation and global jihadi links• Ambiguous links with Pakistan (nationalism)
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Synthesis: Afghan Political Culture
A set of constants• Pashtun and male rule• importance of ethnic ties• brutality against opponents• conservative Islam • reject interference from
Western countries.
Orientalist view Isolationist policies
Evolutionary view• demise of the social base for traditional
power – including royalty, tribes and clergy
• rise and fall of successive modernist ideologies with expanding popular base
• increasing penetration by global culture of Afghan society: urbanization and emancipation
Support and manipulation of group which reflects foreign priorities
Deracination of this group -> backlash
Western policies fluctuate between both approaches
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