Selective Bibliography

General Reference Works

Cheng, Peter, China (Oxford/Santa Barbara: Clio Press, 1983) an annotated bibliography of books in English.

Hook, Brian and Twitchett, Denis C. (eds) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 2nd ed, 1991; general information by a panel of specialists.

Periodicals

The following are specialist publications on twentieth-century China:

The China Journal (formerly Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs), China Quarterly and Modern China. Articles on China can be found in many scholarly journals on Asia such as the journal of Asian Studies. Con­temporary information can be gleaned from the Far Eastern Econ­omic Review and from Chinese official publications, especially the Beijing Review, formerly Peking Review.

Atlases

Blunden, Caroline and Elvin, Mark, Cultural Atlas of China (Oxford: Phaidon, 1983).

Geelan, P J.M. and Twitchett, Denis C. ( eds), The Times Atlas of China (London: Times Books, 1974).

Biographical Dictionaries

Boorman, Howard L. (ed.) Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, 5 volumes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967-79).

Clark, Anne, B. and Klein, Donald W., Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism 1921-1965 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).

Bartke, Wolfgang, mzo 's mzo in the People's Republic of China (Munich: Saur, 2nd edn 1987, 3rd edn 1991).

290

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 291

General Background Histories

Fairbank, John K. and Twitchett, Denis C. (eds) The Cambridge His­tory of China, 15 volumes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978- ) ; the largest history of China in English: each volume has an extensive bibliography.

Fairbank, John K. and Reischauer, Edwin 0., China: Tradition and Transformation (Sydney/London: Allen & Unwin, 1989).

Fu Zhengyuan, Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); a pessimistic view of China's prospects for change since 1949.

Gernet, Jacques (tr. J.R. Foster) A History of Chinese Civilization (Cam­bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

Hucker, Charles 0., China's Imperial Past: An introduction to Chinese history and culture (London: D.uckworth, 1975).

Rodzinski, Witold, The Walled Kingdom: A History of China from 2000 BC to the Present (London: Fontana, 2nd edn, 1991).

Chapter 1

The following can be usefully consulted on general trends in the Qing period:

Eastman, Lloyd E., Family, Fields and Ancestors: Constancy and Change in China's Social and Economic History, 1550-1949 (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); a summary of recent writings on Chinese social and economic history.

Hsu, Immanuel C.Y., The Rise of Modern China (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 4th edn, 1990); largely political history.

Smith, Richard J., China's Cultural Heritage: the Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983).

Wakeman, Frederic, The Fall of Imperial China (New York: Free Press, 1975).

There is no single book to cover the build-up towards the 1911 Rev­olution, but the following can be consulted:

Esherick, Joseph W., Reform and Revolution in China: The 1911 Revol­ution in Hunan and Hubei (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976).

Rhoads, Edward J.M., China's Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895-1913 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975).

Wright, Mary C. (ed.) China in Revolution: The First Phase 1900-1913 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968).

292 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapters 2 to 8: General books

Croll, Elizabeth, Feminism and Socialism in China (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978); a general introduction to women's history in modern China.

Feuerwerker, Albert, Economic Trends in the Republic of China 1912-1949 (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, Michigan Univer­sity, 1977).

Howe, Christopher, China's Economy: A Basic Guide (London: Granada, 1978).

Spence, Jonathan D., The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and their Revolution, 1895-1980 (New York: Viking, 1981); a history focusing on intellectuals and their writings.

Tan, Chester C., Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971).

Yang, C.K., Religion in Chinese Society (Berkeley: University of Califor­nia Press, 1961).

Chapters 2 to 7: The Chinese Communist Party

Bianco, Lucian (tr. M. Bell). Origins of the Chinese Revolution 1915-1949 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971).

Harrison, James P., The Long March to Power: A History of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-72 (New York: Praeger, 1973).

Schram, Stuart R., Mao Tse-tung (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966). Schram, Stuart, R., The Thought of Mao Tse-tung (Cambridge: Cam­

bridge University Press, 1989).

Chapters 2 to 8: Foreign Relations

Gittings, John, The World and China, 1922-1972 (London: Eyre Methuen, 1974).

Quested, Rosemary K.l., Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History (Syd­ney: Allen and Unwin, 1984).

Schaller, Michael, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).

Wang Gungwu, China and the World since 1949: The Impact of Indepen­dence, Modernity and Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1977).

There is no single volume history of Sino:Japanese relations, but one can usefully consult:

Conroy, Hilary and Coox, Alvin D. (eds) China and japan: Search for Balance since World War One (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Press, 1978).

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 293

Chapter 2

On the political history, consult:

Friedman, Edward, Backward toward Revolution: The Chinese Revolution­ary Party (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).

Li Chien-nung (tr. Teng Ssu-yu and J. Ingalls). The Political History of China, 1840-1928 (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1956).

Wilbur, Martin C., Sun Yat-sen, Frustrated Patriot (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976).

Young, Ernest P., The Presidency of Yuan Shih-k'ai: Liberalism and Dic­tatorship in Early Republican China (Ann Arbor: University of Michi­gan Press, 1977).

On the cultural history, consult:

Chow Tse-tsung, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); the seminal study in English on the topic.

Chen, Joseph T., The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai: The Making of a Social Movement in Modern China (Leiden: Brill, 1971); a critique of Chow Tse-tsung's view.

Schwarcz, Vera, Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

Chapter 3

On warlords, consult:

Chen, Jerome, The Military-Gentry Coalition: China under the Warlords (Toronto: University of Toronto-York University Joint Centre on Modern East Asia, 1979).

Ch'i Hsi-sheng, Warlord Politics in China, 1916-1928 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976).

McCormack, Gavin, Chang Tso-lin in Northeast China, 1911-1928 (Folke­stone: Dawson, 1977).

Sheridan, James E., China in Disintegration: the Republican Era in Chi­nese history, 1912-1949 (New York: Free Press, 1975).

Sheridan, James, E., Chinese Warlord: the Career of Feng Yil-hsiang (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966).

On the early Chinese Communist Party, consult:

Dirlik, Arif, The Origins of Chinese Communism (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).

294 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Van de Ven, Hans, From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920-1927 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

Chapter 4

On the Nationalist Party, consult:

Bedeski, Robert E., State-building in Modern China: The Kuomintang in the Prewar Period (Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, 1981).

Eastman, Lloyd E., The Abortive Revolution: China under Nationalist Rule, 1927-1937 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974) re­printed 1990.

Eastman, Lloyd E., The Nationalist Era in China, 1927-1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

On the Communist Party, consult:

Rue, John E., Mao Tse-tung in opposition, 1927-1935 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966).

Schwartz, Benjamin, Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao (Cam­bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951); the first scholarly discussion in English of the 'Maoist' strategy.

Snow, Edgar, Red Star over China (London: Gollancz, 1937) (reprinted with revisions 1968 and 1972); the reports of the first Western journal­ist to interview Mao.

Chapter 5

On the Nationalist Party at war with Japan, consult:

Ch'i Hsi-sheng, Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937-1945 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1982).

Eastman, Lloyd E., Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937-1949 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984).

Sih, Paul K. T. (ed.) Nationalist China during the Sino-japanese War, 1937-1945 (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1978).

On the Communist Party at war with Japan, consult:

Chen Yung-fa, Making Revolution: the Communist Movement in Eastern and Central China, 1937-1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

Goldstein, Steven M. and Hartford, Kathleen (eds) Single Sparks: Chi­na's Rural Revolutions (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1989).

Johnson, Chalmers, Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emerg-

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 295

ence of Revolutionary China, 1937-1945 (Stanford, Stanford Univer­sity Press, 1962).

Selden, Mark, The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).

On the civil war period and land reform, consult:

Hinton, William, Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Vil­lage (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966); the classic account of land reform in a north China village.

Levine, Steven I., Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Man­churia, 1945-1948 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).

Pepper, Suzanne, Civil War in China: The Political Struggle, 1945-1949 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).

Chapters 6 to 8: Documents

Hinton, Harold C. (ed.) The People's Republic of China: A Documentary Survey, 5 volumes (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1980).

Hinton, Harold C. (ed.) The People's Republic of China, 1979-1984: A Documentary Survey, 2 volumes (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1986).

Selden, Mark (ed.) The People's Republic of China: A Documentary His­tory of Revolutionary Change (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979).

Chapters 6 to 8: General Works

Brugger, Bill, Contemporary China (London: Croom Helm, 1977). Harding, Harry, Organizing China: The Problem of Bureaucracy, 1949-

1976 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986). Meisner, Maurice, Mao's China and After (New York: Free Press, 1986). Parish, William L. and Whyte, Martin K., Village and Family in Contem­

porary China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); a study of local life using refugee sources.

Chapter 6

Friedman, Edward, Pickowicz, Paul G. and Selden, Mark, with Johnson, Kay Ann, Chinese Village, Socialist State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991); life in one of China's 1950s model villages, analysed by Western scholars with privileged access to the village since 1978.

MacFarquhar, Roderick, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: Volume one: Contradictions among the People, 1956-7 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).

Shue, Vivienne, Peasant China in Transition: The Dynamics of Development

296 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

toward Socialism, 1949-1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).

Chapter 7

Studies at the time of the Cultural Revolution include:

Dittmer, Lowell, Liu Shao-ch 'i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).

Esmein, Jean (tr. WJ.F. Jenner) The Chinese Cultural Revolution (Lon­don: Deutsch, 1975).

More recent studies can be. accessed through:

MacFarquhar, Roderick, The Origins of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: Volume two: The Great Leap Forward 1958-1960 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983).

Joseph, William P., Wong, Christine P.W. and Zweig, David (eds) New Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1991).

Chapter 8

The range of books on recent China is huge, especially in the wake of events in 1989. The following may serve as introductions:

Chan, Anita, Madsen, Richard and Unger, Jonathan, Chen Village under Mao and Deng (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992) 2nd edn.

Chang, David W-w., China under Deng Xiaoping: Political and Economic Reform (London: Macmillan, 1988).

Harding, Harry, China's Second Revolution: Reform after Mao (Washing­ton D.C.: Brooking Institution, 1987).

Hsu, Immanuel Y.C., China without Mao: The Search for a New Order (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 2nd edn.

Unger, Jonathan (ed.) The Pro-Democracy Protests in China: Reports from the Provinces (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991).

Chapter 9

For a general introduction on Taiwan, consult:

Long, Simon, Taiwan: China's Last Frontier (New York: St Martin's Press, 1991).

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 297

For Taiwan's earlier economic development, consult:

Ho, Samuel P.S., Economic Development in Taiwan 1860-1970 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978).

For recent appraisals of Taiwan, consult:

Tsang, Steve (ed.) In the Shadow of China: Political Developments in Tai­wan since 1949 (London: Hurst, 1993).

Simon, O.K. and Kau, M.Y.M. (eds) Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Mir­acle (Armonk: Sharpe, 1992).

Klintworth, G. (ed.) Taiwan in the Asia-Pacific in the 1990s (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1994).

For a wide-ranging introduction to Hong Kong, consult:

Lo, C.P., Hong Kong (London: Belhaven, 1992).

For Hong Kong's earlier history, see:

Endacott, G.B., A History of Hong Kong (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958) 1st edn; revised edn (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1973).

For Macau, consult:

Cremer, R.D. (ed.) Macau: City of Commerce and Culture (Hong Kong: API Press, 1991) 2nd edn.

Index

Academy of Science 238, 256 'Act according to the principles

laid down' 245 Administrative integrity of

China 58 'Adverse February current' 216 Afghanistan 260, 261, 275 Africa 182, 205 Agricultural producer

cooperatives 174, 189, 194; lower 174, 175, 176, 186; higher 174, 175, 176

Agriculture 2, 4, 34, 36, 85, 99, 100, 137, 173, 174, 176, 177, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 222, 234, 236, 237, 238, 240, 248, 249, 250-3, 258, 268, 277, 278, 281, 282, 284, 285

Aksai Chin 195, 201 Albania 201, 223 Alienation 265 Anarchism/anarchists 56 Anglo:Japanese Alliance 22 Anfu clique/club 31, 49, 50,

51, 54 Anfu Lane 31 Anglo-Chinese Agreement

(1984) 264 Anhui 19, 49, 138, 197, 250;

clique 42, 49, 51, 52 Anshan Iron and Steel Works

197 Anti:Japanese activities/

resistance 23, 53, 54, 55, 90, 91, 96, 98, 109, l18, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 130, 133

298

Anti-Japanese war 48, 88, 125-45, 281

Anti-rightist 181 Anyuan 65, 79 Arms embargo 44, 95 Arsenals 43 Asaka, Prince 146 Atomic bomb/weapons see

Nuclear Austro-Hungary 30 Autumn Harvest Uprising

( 1927) 78, 256

Back door, going through the 236

Backyard furnaces 189, 190 Bai Chongxi 48, 72, 81 Baihua see Vernacular Bandit suppression

campaigns 92 Banditry/bandits 41, 42, 46, 53 Bandung Conference 182 Bank of China 98 Banking 98, 99, 100; state 253 Baoan 115, 116 Baoding 13 Baojia 91, l12 Barefoot doctors 222 Basic Law (Hong Kong) 264,

289 Beidaihe 198 Beijing 7, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19,

24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 68, 69, 72, 75, 81, 82, 86, 87, l18, 167, 182, 184, 192, 202, 21l, 213, 214, 215, 218, 221, 227, 241, 242,

INDEX 299

243, 245, 246, 247, 254, 262, 272, 273, 274, 287, 289; opera 210; mutiny at 13; University 37, 57, 64, 212, 235, 240; Beijing­Hankou Railway 66; see also Beiping

Beijing Daily 212 Beiping 87, 88, 118, 119, 121,

122, 125, 126, 127, 147, 150 Beiyang Army 7, 12, 19, 21,

22, 25, 27, 28, 31, 41, 46, 49, 50

Belgium 58 Big character posters 212 Bliukher, Vasily 67 'Bloc within' 66, 83 Blue shirts 92, 118 Bo Gu see Qin Bangxian Bo Yibo 164 Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

55, 56, 61 Bolshevising the CCP 104 'Bombard the headquarters' 213 Bonds, Government 85, 99 Borodin, Mikhail 67, 70, 76, 77 'Bourgeois liberalisation' 250,

258, 29, 266, 274 Bourgeois rights 239, 244 Bourgeoisie 35, 138, 167;

national 63, 66, 76, 100; petit 66, 76

Boxer Rebellion/Protocol 13, 30, 125

Boycott 53, 54 Branch political councils 86,

90 Braun, Otto 111, 114 Brezhnev, Leonid 205, 223, 260 Brigade 194, 198, 199, 222, 237 Britain/British 7, 13, 18, 22,

28, 29, 44, 57, 58, 69, 70, 71, 74, 81, 95, 98, 126, 128, 129, 146, 188, 191, 218, 222, 263, 264, 281, 282, 289

Brussels Conference (1937) 126 Bukharin, Nikolai 77, 103 Bureaucratic capitalism 94, 164

Bureaucratism 207 Burma 6 Bush, President George 275,

276

Cabinet system 14 Cadres 161, 167, 176, 179, 203,

206, 213, 215, 219, 221 'Cage policy' 136 Cai Tingkai 90 Cai Yuanpei 37, 55 Cairo Conference 143, 282 Cambodia 206, 260, 261, 263,

275 Canton see Guangzhou Cao Kun 49, 50, 51, 52 Capitalist roaders 214, 218,

222, 241, 242, 243, 245 CC clique 92, 93 Censorship 55 Central Advisory Commission

(CCP) 257, 268 Central Bank of China 98 Central Executive Committee

(GMD) 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 80, 86, 159

Central Party School 254 Central People's Government

Council 168 Central Political Council 86 Central Supervisory Committee

(GMD) 67 Centre 34 40 4 7 Chahar 121, 122 Chambers of Commerce 35,

54, 55, 93, I 00 Changchun 148 Changsha 64, 72, 75, 107, 108 Chen Boda 212, 225, 227 Chen Cheng 284 Chen Duxiu 37, 38, 40, 64, 75,

76, 95 Chen Guofu 92 Chen Jiongming 60, 61, 69, 70 Chen Lifu 92 Chen Qimei 92, 93 Chen Shaoyu see Wang Ming Chen Yi (GMD) 282, 283

300 INDEX

Chen Yun II4, I64, I92, I99, 200, 249, 258

Chengdu I88 Chennault, Claire I29 China Aid Act I54 Chinese civilisation 2 Chinese Communist Party

(CCP)/Chinese Communists 59, 63-9, 64, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 95, 102-16, 117, 118, 120, 122, 124, 130-9, 144, 153, 155, 161, 162, 165, 167, 168, 169, 173, 174, 177, 178, 181, 185, 187, 188, 191, 193, 196, 200, 204, 208, 209, 210, 213, 215, 222, 224, 227, 230, 231, 233, 234, 238, 242, 243, 244, 247, 249, 254, 256, 258, 259, 265, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 279, 282, 284

Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) 62, 95, 106

Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 167, I68

Chinese Revolutionary Party 35, 56

Chinese Socialist Party 15, 16 Chinese Soviet Republic I09;

First National Congress of 109, Ill; Second National Congress of 1I2

Chinese Writers Union 178 Chongqing (Chungking) 75,

I27, 128, 136, I38, I40, 143, 144, 146, 150, 159, 282

Christian/Christianity 36, 46, 80 'Christian General' see Feng

Yuxiang Civil aviation 98 Civil war I23, 124; (1946-9)

118, 149-60 Cixi see Empress Dowager Cixi Clans 110

Class label 155, 156, 251 Class struggle 118, 124, 132,

180, 202, 203, 209, 210, 241, 247, 249, 265

Classical writing style 37, 38, 39

Climatic conditions 36, 46, 85, 100

Coalition Government 144 'Cold War' 153 Collaboration with Japan 133,

140, 154, 158 Collective farming 174 Collectivisation 174, 175, 184 Comintern (CI) 62, 63, 64, 65,

66, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 95, IOO, I02, 103, 104, I06, 107, 108, 110, Ill, 114, 115, 116, 118, 122, 123, I30; Second Congress of 62, 63; Seventh Congress of II6

Command economy see Planned economy

Common Programme 168 Communes 187, 188, I90, 192,

I93, I94, 196, 197, I98, 202, 230, 250, 252, 253; urban I97

Communism 6I Communist International see

Comintern Communist Manifesto 15 Communist Party of the Soviet

Union 67, 79 'Communist style' I93 Communist Youth League 256 Confiscation of land 133, I34 Confucian/Confucianism 32,

33, 36, 37, 45, 56, 94, 279, 285

Confucius 2, 234, 235 Congress, First (CCP) 64;

First (GMD) 68, 72; Second (CCP) 66; Second (GMD) 7I, 72; Third (CCP) 66; Third (GMD) 87; Fourth

INDEX 301

(GMD) 89; Fifth (CCP) 76; Fifth (GMD) 96; Sixth (CCP) 102, 103; Seventh (CCP) 139, 147; Eighth (CCP) 185, 188; Second Session 189; Ninth (CCP) 207, 222, 224, 225, 231; Tenth (CCP) 233, 234, 236; Eleventh (CCP) 247; Twelfth (CCP) 257; Thirteenth (CCP) 259, 267; Fourteenth (CCP) 276

Conscripts/ conscription 142, 152, 155

Consolidation phase 162 Consortium of banks 18, 57,

58 Constitution 21, 26, 27;

(1947) 159, 283; (1954) 168; (1975) 237; Protection of 31, 60; Party (GMD) 67; Party (CCP 1969) 221, 224; Party (CCP 1973) 234, 239; Party (CCP 1982) 257

Constitutional monarchy 7, 32 Contradictions 180, 183, 209;

'On the correct handling of' 180

Control Faction Qapan) 122 Control Yuan 283 Cooperatives see Agricultural

producer cooperatives Corruption 139, 154, 202, 203,

272, 274, 276 Cotton 236 Council of Grand Justices 283 Council of People's

Commissars 112 Credit cooperatives 99 Cuba 202, 203 Cultural Revolution, Great

Proletarian 201, 207-29, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246,

247, 254, 255, 257, 259, 264, 286

Cultural Revolution Small Group 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 225, 227, 233

Currency 35, 43, 73, 86, 98, 99, 100; paper 98

Customs revenues/tariffs 43, 58, 59, 95

Czechoslovakia 44, 223

Dabei Mountains 105 Dadu River 114 Dai Jitao 71 Dai Li 92 Dairen 59, 145, 147, 170 Dalai Lama 163, 195 Dangwai Movement 287 Daqing 204 Dazhai Brigade 234, 237, 238,

240, 250 De Gaulle, General

Charles 206 December Ninth Movement

(1935) 122 Deep Ploughing 194 Democracy 37, 61, 96, 97, 272,

274 'Democracy Wall' 254 Democratic Centralism 67, 200 Democratic League 159, 167,

168 Democratic Party 15 Democratic Progressive

party 287 Demonstrations 53, 54, 59, 69,

70 Deng Duo 202, 210 Deng Liqun 267 Deng Xiaoping 64, 112, 188,

199, 201, 203, 215, 222, 225, 229, 232, 233, 234, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 264, 266, 268, 273, 274, 276, 279

Dewey, John 38

302 INDEX

Dictatorship of the Proletariat 239

Ding Ling 179, 181 Disarmament, naval 58 Discipline Inspection Committee

(CCP) 249, 258 Divorce 166, 167 Doihara Kenji 122 Dong Biwu 64 Doolittle Raid 129 Du Yuesheng 85 Duan Qirui 1, 23, 25, 26, 27,

28, 29, 30, 31, 43, 49, 50 Dynastic cycle 3-4 Dynasty I dynastic system 1, 2,

33, 34, 40

East (of China) 165, 169 East Asia 30, 32, 58 Eastern Expedition: first 69;

second 70 Economism 215 Education 36, 37, 38, 39, 46,

84, 93, 96, 97, 210, 211, 231, 232, 237, 238; Great Debate in 240, 241

Eighth Central Committee 188; Sixth Plenum 193; Seventh Plenum 194; Eighth Plenum 195, 196; Tenth Plenum 202; Eleventh Plenum 213, 214; Twelfth 221

Eighth Route Army 130, 136, 137, 138

Eisenhower, President D. 192 Election 133, 135, 159; (1912)

15, 16; (1953) 163 Electoral Law (1953) 168;

(1979) 266 Eleventh Central Committee,

Third Plenum 249, 254, 256

Empress Dowager Cixi 8 Encirclement campaigns 105,

111,112 Equalisation of land rights 97 Europe/European 1, 6, 7, 22,

28, 30, 32, 39, 56, 62, 64, 65, 128, 170; Eastern 183, 196; Western 153, 154

Extraordinary National Congress (GMD 1938) 130

Extraterritoriality 58, 59, 95 Eyuwan soviet 108, 109, 111,

115

Factions/factionalism 35, 80, 82, 92, 93, 102, 107, 207, 217

Famine 197 Fang Lizhi 258, 272 Federalism 45 Fascism 92, 101 Feng Guozhang 31, 49, 50 Feng Xuefeng 179, 181 Feng Yuxiang 41, 42, 46, 52,

67, 75, 7~ 81, 82, 88, 121 Fengtian (Mukden) 47, 82, 89,

119, 148; clique 50, 51, 52 Fertiliser 174, 186, 204, 232,

252 Field armies 160 Finance and Economics Small

Group 200 First Front Army 113, 114, 115 First Ten Points (1963) 203 First World War 22, 28, 31, 32,

35, 36, 39, 42, 43, 50, 53 Five antis 164, 210 Five-power structure 86 Five Principles of Peaceful

Coexistence 182 571 Project 227 Five Year Plan: First 176, 179,

181, 184, 190; Second 185, 186, 187; Third 206, 226; Sixth 257

Flying Tigers 129 Foreign concessions 95 Foreign loans 34, 57 Foreign Ministry (of PRC) 218 'Forward' military line 111 'Four cardinal principles' 254 'Four clean Up' 203 'Four greats of mass

action' 237

INDEX 303

'Four modernisations' 231, 237, 238, 239, 248, 254, 255, 276

'Four tigers' 285 Fourth Front Army 114, 115 France/French 18, 28, 29, 44,

58, 59, 6~ 80, 128, 172, 182, 205, 206

Free China 128, 129, 141, 142, 146

Fujian 19, 23, 73, 89, 90, 91, 112, 163, 262, 265, 270, 287

Futian Incident 108

Galen see Bliukher Gang of Four 235, 238, 239,

245, 24 7; trial of 256 Gansu 42 Gao Gang 108, 168, 169 Gaoxiong 285 Gauss, Clarence 144 General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade (GATT) 276 General Line of the Great

Leap 188, 196 General Line of Socialist

Transformation 173 General Office ( CCP) 245 Geneva 182, 206 Germany/German 18, 22, 28,

29, 30, 54, 96, 127, 143, 145 Goa 263 Gold Yuan 158, 159 Goodnow 24 Gongchandang 64 Gorbachev, M. 272, 273 Grain 184, 236; state

monopoly in 175, 184; imports of 197

Grain rationing 175, 190 Great Depression 98, 106 Great Leap Forward 187, 188,

190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 201, 230, 257, 288; recovery from 204, 206

'Greater China' 280 Gromyko, Andrei 192

Guan Feng 19 Guandong (Kwantung)

Army 82, 129 Guangdong 11, 17, 19, 26, 27,

48, 49, 60, 65, 68, 69, 70, 78, 79, 87, 90, 91, 142, 256, 262, 270, 275, 288

Guangxi 26, 45, 48, 60, 72, 87, 88, 90, 91, 108; clique 81, 87

Guangxu Emperor 8 Guangzhou (Canton) 48, 51,

60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 80, 89, 90, 98, 128, 142, 150; Commune 78, 79, 80

Guanxi 44, 45 Guizhou 25, 113, 114 Guerrilla/ guerrilla

warfare 103, 105, 107, 111, 112, 130, 137, 140, 150

Guo Songling 52, 82 Guomindang (GMD) see

Nationalist Party; Nationalists

Guomindang Revolutionary Committee 167, 168

Guominjun 52, 67 Gutian Conference 106

'Hai Rui dismissed from office' 211, 220

Haifeng 65, 79 Hainan 108, 128, 150, 158,

163, 262 Han Chinese 3, 8, 10, 47 Han Dynasty 3 Han Fuju 88 Han River 9 Hangzhou 64, 75, 98, 126, 239 Hankou see Wuhan Harbin 149 Harding, President Warren 58 Harvard University 85 He Long 78, 105, 106, 111, 113 He Mengxiong 108 He-Umezu Agreement 122 Hebei 122, 131, 132, 204;

East 122

304 INDEX

Hefei 49 Hegemonism 228 Henan 75, 88, 189 Hengyang 88 Hioki Eki 23 Hiroshima 145 Hirota Koki 121 Hong Kong 65, 70, 71, 72,

128, 161, 211, 222, 262, 263, 264, 265, 273, 274, 275, 280, 281, 287, 288, 289

Hongkou (Hongkew) 126 Rongxian 24 Household farming 251, 252,

253 Household responsibility 251 H\,1 Feng 179 Hu Hanmin 17, 70, 89, 90, 92 Hu Linyi 94 Hu Qiaomu 248 Hu Shi 38, 179 Hu Yaobang 254, 255, 256,

257, 258, 259, 266, 268, 271 Hua Guofeng 196, 232, 233,

241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 254, 257, 270

Huang Fu 93 Huang He see Yellow River Huang Xing 15 Huang Yongsheng 227 Huangpu (Whampoa)

Academy 68, 69, 92, 93 Hubei 18, 73, 75, 78, 108, 111 Human rights 263, 273 Hump, The 129 Hunan 19, 31, 38, 45, 48, 49,

5~6~7t7~~.7~7~8~ 88, 104, 105, 108, 113, 196

Hundred Flowers Movement 180, 181, 183, 187

Hundred Regiments Campaign 135, 136

Hungary 183 Hurley, Patrick 144, 147, 148

lchigo campaign 129, 143, 145 Imperialism, fore.ign 53, 55,

62, 66, 68

Inchon 171 India 63, 129, 143, 163, 171,

182, 191, 195, 202, 203, 205, 207, 260

Indochina 128, 129, 172, 182, 206

Indonesia 63, 207 Industry 55, 84, 87, 99, 100,

157, 158, 161, 162, 173, 177, 178, 184, 185, 222, 238, 252; light 35; centrally planned 189; rural 189, 253, 271

Inflation 139, 141, 142, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165, 255, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276

'Initial stage of socialism' 259, 270

Intellectuals 35, 36, 38, 39, 45, 65, 178, 179, 202

'Internal pacification before external resistance' 96

Iraq 275, 276 Irkutsk 63 'Iron rice bowl' 278 Ishihara Kanji 119 Itagaki Seishiro 119 Italy 29, 44, 58, 96

Japan/Japanese 1, 6, 7, 13, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 39, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 57, 58, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72, 74, 80, 81, 84, 89, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 139, 164, 169, 170, 172, 183, 229, 231, 248, 250, 259, 272, 280, 281, 282, 284, 288

Japanese surrender 145, 146 Jehol see Rehe Jiang Jieshi 67, 68, 70, 71, 74,

75, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87,

INDEX 305

88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 101, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 136, 139, 163, 172, 192, 283, 286

Jiang Jingguo 158, 283, 286, 287

Jiang Qing (Mme Mao) 209, 210, 212, 218, 233, 235, 236, 240, 241, 245

Jiang Zemin 275 Jiangsu 19, 138, 149 Jiangxi 19, 61, 65, 73, 75, 78,

79, 90, 98; soviet 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, Ill, 112, 113, 115, 116

Jinan 64, 81, 149 JinChaJi 131 Jinggangshan 79, 104, 106 Jinmen (Quemoy) 163, 191, 192 Jiujiang 74 Joffe, Adolph 61 Johnson, Chalmers 131 Joint Commission on Rural

Reconstruction 284 Joint ventures 288 Jordan, Sir John 22

Kampuchea see Cambodia Kang Sheng 205, 211, 212, 225 Kang Youwei 30, 57 Karakhan Declaration 56 Khambas 195 Khmer Rouge 260 Khrushchev, N.L. 173, 180,

183, 191, 192, 195, 198, 205 Kisanka 71 Kissinger, Henry 228 Kong Xiangxi 93 Konoe Fumimaro 125 Korea 25; North 171;

South 172 Korean War 162, 163, 170,

171, 172, 179, 181, 182, 284, 288

Kosygin, Aleksei 205 Kowloon Qiulong) 263 Kung, H.H. see Kong Xiangxi Kurile Islands 145

Kuwait 275 Kwantung Army see Guandong

Ladybird, HMS 126 Land Confiscation 76, 103,

105, 106, 110 Land Investigation

Movement Ill Land Law (GMD 1930) 134 Land redistribution 105, 109,

110 Land reform 106, 109, Ill,

123, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 160, 165, 166, 173, 175, 177, 202; Law (1950) 165; in Taiwan 284

Lang Son 260 Lansing-Ishii Agreement 30 Laos 206 League of Nations 58, 81, 89,

96, 119 'Lean to one side' 162 Leap forward 184; see also

Great Leap Forward Lebanon 192 Lee Teng-hui see Li Denghui Leftist 75, 80, 103, 113, 115,

116, 236, 244 Legalists 235 Legislative Council (Hong

Kong) 289 Legislative Yuan 283, 286 Lei Feng 209 Lend-Lease 129 Lenin, V.I. 55, 56, 62, 64 Leninism/Leninist 65, 67, 267 Lhasa 163 Li Dazhao 56, 57, 64, 75 Li Denghui 287 Li Jishen 168 Li Liejun 19 Li Lisan 64, 65, 104, 106, 107,

108 Li Peng 259, 272, 275 Li Xiannian 164 Li Yuanhong 9, 15, 18, 26, 28,

29, 30, 51, 61 Li Zhengxiang 14

306 INDEX

Li Zongren 48, 72, 88 Lianzuofa 69 Liang Qichao 15, 25, 27 Lianghekou Conference 115 Liao Binyan 258 Liao Zhongkai 70 Liaoning 240 Liberal principles 35 Liberated areas 131, 136, 138;

newly 156 Lin Biao 148, 196, 199, 206,

209, 210, 214, 215, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 243, 248

Lin Biao-Confucius campaign 235, 236, 238, 244

Liping meeting 113 Literary/literature 37, 38, 39,

179, 180 Literary reform 38 Literary revolution 38, 39 'Little Red Book' 199 Liu Bocheng 163 Liu Shaoqi 65, 112, 113, 168,

188, 189, 196, 199, 200, 204, 212, 214, 215, 217, 222, 224, 232, 249, 256; wife of 204

Long March 90, 91, 102, 112, 113-16, 123, 268

Longtan 80 Luding Bridge 114 Lugouqiao 125 Lushan 195 Lu Xun 39 Lufeng 79 Luo Fu see Zhang Wentian Luo Ming Line 112 Luo Zhanglong I 08 Luoyang 124 Liishun see Port Arthur

Ma Zhanshan 119 Macau 263, 264, 280, 281, 287,

289, Mainland China 280, 283, 286

Manchuria 23, 27, 47, 56, 57, 62, 65, 72, 81, 82, 89, 90, 95, 108, 109, Ill, 119, 120, 121, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 170; see also North-east

Manchus see Qing Mandate of Heaven 3 Manzhouguo (Manchukuo) 119,

121, 122 Mao Zedong 57, 64, 78, 79,

102, 103, 107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 130, 131, 136, 137, 144, 147, 148, 159, 162, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 20~ 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 266, 274, 277

Mao Zedong Thought 137, 215, 219, 224, 247, 257, 267

Maoism 137 March Twentieth Coup 71 Marco Polo Bridge Incident

(1937) 125 Maring see Sneevliet Market regulation 257, 258, 269 Marriage 166, 167; Law 166 Marshall, George 148, 149 Martial law 71, 265, 272, 283,

287 Marxism/Marxist 56, 64, 65,

239, 258; Sinification of 137

Marxism-Leninism/Marxist­Leninist 116, 137, 178, 179, 183, 201, 208, 210, 224, 230, 257, 266, 267, 270, 279

INDEX 307

Mass line 102, 106, 138 Mass organisations 134 Material incentives 199, 200,

222, 238, 250, 252 Matsui !wane 127 May Fourth Movement 53-7,

65, 69, 132, 271 May Seventh Cadre Schools 221 May Sixteenth Group 218, 219 May Thirtieth Movement

(1925) 59, 69, 70 Mazu 163 Merchants' Volunteer Corps 68 Methodism 93 Middle East 191 Mif, Pavel 108 Militarism 53, 64, 82; see also

Warlords Military 188 Military Affairs Commission

255, 257 Military disbandment 87 Militia 42, 106, 192, 193, 196;

urban 242, 243 Min River 262 Miners/mining 65, 79 Ming Dynasty 3, 5, 38 Ministry of Culture 210 Missionaries 53, 73, 93, 170 Mobile warfare 130 Mongolia 5, 15, 20, 47, 50;

Inner 51, 57, 121, 146, 149, 217; Outer 47, 62, 145, 228, 280

Moscow 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 67, 71, 74, 76, 78, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, Ill, 112, 114, 123, 127, 170, 183, 188

Mukden see Fengtian Munich Conference (1938) 128 Music, Western 236 Muslim 115 Mutual Aid Teams 166, 14

Nagasaki 145 Nanchang 74, 107;

uprising 78

Nanjing 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 48, 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 102, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 136, 146, 150, 242, 282; Rape of 127

Nanjing Decade 84, 101, 141 Nation-state 36 National Assembly 31, 148,

159, 283, 286 National Construction

Conference (1972) 286 National Emergency

Conference 89, 90 National Essence 36 National General Labour

Union 69 National Humiliation Day 24,

54, 271 National Liberation 63 National People's

Congress 168, 255, 257, 259; Third 206; Fourth 237

National Revolutionary Army (NRA) 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 81, 87

National Salvation Association 123

Nationalism 45, 46, 53, 59, 61, 72, 84, 94

Nationalist Government 70, 71, 84, 85, 94, 95, 96, 101, 102, 117, 131, 145, 157, 191, 281, 282, 283

Nationalist Party (Guomindang) 15, 16, 20, 27, 45, 48, 53, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67 •. 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 97, 100, 101, 119, 123, 124,,128, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136, 138, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 157, 159, 161, 167, 265, 274, 283, 284, 287

308 INDEX

Nationalists 18, 19, 28, 65, 73, 107, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 124, 130, 138, 139, 144, 163, 164

Nehru 182, 202 Neo-authoritarianism 259 Nepal 5 Netherlands 58 Neumann, Heinz 79 New Army 7, 8, 9 New Culture Movement 36-9,

54, 55, 56, 57 New Democracy/Democratic

138, 164, 167, 169 New Fourth Army 130, 135,

138, 139 New Life Movement 91 New Territories (Hong Kong)

263 New Youth 37, 38, 56, 63 Nie Yuanzi 212 Nineteenth Route Army 89,

90, 120 Ningdu Conference 111 Ninth Central Committee,

Second Plenum 227 Nishihara (loans) 30 Nixon, President Richard 228,

229 Non-proliferation (nuclear) 201 North-East (of China) 41, 44,

47, 118, 123, 129, 169 North-East Frontier Agency 195 North-South war 49 North-South Peace

Conference 49, 50 Northern Expedition 45, 46,

52, 60, 61, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 90, 94, 95, 100

Norway 44 Nuclear testing/weapons 145,

183, 188, .201, 205, 222

Oil 171, 204, 226, 232 One-child family policy 277 'One country, two systems'

264, 287

'One divides into two' 210 'One hit, three antis'

campaign 226 Open Door 249, 250, 259, 261,

262, 270, 271, 273, 27~ 281, 289

Opium 43 Organic Law (1949) 168, 169 Outer Mongolia see Mongolia Outline Agrarian Law (1947)

155 Overseas Chinese 57, 260, 274,

280, 281 Ownership, forms of 261, 262

Pacific Ocean 58 Pacific War 129, 144, 145 Pakistan 261 Pan-Asianism 69, 117 'Paper Tiger' 183 Panay, USS 126 Paris 74, 216 Parliament/Parliamentarians

20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 49, 50, 51, 60, 93

Party Army 65, 68, 69, 92 Party Secretariat 255, 256 Party-State relationship 97,

266, 267 Patten, Chris 289 Peace Planning Society 24 Peaceful Transition to

Socialism 184 Pearl Harbor 129, 143 Pearl River 262 Peasant Associations 134, 165 Peasant Nationalism and

Communist Power 131 Peasants 64, 65, 66, 73, 76, 78,

99, 132, 133, 134, 135, 142, 161, 162, 165; categories defined 1 09; middle 110, 155, 156, 175, 203, 224, 253, 277; poor 110, 175, 203, 214, 224; rich 105, 106, 110, 111, 156

Peasant Unions 73 Peking see Beijing

INDEX 309

Peng Dehuai 106, 107, 113, 136, 192, 195, 196, 197, 200, 211

Peng Pai 65, 79 Peng Zhen 211, 212, 215 Penghu 163 People's Bank of China 164 People's Congress see National

People's Congress People's Daily 212, 216, 235,

236, 237, 240 People's Democratic

Dictatorship 167, 168, 173 People's Government 90 People's Liberation Army

(PLA) 185, 196, 199, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 227, 243, 244, 246, 273, 274; learn from the 209

People's Livelihood (Minsheng) 61, 97

People's Procurator-General 168

People's Republic of China (PRC) 57, 69, 161, 170, 172, 173, 192, 280, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288; Chairman of 193

People's War 138, 206, 228 Pescadores Islands see Penghu Petrochemicals 232 Ping-pong diplomacy 228 Pingxingguan, Battle of 126 Planned economy 255, 257 Planners/State Plan 253, 268,

269, 270; see also Five Year Plan

Pol Pot 260 Poland 183 Political Commissars 104 Political Conference

(1914) 20, 24 Political Consultative

Conference 147, 148, 159 Political Council 70 Political Studies Clique 93

Pollution 253 Population 142, 276, 277, 278;

increase 176; urban 190, 197, 204

Port Arthur (Liishun) 59, 145, 147, 170

Portugal 58, 263, 264, 281 'Power seizure' 216 Presidential system 11 Price reform· 269 Private plots 189, 195, 198,

222, 237, 238, 239, 250, 256 Production campaigns 137 Production team 194, 199,

202, 237, 238, 251, 277 Professional associations 35 Progressive Party 19, 25, 28 Proletariat 64, 106, 167 Propaganda Department 179 Provincial Assemblies 11, 17,

20, 26, 32 Provisional Constitution 89 Provisional Government 127 Provisional Joint Council 74 Public Security Bureau 243 Pukou 48 Puyi, Henry 119

Qin Bangxian (Bo Gu) 107, 114 Qin Dynasty 235 Qin-Doihara Agreement 122 Qing Dynasty/Period I, 3, 5,

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 43, 46, 47, 118, 119, 163, 280, 281; abdication of 1, 13

Qingdao 22, 23, 81, 146 Qinghai 41 Qinghua University 220, 235,

240 Qingming Festival 242 Qinhuangdao 147 Qiqihar 149 Qu Qiubai 78, 108 Quemoy see Jinmen Quotations from Chairman Mao

Zedong 199, 209

310 INDEX

Railways 47, 48, 58, 65, 98, 100, 120, 127, 128, 129, 145, 147, 150, 170

Rao Shushi 16 Rate of accumulation 198, 204 'Real work' Faction (CCP) 108 Reconstruction 57 Rectification (Party) 137, 138,

156, 180, 204, 258 Red Army 102, 103, 104, 105,

106, 107, 108, 111, 124, 131; Day 78

Red Guards 207, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 224, 225, 254

Reformed Government 128 Regent 8 Regional Government 169 Rehabilitation 200, 225, 231,

234, 254, 255 Rehe 121 Remittances 280 Renminbi 164 Rent and interest reduction

99, 133, 134, 154 Reorganisation (of GMD) 88 Reorganisation Loan ( 1913) 18 Repatriation (of Japanese) 146,

282 Republic/Republicanism 1, 7,

8, 11' 12, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 84, 280, 287

Republic of China (ROC) 283 Republican Party 15 Residency permits 175, 176 Resolution on Certain Questions

(1981) 256, 257 Revised Later Ten Points

(1964) 204 Revisionism 202, 208, 210 Revolution of 1911 8, 9, 10,

17, 18, 32, 33, 40, 67, 281 Revolutionary 7, 8, 32 Revolutionary Alliance see

Tongmenghui Revolutionary Committee 216,

217, 219, 221, 224, 225, 237

Revolutionary Military Council 168, 169

Revolutionary operas 236 Rightist 103, 194, 200, 220,

233, 234; 'reversal of verdicts' 220; 'deviationist wind to reverse verdicts' 240, 241, 242

Rights of the individual 35 Roosevelt, President

Franklin 144, 145 Roads 98, 100 Romanian Communist

Party 198 Roy, M.N. 63, 76, 77 Ruijin 106, 109 Rural enterprises 253, 268, 277 Rural industry see Industry Rural pacification 135 Russia 6, 7, 18, 20, 29, 47, 55,

56, 59, 61, 62, 205; see also USSR and entries under Soviet

Russian Revolution (1917) see Bolshevik Revolution

Sakhalin 145 Salt Tax 43 San Francisco 172 Sanzi Yibao 199 Satellite 183 Science 37, 180, 231, 237, 256 Second Front Army 116 Second Revolution ( 1913) 18,

19, 20 Second Ten Points (1963) 203 Second World War 95, 145,

153, 157, 164, 170, 172 Secret societies 10, 34, 35 'Seeking truth from facts' 247,

248, 249, 254 Self-reliance 137, 200, 206,

229, 230, 23~ 249, 257 Self-strengthening 7 'Settling accounts' 154, 155;

movement for 166 ShaanGanNing 130, 138 Shaanxi 47, 108, 115, 116

INDEX 311

Shamen 70 Shandong 22, 23, 29, 53, 54,

58, 81, 88, 122, 127, 128, 138, 140, 146, 149

Shang Dynasty 2, 3 Shanghai 11, 18, 19, 36, 37,

50, 61, 64, 67, 69, 74, 75, 79, 80, 85, 89, 90, 93, 98, 100, 104, 106, 120, 126, 128, 146, 150, 159, 163, 194, 212, 216, 225, 232 233 235 240, 242 245, 262; People's Commune 216

Shanhaiguan 121 Shanxi 11, 41, 45, 81, 89, 122,

123, 127, 131, 132, 225, 234 Sheng Shicai 4 7 Shidehara Kijuro 119 Siberia 56 Sichuan 9, 19, 25, 26, 32, 41,

43, 48, 114, 115, 127, 217, 250, 256

Sideline production 198, 238, 256

Sihanouk, Prince/King 206 Silver 98 Singapore 280 Sino-British Joint Liaison

Group 264 Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) 33 Sino-Soviet Split 171 Sipingkai 149 Sixth Central Committee (CCP),

Third Plenum 108, Fourth Plenum 108, Fifth Plenum 112, Sixth Plenum 131

Sixty Articles ( 1961) 198 Sixty Points on Work

Methods 188 Smuggling 98, 122 Sneevliet, H. 61, 63, 64, 66 Snow, Edgar 228 'Social imperialism' 223 'Socialism in one country' 76 Socialist Education

Movement 186, 202, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210

Socialist literature 210 Socialist modernisation 249,

257, 259 Socialist realism 210 Socialist spiritual

civilisation 257 Socialist transformation in

industry and commerce 177, 178, 184

Socialist youth corps 63 Song Jiaoren 15, 16, 17 Song Meiling (Mme Jiang

Jieshi) 80, 93 Song Qingling (Mme Sun

Yixian) 69, 168 Song Ziwen (T.V. Soong) 85,

86, 93, 94 Song Zheyuan 121, 125 Soong, T.V. see Song Ziwen South Manchuria Railway 52 South-East Asia 260, 263, 280 'Southern Expedition of

Bureaucrats' 86 South-west revolt (1936) 90, 91 Soviet advice/advisers 46, 60,

66, 68, 69, 71, 162, 169, 171, 177, 198, 201

Soviet aid 46, 52, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 75, 143, 153, 163, 170, 171, 177

Soviet model 162, 173, 184, 185, 187

Soviets 77, 78, 79, 102, 103, 104, 108, 111, 113; see also Jiangxi; Eyuwan

Special Administrative Regions 288

Special Economic Zones (SEZ) 261, 262

Specialised household 252 'Spiritual pollution' 250, 266 Stalin, J.V./Stalinist 76, 77, 79,

103, 107, 131, 144, 170, 173, 181, 248; de­Stalinisation 173, 180, 183

State Administration Council/ State Council 86, 168, 169, 269

312 INDEX

State-owned enterprises/units 190, 253, 262, 267, 269, 270, 271

State Planning Commission 185-6

Statue of Liberty 272 Steel 204 Stilwell, Joseph 129, 143, 144 Straits Exchange Foundation

287 Strikes 54, 65, 66, 73, 74, 76,

79, 100, 107 Students 37, 54, 55, 64, 89, 96,

120, 122, 141, 211, 22, 213, 214, 219, 220; unrest ( 1986) 258, 271; unrest (1989) 271, 272

Study and Criticism 236 Subsidies 269 Suiping County 189 Suiyuan 122 Sun Chuanfang 52, 73, 80 Sun Fo 89, 90, 96 Sun Yat-sen see Sun Yixian Sun Yefang 248 Sun Yixian 8, 10, 11, 12, 13,

14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 27, 31, 32, 35, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 158, 159, 168; Madame see Song Qingling; will 69

Sun Yixian University 107, 108 Sun Zi 105 Supreme People's Court 168

Taibei 283, 287 Taierzhuang, Battle of 128 Taiping Rebellion 6, 41, 94 Taiwan 6, 101, 124, 143, 150,

157, 158, 161, 163, 172, 179, 183, 191, 192, 201, 250, 263, 264, 265, 280, 281-8, 289; Strait 171, 172

Taiyuan 127 Tanaka Giichi 81

Tang Jiyao 48 Tang Shaoyi 14, 27 Tang Shengzhi 72, 74, 76, 79,

80 Tanggu Truce (1933) 121 Tangshan Earthquake 243, 245 Taoyuan Brigade 204 Tariff Autonomy 94, 95 Tax 31, 34, 41, 42, 43, 61, 68,

73, 85, 86, 87, 99, 100, 133, 13~ 141, 154, 269, 275

Team see Production team 'Ten great relationships, On

the' 185 Ten Major Projects 286 Ten Thousand Yuan

Household 252 Ten Year Plan 248, 254 Terauchi 30 Thailand 206 Third Plenum (1978) see

Eleventh Central Committee

'Thought Reform' 178 'Three-all' Campaign 136 Three Antis 164, 210 Three Disciplines and Eight

Rules 105 Three Dos and Three

Don'ts 246 'Three-in-one leadership' 237 Three people's principles 61,

69, 93, 94, 124 'Three thirds system' 135 Three Red Banners 196 Tiananmen Square

Demonstration (1976) 242, 246, 249; (1989) 272, 273

Tianjin 48, 64, 82, 126, 127, 146, 262, 264

Tibet 5, 15, 41, 47, 114, 115, 150, 161, 163, 195, 202, 278

Tokyo 126, 129; mutiny in (1936) 122

Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance) 8, 15, 17, 60, 67

Townships 191, 252, 277 Trade unions 54, 64, 66, 75, 157

INDEX 313

Transition to Communism 191 Treaty, China-Great Britain

(1842) 263; (1860) 263; (1898) 263

Treaty, China-Japan (1915) 23, 24, 25, 59; (1922) 58

Treaty, China-USSR ( 1924) 62; ( 1945) 145; (1950) 170, 171, 260, 261

Treaty, Nine-Power (Washington) 58

Treaty of Shimonoseki 281 Treaty of Versailles 54 Treaty Ports 36 Trotsky, Leon 76, 77, 79, 103 Truman, President Harry 145 Turkestan 5 Tutelage (political) 84, 89, 91,

96, 97, 148 Twenty-Eight Bolsheviks 107,

108, 114, 274 Twenty-One Demands 23, 25,

30, 54 Twelve Year Programme for

Agriculture 184 Twenty-Ninth Army 121, 125 Two Whatevers 24 7

Ultra-leftist/Ultra-leftism 218, 220, 229, 233

Underemployment 253 Unequal treaties 7, 4, 72, 94,

170, 205 Unit 8341 245 United Front 77, 82, 102, 116,

118, 123, 130, 233, 134, 135, 155, 167, 168, 228, 265

United Nations (UN) 163, 171, 172, 238, 275, 276, 278, 287

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) 154

United Republican Party 15 United States of I America 1,

6, 18, 29, 30, 44, 48, 53, 57, 58, 81, 94, 98, 126, 128,

129, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 151, 153, 154, 157, 163, 170, 171, 172, 182, 183, 191, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 223, 224, 228, 234, 250, 260, 262, 263, 264, 275, 276, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286

Urban reform 258, 268, 269, 271

USA see United States of America

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 40, 44, 47, 52, 55, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 79, 82, 95, 103, 108, 120, 122, 124, 128, 129, 130, 143, 144, 145, 147, 153, 113, 115, 157, 161, 162, 169, 170, 172, 173, 177, 179, 181, 82, 183, 184, 187, 191, 195, 196, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 223, 224, 228, 229, 234, 259, 26~ 261, 262, 263, 272, 275

Ussuri River 223

Vernacular writing 37, 38, 39, 56

Versailles Peace Conference (1919) 50, 53, 54, 57, 58

Vietnam 205, 207, 254, 260, 261, 263; North 182, 222, 206; South 206

Vietnam War (with USA, etc.) 206, 222, 223, 228; (with PRC) 260

Vilensky 60, 63 Village 34 Vladivostok 62, 67 Voice of America 273 Voitinsky, Grigory 60, 63

'Walking on two legs' 189 Wall posters 260 Wang Chonghui 93 Wang Dongxing 245

314 INDEX

Wang Hongwen 232, 234, 235, 236, 241, 243

Wang Jingwei 74, 75, 77, 80, 88. 89, 90, 92, 96, 128, 136

Wang Li 218, 219 Wang Ming (Chen Shaoyu) 107,

114, 123, 130, 131, 137 Wang Ruowang 258 Wang Shiwei 137 War Participation Army 31 Warlords/warlordism 33, 39,

40-52, 53, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 82, 85, 86, 89, 90, 100, 102, 103, 105, 151; static 41; peripatetic 41-2

Warsaw 182, 192; Pact 201 Washington Conference (1921-2)

58, 59, 84, 85 Water control 173, 174, 189,

190, 197, 252 Water Margin 239, 240 Wayaobao 116 Wei Jingsheng 254 Wen Yiduo 159 Wenhuibao 216 Wenyan see Classical writing

style West, The/Western 35, 36, 40,

4), 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 117, 126, 179, 201, 228, 229, 231, 232, 244, 259, 260, 261, 266, 271, 273, 275; opening to 207; peaceful coexistence with 208

Western Hills Groups 68, 71 Westernisation 55 Whampoa Academy see

Huangpu Academy White Lotus Rebellion 5 White Russians 56 White Wolf 42 Wilson, President Woodrow 18,

53, 58 Women 106, 134, 166, 167,

190 Work points 203, 250, 251,

253

Work study 64 Work teams 156, 165, 203,

204, 212, 213, 215 Work unit (Danwei) 269, 278 Worker-Peasant Mao Zedong

Thought Teams 220, 221 Workers 54, 55, 62, 65, 66, 74,

76, 77, 79, 85 World Trade Organisation 276 Wu Faxian 227 WuHan 202, 210, 211, 212,

220 Wu Peifu 31, 49, 50, 52, 65, 73 Wuchang/Wuhan/Hankou 9,

10, 11, 48, 64, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 98, 105, 107, 108, 127, 128, 131, 146, 218, 232

Xi'an Incident 123, 124 Xiang Zhongfa 104 Xinjiang 47, 150, 163, 171, 195 Xiyang County 234 Xu Chongzhi 70 Xu Shichang 21, 31, 51 Xu Shuzheng 27, 49 Xuzhou 150

Yalta Conference 144 Yan'an 130, 137, 139, 144,

147, 149 Yan Xishan 41, 46, 81, 82, 88,

123, 132 Yang Chengwu 219 Yang Huzheng 124 Yang Shangkun 107, 274 Yangzi River /Valley 23, 48, 49,

52, 73, 93, 100, 111, 114, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 138, 147, 150, 163, 213, 262

Yantai 146 Yao Wenyuan 211, 220, 233,

235, 239, 240, 241 Ye Jianying 242 245 247 Ye Ting 78 Yellow River (Huang He) 123,

128, 138, 139, 150 Yili 223

INDEX 315

Yin Rugeng 122 Youth 56, 57, 106; sent down

to countryside 221, 226 Youth 37 Yu Hanmou 91 Yu Pingbo 179/ Yu Xiaqing 93 Yuan Dynasty 3 Yuan Keding 24 Yuan Shikai 7, 12, 13, 15, 16,

17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 37, 42, 49, 55

Yugoslavia 191 Yunnan 25, 48, 70, 114, 129

Zeng Guofan 94 Zhang Chunqiao 216, 233,

235, 237, 239, 241, 242 Zhang Fakui 78, 80 Zhang Guotao 64, 108, 114,

115 Zhang Lan 168 Zhang Qun 93 Zhang Tailei 79 Zhang Tiesheng 237 Zhang Wentian 107, 114, 115 Zhang Xueliang 41, 82, 88, 89,

90, 119, 123, 124 Zhang Xun 27, 29, 30, 31

Zhang Zongchang 45 Zhang Zuolin 41, 43, 46, 47,

50, 51, 52, 81, 82, 119 Zhangjiakou (Kalgan) 146, 156 Zhao Bingjun 15, 17 Zhao Ziyang 255, 259, 268,

272, 274 Zhejiang 52, 93 Zhenbao Island 223 Zhengzhou 194 Zhili 14; see also Hebei Zhili-Anhui War 42, 51 Zhili Clique 42, 49, 50, 51, 52,

61 Zhili-Fengtian War: first 51;

second 52, 69 Zhongshan (Gunboat) 71 Zhou Dynasty 2, 3 Zhou Enlai 64, 107, 108, 114,

124, 147, 148, 168, 171, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 192, 195, 205, 211, 214, 217, 218, 219, 225, 228, 230, 233, 234, 238, 241, 242, 243, 244, 247, 249, 259

Zhou Yang 179 Zhousan 163 Zhu De 78, 104, 107, 109, 115,

116, 146, 168 Zunyi Conference 113, 114, 115