Bibliography

The following is a selective bibliography which includes recent secondary works, and accessible primary sources for the study of the Scottish Enlightenment.

A. GENERAL WORKS

Introductory reading: G. Bryson, Man and Society: the Scottish inquiry of the eighteenth century

(Princeton, I 945). A. Chitnis, The Scottish Enlightenment. A Social History (London,

I976). L. Schneider ( ed.), The Scottish Moralists on Human Nature and Society

(Chicago, I967).

Interpretative writing on the Scottish Enlightenment: H. T. Buckle, On Scotland and the Scotch Intellect, edited and with an

introduction by H. J. Hanham (Chicago, I972). J. Clive, 'The social background of the Scottish Renaissance', in

N. Phillipson and R. Mitchison (eds), Scotland in the Age of Improvement (Edinburgh, I 970).

J. Clive and B. Bailyn, 'England's cultural provinces: Scotland and America', William and Mary Quarter!J, 3rd series, XI (April I954) pp. I63-79·

D. Daiches, The Paradox of Scottish Culture: the Eighteenth Century Experience (London, I 964) .

G. E. Davie, 'Hume, Reid, and the Passion for Ideas', in D. Young (ed.) Edinburgh in the Age of Reason (Edinburgh, I967).

R. Emerson, 'The Enlightenment and Social Structures', in P. Fritz and D. Williams, City and Society in the Eighteenth Century (Toronto, I973).

D. Forbes,' "Scientific Whiggism": Adam Smith andjohn Millar', Cambridge Journal, 7 (I953-4) pp. 643-70.

1137

BIBLIOGRAPHY

R. Meek, 'The Scottish Contribution to Marxist Sociology', in Economics, Ideology, and other essays (London, 1967).

R. Pascal, 'Property and Society: the Scottish Historical School of the eighteenth century', Modern Quarterly (March 1938) pp. 1667-79·

N. Phillipson, 'Culture and Society in the Eighteenth Century Province: the case of Scotland and the Scottish Enlighten­ment', in The University in Society, Studies in the History of Higher Education, edited by Lawrence Stone, 2 vols (Princeton, 1 973).

--, 'Towards a Definition of the Scottish Enlightenment', in P. Fritz and D. Williams, City and Society in the Eighteenth Century (Toronto, 1973).

H. R. Trevor-Roper, 'The Scottish Enlightenment', in Studies in Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 58 ( 1967) pp. 1635-58.

General works, containing material of relevance to the study of the Scottish Enlightenment: H. Aarsleff, The Stuqy of Language in England, 176o--J86o (Princeton,

1967). E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (Boston, 1955). D. Craig, Scottish Literature and the Scottish People, J68o--I8JO (London,

1961). P. Gay, The Enlightenment, 2 vols (1967-70). W. S. Howell, Eighteenth Century British Logic and Rhetoric (Princeton,

197 I). R. Meek, Social Science and the Ignoble Savage (Cambridge, 1 976). J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine political thought

and the Atlantic republican tradition (Princeton, r 97 5). J. S. Slatkin (ed.), Readings in Early Anthropology (London, 1965). F. Venturi, Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment (Cambridge,

197 I). L. Whitney, Primitivism and the idea of Progress in English Popular

Literature of the Eighteenth Century (Baltimore, 1934).

On Scottish moral philosophy: G. E. Davie, The Social Significance of the Scottish Philosophy of Common

Sense. The Dow Lecture, University of Dundee, 1973. --, 'Berkeley's impact on Scottish philosophers', Philosophy, XL

( r 965) PP· 222-34. --, 'Hume, Reid and the passion for ideas', in D. Young (ed.)

Edinburgh in the Age of Reason (Edinburgh, 1967).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 239

S. A. Grave, The Scottish Philosophy rif Common Sense (Oxford, I 960). J. McCosh, The Scottish Philosophy ... from Hutcheson to Hamilton

(London, I875). D. Stewart, 'Dissertation: exhibiting the progress of metaphysical,

ethical, and political philosophy since the revival of letters in Europe', The Collected Works of Dugald Stewart, edited by Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh, I854-6o) Vol. I.

B. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

General works: P. Hume Brown, History of Scotland, 3 vols (Cambridge, I909) Vol.

III ( I689-I843). R. Campbell, Scotland since 1707 (Oxford, I965). W. Ferguson, Scotland, 1689 to the present (Edinburgh, I968). G. S. Pryde, Scotlandfrom 1603 to the present day (Edinburgh, I962). R. Mitchison, A History of Scotland (London, I 970). T. C. Smout, History rifthe Scottish People, 156o-183o (London, I969).

The political fra~nework: E. Cregeen, 'The Changing Role of the House of Argyll in the

Scottish Highlands', in N. T. Phillipson and R. Mitchison ( eds) Scotland in the Age rif Improvement (Edinburgh, I 970).

Sir James Ferguson, 'Making interest in Scottish county elections', Scottish Historical Review, 26 (I947) pp. I I9-33·

W. Ferguson, 'The Making of the Treaty ofU nion, Scottish Historical Review, 43 (I964) pp. 89-IIO.

R. Mitchison, 'The Government and the Highlands, I 707-45', in N. T. Phillipson and R. Mitchison (eds) Scotland in the Age rif Improvement (Edinburgh, I 970).

N. T. Phillipson, 'Scottish Public Opinion and the Union in the Age of the Association', inN. T. Phillipson and R. Mitchison (eds) Scotland in the Age rif Improvement (Edinburgh, I970).

N. T. Phillipson and R. Mitchison (eds), Scotland in the Age rif Improvement (Edinburgh, I970).

G. S. Pryde, Central and local government in Scotland since 1707. Historical Association pamphlet, No 45 (I96o).

P. W. J. Riley, The English Ministers and Scotland, 1707-1727 (London, I964).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

--, 'The Structure of Scottish Politics and the Union of I 707', in T. I. Rae (ed.), The Union of 1707. Its impact on Scotland (Edinburgh, I974).

J. M. Simpson, 'Who steered the gravy train, I707-66?', inN. T. Phillipson and R. Mitchison ( eds) Scotland in the Age of Improvement (Edinburgh, I 970).

T. C. Smout and R. Campbell, 'The Anglo-Scottish Union of I 707', Economic History Review, I 6 (I 963-4) pp. 455-77 ·

The legal fnunework: A. L. Murray, 'Administration and Law', in Rae (ed.) The Union of

1707 (Edinburgh, I974)· T. B. Smith, British Justice. The Scottish Contribution (London, I 96 I). --, 'Scots Law and Roman Dutch Law', Juridical Review, 6

( I96I). The Stair Society, An lntroduction to Scottish Legal History, edited by

G. C. H. Paton (Edinburgh, I958). P. Stein, 'Legal Thought in Eighteenth Century Scotland', Juridical

Review, I (I957) pp. I-20. --, 'The general notions of contract and property in eighteenth

century Scottish thought', Juridical Review, 8 ( I963) pp. I-I3.

On the social and economic history of Scotland in the eighteenth century: R. Campbell, 'Review of Hamilton's Economic History', Scottish

Journal of Political Economy, XI (I 964) pp. I 7-24. --, 'The Industrial Revolution: a revision article', Scottish

Historical Review, 46 (I967) pp. 37-55· --, 'The Union and Economic growth', in Rae ( ed.) The Union of

1707 (Edinburgh, I974)· C. R. Fay, Adam Smith and the Scotland of his day (Cambridge, I 956). H. G. Graham, The Social Life of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century

(London, I 9 I 6). M. Gray, The Highland Economy, IJ5o--185o (Edinburgh, I957). H. Hamilton, An Economic History of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century

(Oxford, I963). --,The Industrial Revolution in Scotland (Oxford, I932). J. E. Handley, The Agricultural Revolution in Scotland (Glasgow, I963). A. J. Youngson, After the Forty-Five (Edinburgh, I 973).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

On the Church in Scotland: ]. H. S. Burleigh, A Church History of Scotland (London, I96o). James K. Cameron, 'The Church of Scotland in the Age of Reason',

in Studies in Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 58 (I967) pp. I939-5 I.

I. Clark, 'From Protest to Reaction: the Moderate regime in the Church of Scotland, I 752-I805', in Scotland in the Age of Improvement, ed. Phillipson and Mitchison.

A. L. Drummond andj. Bulloch, The Scottish Church, I688-I84J: the age of the moderates (Edinburgh, I973).

A. I. Dunlop, William Carstares and the Kirk by Law established (Edinburgh, I967).

S. Mechie, 'The theological climate in early eighteenth century Scotland', in D. Shaw ( ed.) Reformation and Revolution. Essays presented to the Very Rev. Hugh Watt (Edinburgh, I 967).

N. Morren ( ed.), Annals of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, IJJ!]-IJ66 (Edinburgh, I 838).

R. H. Story, William Cars tares: a character and career of the revolutionary epoch, ( I649-17I5) (London, I874).

Scottish education in the eighteenth century: A. Law, Education in Edinburgh in the eighteenth century (Edinburgh,

I 965). J. Scotland, History of Scottish education, 2 vols (London, I 969) Vol. I. D. Withrington, 'Education and society in the eighteenth century'

in Scotland in the Age of Improvement, ed. N. T. Phillipson and R. Mitchison.

--, 'The S.P.C.K. and Highland schools in the mid-eighteenth century', Scottish Historical Review, 4I (I962) pp. 89---99.

University education in Scotland: R. G. W. Anderson and A. D. C. Simpson (eds), The Early Years of

the Edinburgh Medical School (Edinburgh, I 976). A. Bower, The History of the Universiry of Edinburgh, 3 vols,

(Edinburgh, I 8 I 7-30). R. G. Cant, The Universiry of St Andrews. A Short History (Edinburgh,

I946). --, 'Scottish universities and Scottish society in the eighteenth

century'' Studies in Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century' 58 (I 967) PP· I 953-66.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

]. Cater, 'The making of Principal Robertson in I762', Scottish Historical Review, 4g (I g7o) pp. 60-84.

J. R. R. Christie, 'The Origins and Development of the Scottish Scientific Community, I68o-I768', History of Science, XII (Ig74) PP· I22-41.

J. Coutts, A History of the University of Glasgow (Glasgow, I gog). A. Grant, Story of the University of Edinburgh, 2 vols (London, I 884). D. B. Horn, A Short History of the University of Edinburgh, I556-I88g

(Edinburgh, I g62). A. Kent (ed.), An Eighteenth Century Lectureship in Chemistry (Glasgow,

I950). ]. D. Mackie, The University of Glasgow, I4SI-I95I. A Short History

(Glasgow, Ig46). W. Mathew, 'The Origins and Occupations of Glasgow students,

I740-I83g', Past and Present, 33 (Ig66) pp. 74-g4. J. B. Morrell, 'The University of Edinburgh in the late eighteenth

century: its scientific eminence and academic structure', Isis, LXII (Ig7o) pp. I58-71.

R. S. Rait, The Universities of Aberdeen (Aberdeen, I8g5). T. Reid, 'Statistical Account of the University of Glasgow', in T.

Reid Philosophical Works, edited by Sir William Hamilton, 2 vols, 8th edition (Edinburgh, I8g5) Vol. II, pp. 72 I-3g.

S. Shapin, 'The audience for science in eighteenth century Edinburgh', History of Science, XII (Ig74) pp. g5-I21.

L. W. Sharp, 'Charles Mackie, the first Professor of History at Edinburgh University', Scottish Historical Review, I3 (Igi6) pp. 23-45·

D. Sloane, The Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Ideal (New York, Ig7I).

R. N. Smart, 'Some observations on the provinces of the Scottish universities, I56o-I85o', in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.) The Scottish Traditions. Essays in honour of Ronald Gordon Cant (Edin­burgh, Ig74).

C. INDIVIDUAL WRITERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Early writers: Andrew Baxter, Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul (London,

I 733) •

BIBLIOGRAPHY 243

H. M. Bracken, 'Andrew Baxter, critic of Berkeley', Journal of the History of Ideas, xviii (1957) pp. 183-204.

Colin Maclaurin, Account of . . . Newton's Philosophical Discoveries (London, 1 748).

George Turnbull, The Principles of Moral Philosophy, 2 vols (London, I 740).

jan1es Beattie: James Beattie, An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth: in

opposition to sophistry and scepticism (Edinburgh, I no). Sir William Forbes, An Account of the Life and Writings if James Beattie,

2 vols (London, 1824).

Hugh Blair: Hugh Blair, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, 2 vols (London,

I 783). --, Sermons, 5 vols (Edinburgh, I777-180I). R. M. Schmitz, Hugh Blair (New York, I948).

Adatn Ferguson: Adam Ferguson, Essay on the History if Civil Society, 1767, ed. D.

Forbes (Edinburgh, I 966). --, Institutes of Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, I 769). --, History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic, 3

vols (London, 1 783). --,Principles of Moral and Political Science: being chiefly a retrospect of

lectures delivered in the College of Edinburgh. 2 vols (Edinburgh, I 792).

--, The Morality of Stage Plays seriously considered (Edinburgh, I 757) ·

D. Kettler, The Social and Political Thought of Adam Ferguson (Columbus, Ohio, I965).

W. C. Lehmann, Adam Ferguson and the Beginnings of Modern Sociology (New York, I930).

E. C. Mossner, 'Adam Ferguson's "Dialogue on a Highland] aunt" with Robert Adam, William Cleghorn, David Hume, and William Wilkie', in Restoration and Eighteenth Century Literature: Essays in Honour of A. D. McKillop, edited by C. Camden (Chicago, 1963).

--,'"Of the Principle of Moral Estimation: A Discourse between David Hume, Robert Clerk, and Adam Smith": an un-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

published MS by Adam Ferguson', Journal of the History of Ideas, xxi (1960) pp. 222-32.

J. Small, 'Biographical sketch of Adam Ferguson', Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, xxiii ( 1 864) pp. 599--665.

A. Swingewood, 'Origins of sociology: the case of the Scottish Enlightenment', British Journal of Sociology, 21 (1970) pp. 164-80.

David Hwne: David Hume, History of England, 6 vols (London, 1 754--62). --, The History of Great Britain: the reigns of James I and Charles I, ed.

D. Forbes (Pelican, 1970). T. H. Green and T. H. Grose ( eds), The Philosophical Works of David

Hume, 4 vols (London, 1874-5).

For brief introductions to Hume, see: David Hume, My Own life, in The Philosophical Works, Vol. III. --,A Letter from a Gentleman to his Friend in Edinburgh, 1745, edited

by E. C. Mossner and J. Price (Edinburgh, 1967). --, An Abstract of a Treatise of Human Nature, 1740 ... with an

introduction by J. M. Keynes and P. Sraffa (Cambridge, 1938, reprinted Conn.: Hamden, 1965).

For biographical material, see: J. H. Burton, The Life and correspondence of David Hume. 2 vols

(Edinburgh, 1 846). ]. Y. T. Greig (ed.), The Letters of David Hume, 2 vols (Oxford, 1932). R. Klibansky and E. C. Mossner (eds), New Letters of David Hume

(Oxford, 1954). E. C. Mossner, The Life of David Hume (Edinburgh, 1 754). --, The Forgotten Hume. Le bon David (New York, 1943).

'Philosophy and biography: the case ofDavid Hume' inHume ed. V. C. Chappell (London, 1966).

There is of course an enormous literature on Hume, to be traced in: R. Hall, A Hume Bibliography from 1930 (York, 197 1).

Most useful to the historian are: J. Black, The Art of History. A Study of the four great historians of the

eighteenth century (Voltaire, Hume, Robertson, Gibbon) (London, 1926).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 245

G. Davies, 'Hume's History of the Reign of james I' in H.J. Davis and Helen Gardner (eds) Elizabethan and Jacobean Studies presented to Frank Perry Wilson (Oxford, 1954).

J. Day, 'Hume on justice and Allegiance', Philosophy, 40 ( 1965) pp. 35-56.

D. Forbes, 'Politics and History in David Hume', Historical Journal, 6 (1963)·

--, Hume's Philosophical Politics (Cambridge, 1975). F. Hayek, 'The Legal and Political Philosophy of David Hume' in

V. C. Chappell (ed.) Hume (London, I966). S. R. Letwin, The Pursuit of Certainty (London, 1965). E. C. Mossner, 'An Apology for David Hume, Historian', Publi­

cations of the Modern Languages Association rif America, 56 ( 194I) PP· 65 7----90.

John V. Price, David Hume (New York, 1968). --, The Ironic Hume (Texas: Austin, I965). E. Rotwein, Introduction, David Hume. Writings on Economics

(Edinburgh, 1955). N. Kemp Smith, The Philosophy rif David Hume (London, 1941). J. B. Stewart, The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume (New

York, 1963). W. Taylor, Francis Hutcheson and David Hume as predecessors rif Adam

Smith (Durham N.C., 1965). H. R. Trevor-Roper, 'David Hume as Historian', in D. Pears (ed.)

David Hume. A Symposium (London, 1963). S. K. Wertz, 'Hume, History and Human Nature', Journal rif the

History of Ideas, XXXVI (1975) pp. 481----96.

Francis Hutcheson: Francis Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original rif our ideas rif Beauty and

Virtue ... (London, 1 725). --,An Essqy on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections.

With Illustrations on the Moral Sense (London, 1 728). --, A System of Moral Philosophy, 2 vols (London, I 755). --,A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy (Glasgow, 1747). --, Considerations on Patronages addressed to the Gentlemen of Scotland

( 1735). W. T. Blackstone, Francis Hutcheson and contemporary ethical theory

(Atlanta, Ga., 1965). H.Jensen, Motivation and the Moral Sense in Francis Hutcheson's Ethical

Theory (The Hague, 1971).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

W. Leechman, 'Some account of the Life, Writings, and Character of the Author', prefixed to Hutcheson, System of Moral Philosophy, 2 vols (London, I 755).

D. D. Raphael, The Moral Sense (Oxford, I947)· C. Robbins, 'When it is that Colonies may turn Independent: An

Analysis of the Environment and Politics of Francis Hutcheson (I694-I746)' William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, I I (I954) PP· 214-51.

W. R. Scott, Francis Hutcheson. His life, teaching and position in the history of philosophy (Cambridge, I goo).

W. Sypher, 'Hutcheson and the classical theory of slavery', Journal of Negro History, XXIV (I939) pp. 263-80.

Lord Kam.es, Henry Ho~ne: Lord Kames, Essays upon several subjects concerning British Antiquities

(Edinburgh, I747)· --, Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion

(Edinburgh, I 75 I). --,Historical Law Tracts, 2 vols (Edinburgh, I 758). --,Principles of Equity (Edinburgh, I 760). --, Elements of Criticism, 3 vols (Edinburgh, I 762). --, Progress of Flax-Husbandry in Scotland (Edinburgh, I 766). --, The Gentleman Farmer, being an attempt to improve Agriculture, by

subjecting it to the test of rational principles (Edinburgh, I 776). --,Sketches of the History of Man, 2 vols (Edinburgh, I 774). Second

edition, 4 vols (Edinburgh, I 778). W. C. Lehmann, Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlighten­

ment: a study in national character and the history of' ideas (The Hague, I97I).

I. S. Ross, Lord Kames and the Scotland of his Day (Oxford, I972). P. Stein, 'Law and society in eighteenth century British thought' in

Scotland and in the Age of' Improvement ed. N. T. Phillipson and R. Mitchison (Edinburgh, I 970).

john Millar: John Millar, The Origin of' the Distinction of' Ranks. Fourth edition,

corrected, to which is prefixed 'An Account of the Life and Writings of the Author', by John Craig (Edinburgh, I8o6).

--,An Historical View of' the English Governmentfrom the settlement of the Saxons in Britain to the accession of' the House of' Stewart. To which are subjoined some dissertations connected with the history of' the

BIBLIOGRAPHY 247

government from the Revolution to the present time. Third edition, 4 vols (London, I8o3) edited by J. Craig andj. Mylne.

--,Letters ofCrito, on the Causes, Objects and Consequences rif the present war (London, I 796).

D. Forbes, 'Scientific Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar', Cambridgejournal, 7 (I953-4).

L. Schneider, 'Tension in the thought of john Millar', with a reply by W. C. Lehmann, in Studies in Burke and his Time, I3 (1972).

W. C. Lehmann, John Millar of Glasgow, 1735-I8or, his life and thought, and his contributions to sociological ana!Jsis (Cambridge, 1960).

--, 'Some observations on the law lectures of Professor Millar at the University of Glasgow (I76o-I801)', Juridical Review, new series, 15 (I97o), pp. 56-77.

ja10es Burnett, Lord Monboddo: Lord Monboddo, Of the Origin and Progress rif Language, 6 vols

(Edinburgh, 1 773--92). --, Antient Metaphysics: or, the science of universals, 6 vols (Edin­

burgh, 1779--99). E. S. Cloyd, James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (Oxford, 1972). W. Knight, Lord Monboddo and some rif his contemporaries (London,

1900). A. 0. Lovejoy, 'Monboddo and Rousseau', Essays in the History rif

Ideas (Baltimore, 1948).

ThoJDas Reid: Thomas Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles rif

Common Sense (Edinburgh, 1764). Works, ed. Sir William Hamilton, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1846--63).

Dugald Stewart, 'An Account of the Life and Writings ofThomas Reid D. D.', together with Reid's correspondence, in Reid, Works, I, pp. 3-91.

William Robertson: William Robertson, History rifthe Reign rifthe Emperor Charles V, with a

view rif the progress rif sociery in Europe, from the subversion of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the sixteenth century, 3 vols (London, 1769).

--, Histo~y rif Scotland, 2 vols (London, 1759). --,History rif America, 2 vols (London, 1777).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

--, Historical Disquisition concerning the Know ledge which the Ancients had of India (London, I79I).

--, The Works rif William Robertson, D. D . ... I2 vols (London, I8I7)·

J. Cater, 'The making of Principal Robertson in I 762 ', Scottish Historical Review, 49 ( I970) pp. 60-84.

J. McKelvey, 'William Robertson and Lord Bute', Studies in Scottish Literature, vi (I969) pp. 238-47.

D. Stewart, 'Account of the life and writings ofWilliam Robertson D. D.', in Robertson, Works, I, pp. I-204·

Adam Smith: The new Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence rif Adam Smith is in process rif publication. The following editions have so jar been published: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes rif the Wealth of

.Nations, edited by R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Oxford, I976).

--, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, edited by A. L. Macfie and D. D. Raphael (Oxford, I976).

E. C. Mossner and I. S. Ross, The Correspondence rif Adam Smith (Oxford, I977)·

Further volumes are expected. Usiful older editions include: Adam Smith, Essays on Philosophical Subjects (Edinburgh, I 795).

Contained in The Works of Adam Smith ... with an account of his life and writings by Dugald Stewart, 5 vols (London, I 8 11-I 2) .

E. Cannan ( ed.), Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms. Delivered in the University of Glasgow by Adam Smith. Reported by a Student in IJ6J. Edited with an introduction and notes by E. Cannan (London, I 896).

]. M. Lothian (ed.), Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Delivered in the University rif Glasgow by Adam Smith. Reported by a student in q62-3. Edited by J. M. Lothian (London, 1963).

Biographical studies include: S. Checkland, 'Adam Smith and the biographer', Scottish Journal rif

Political Economy, 14 ( I967) pp. 70-9. C. R. Fay, Adam Smith and the Scotland of his day (Cambridge, I956). --, The World of Adam Smith (Cambridge, I96o). E. C. Mossner, Adam Smith (Glasgow, I969). John Rae, The Life rif Adam Smith (London, I 895). Reprinted with

BIBLIOGRAPHY 249

an introduction, 'Guide to john Rae's Life of Adam Smith' by Jacob Viner (New York, 1965).

D. D. Raphael, 'Adam Smith and "The Infection ofDavid Hume's Society'", Journal of the History of Ideas, 30 ( 1969) pp. 225-48.

W. R. Scott, Adam Smith as Student and Professor. With unpublished documents (Glasgow, 1937).

Other studies: T. D. Campbell, Adam Smith's Science of Morals (London, 1971). J. Cropsey, Polity and Econorrry: an interpretation of the principles of Adam

Smith (The Hague, 1971). D. Forbes,'Scientific Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar',

Cambridge Journal, 7 (I 953-4). J. M. A. Gee, 'Adam Smith's Social Welfare Function', Scottish

Journal of Political Econorrry, 15 ( 1 968) pp. 283---99. R. Hamowy, 'Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, and the Division of

Labour', Economica, 35 (I 968) pp. 249-59. J. Hollander, The Economics of Adam Smith (London, 1 973). A. L. Macfie, The Individual in Society. Papers on Adam Smith (London,

1967)· R. Meek, Economics and ideology, and other essays: studies in the

development of economic thought (London, 1967). --, 'Smith, Turgot, and the "Four Stages" Theory', History of

Political Economy, III (1972) pp. 9-27. G. Morrow, The Ethical and Economic Theories of Adam Smith (New

York, 1923). D. Reisman, Adam Smith's Sociological Economics (London, 1976). Andrew Skinner, 'Natural History in the age of Adam Smith',

Political Studies, 15 (1967) pp. 32-48. --, 'Economics and History: the Scottish Enlightenment', Scottish

Journal of Political Economy, 12 (1965) pp. 1-22. --, 'Adam Smith: Philosophy and Science', Scottish Journal of

Political Economy, 19 (1972) pp. 307-19. --, 'Adam Smith. Science and the Role of the Imagination', in

Hume and the Enlightenment. Essays presented to Ernest Campbell Mossner. Edited by William B. Todd (Edinburgh and Austin, 1974)·

A. S. Skinner and T. Wilson (eds), Essays on Adam Smith (Oxford, 1975)·

J. Viner, 'Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire', in The Long View and the Short: studies in economic theory and policy (Glencoe, Ill., 1 958).

250 BIBLIOGRAPHY

D. THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN ACTION

Some printed primary sources: H. Arnot, The History of Edinburgh (Edinburgh and London, 1 779). A. Carlyle, Anecdotes and Characters of his Time, ed. J. Kinsley

(London, 1973). R. Chambers, Traditions of Edinburgh, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1815). W. Creech, Letters addressed to Sir John Sinclair, Bart., respecting the

mode of living, arts, commerce, literature, manners, etc, of Edinburgh in 1763 and since that period (Edinburgh, 1 793).

John Ramsay, Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century,from the MSS of John Ramsay of Ochterryre, ed. A. Allardyce, 2 vols (Edinburgh and London, 1888).

G. Scott and F. A. Pottle (eds), The Private Papers of James Boswell from Malahide Castle, 18 vols (New York, privately printed, 1928-34)·

Sir John Sinclair, Anarysis of the Statistical Account of Scotland, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1826).

Thomas Somerville, My Own Life and Times, 1741-1814 (Edinburgh, 1861).

E. C. Topham, Letters from Edinburgh: written in the years 1774 and 1775 (Dublin, 1 776).

R. Wodrow, Analecta, or, Materials for a history of Remarkable Povidences, 4 vols (Edinburgh: Maitland Club, 1842).

The Yale Editions of the Private Papers of James Boswell, in publication, 1950- , especially James Boswell Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, 1773, ed. F. A. Pottle and C. H. Bennett (London, 1963).

Clubs and societies: T. F. Donald, History of the Hodge Podge Club (Glasgow, 1 goo). D. D. McElroy, Scotland's Age of Improvement: A Survey of eighteenth

century clubs and societies (Washington, 1969). R. Emerson, 'The Social Composition of enlightened Scotland: the

Select Society of Edinburgh, 1 754--64', Studies in Voltaire and the eighteenth century, CXIV (I 973) pp. 29 I -329.

James Gray, A History of the Royal Medical Sociery, 1737-1937, edited by D. Guthrie (Edinburgh, 1952).

History of the Speculative Sociery ... from its institution in 1;64, (Edin­burgh, 1845).

R. Maxwell, Select Transactions of the Honourable the Sociery of Improvers

BIBLIOGRAPHY 25I

in the Know/edge of Agriculture in Scotland (Edinburgh, I 743). S. Shapin, 'Property, Patronage and the Politics of Science: the

founding of the Royal Society of Edinburgh', British Journal for theHistoryofScience, VII (I974) pp. I-4r.

J. H. Smith, The Gordon Mill's Farming Club, 1758-84 (Edinburgh, I962).

J. Strang, Glasgow and its Clubs (Glasgow, I857).

Other biographical Dlaterial: W. Baird, 'George Drummond: an eighteenth century Lord

Provost', Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, IV (Edinburgh, I9 I I) PP· I-54·

J. Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors of England, 7 vols, VI, (London, I845-7) pp. I-366, on the life of Alexander Wedderburn.

D. Duncan, Thomas Ruddiman: a study in Scottish Scholarship of the early eighteenth century (Edinburgh, I 965).

H. Furber, Henry Dundas (London, I93I). H. G. Graham, Scottish Men of Letters in the Eighteenth Century

(London, I go I). A.M. Kinghorn, 'A Biographical and Critical Introduction to the

works of Allan Ramsay', The Scottish Text Society, Series 4, vol. 6, The Works of Allan Ramsay, edited by A. M. Kinghorn and A. Law (Edinburgh, I970).

D. Murray, Robert and Andrew Foulis and the Glasgow press (Glasgow, I 9 I 3).

G. W. T. Omond, The Arniston .Memoirs. Three Centuries of a Scottish House, I5JI-I8J8. Edited from the family papers (Edinburgh, I887).

F. A. Pottle, James Boswell. The Earlier Years (London, Ig66). - --,Boswell's Political Career (London, I965). A. Smart, The Life and Art of Allan Ramsay (London, I952). J. Thomson, An Account of the Life, Lectures and Writings of William

Cullen, M.D., 2 vols (Edinburgh, I832-59). G. Wallace, 'Memoirs of Dr Wallace of Edinburgh', Scots Maga::_ine,

XXXIII (I77I) pp. 340-4.

Index

References marked with an asterisk are to the biographical notes on major figures. References printed in bold type are to documentary extracts.

Aberdeen, I6 Aberdeen, Colleges of, 6, I6, 37, 38 Aberdeen Philosophical Society, I6, 28,

35, g8 Aberdour, Lord, 65 Act of Union, impact of, 3, I3; oppo-

sition to, 2, 7 Advocates Library, 3I, 33, 44 Agricultural improvement, ro-I2 Aikenhead, Thomas, 4 American Indians, I 23, I 24, I 26, I 2g-

3I, I42 Anderson, Rev. George, 2I6 Anne, Queen, 2, 39 Antinomianism, 4 I Argyll, Dukes of, 3, g, ro, I5 Argyll, 2nd Duke of, 3, g Argyll, 3rd Duke of, 3 Aristotle, 38, 75, 2 Ig-2o, 232 Arminianism, 4 I Arnot, Hugo, 230, 235-6n.

Bacon, Lord, 103 Banking, Scottish, I 2 Baxter, Andrew, 23 Beattie, James, 28*, g8-g, 115-16 Belhaven, Lord, 2 Berkeley, Bishop, 22, 23, I I3 Black, Joseph, I7, 40, 2IO, 227 Blacklock, Thomas, I 4 Blair, Hugh, 28-g*, 39,54-5, 208, 2og,

2 ro, 229, 233-4 Boerhaave, Hermann, 2 I, 228 Bonar,John, 2I4-I6 Bruce, John, 23I, 236n. Buccleuch, Duke of, I 5

Burnett, James, Lord Monboddo, see Monboddo

Bute, Lord, I5, 39, 5g-(io Butler, Dr, I03

Campbell, George (?-17oi), Professor of Divinity at Edinburgh University, 68, 7on.

Campbell, George, (!7Ig-g6), phil­osopher of language, Aberdeen Pro­fessor, I6

Campbell, Neil, 58, 59n. Carlyle, Alexander, 29*, 207-8 Carmichael, Gershom, 2 I, 24, 25, 38,

50, 76 Carstares, William, 6, 13, 29-30*, 37,

38, 39, 51--2 Cattle trade, I 2 Chesterfield, Earl of, 15 Church of Scotland, see Scotland Clarke, Dr Samuel, 42 Clerk of Penicuik, Sir John, 64-5 Cochrane, Provost Andrew, 45 Cockburn of Ormiston, John, IO 'Common sense' school of philosophy,

g8-g, •og-•6 Copyright Act, 42 Cross, William, 40 Cullen, William, I7, 30*, 40, 59, 208,

2!0, 2'27, 228

Dalrymple, Sir David (Lord Hailes), 225, 226

Dalrymple, Sir John, 123, I25 Dalziel, Andrew, 23I, 236n. Davidson, James, 43

253

254 INDEX

Dick, Robert, so, 51n. Division of labour, I 76, 181-5 Douglas, a tragedy, I5, 32, 207-8, 223 Douglas, Gavin, 8 Drummond, Colin, 69, 7on. Drummond, George, I8, 30* Dunbar, James, I6, I23 Duncan, Andrew, 228, 230n. Dunlop, Alexander, the elder, Professor

of Greek, Glasgow University, 40, 57 Dunlop, Alexander, the younger, Pro­

fessor of Oriental Languages, Glas­gow University, 40, 57

Dunlop, William, 37

Easy Club, 44, 62-3 Edinburgh, I7-I9, 37, 38, 206-I I;

clubs and societies, 44-5, 208--g; newspapers, 44; printing and pub­lishing in, 42-4; theatre, 45, 207-8

Edinburgh Review, 209, 223-4 Edinburgh Society, 209 Edinburgh Town Council, I8, 3I, 38,

45, 53n., 206; minutes of, .fS-so, 52-4, 54-5

Edinburgh University, 6, I5, I8, 19, 37-41, 45, 48-5o, 5I-2, 2Io-II, 226-9; arts curriculum, 23, 38, 4 I, 48-50, 211, 23o--6; divinity teaching, 38, 69; founding of new Chairs, 25, 38--g, 52-3, 54-5, 2 w; legal teach­ing, 39; medical faculty, 2 1, 39, 40, 52-3, 210, 2 I I, 226--g; regenting sys­tem, 38, 48--g; student life, 38, 4 I, 5I-2, 68-7I, 210-I I, 228--g; student clubs and societies, 45, 68, 2 I o, 228-9

Education, see Scotland Elliot, Sir Gilbert, 18, 55~ England, influence of, I3-I4 Episcopalian Church, 7 Erskine, Ebenezer, 4

Ferguson, Adam, I, I4, 15, 3I-2*, 40, 210, 234; on: climate, I 26, 146-7; division of labour, I 76, 178, 182-$ the family, 165~; luxury, 187-g, liOI~; moral philosophy, 100, 234; 'natural history', I 23--6; origins of government, 149, 156-7; origins of

language, I 24, 133-4; progressive nature of man, I 23, 131-3, 149; social nature of man, I 24, I 26, 137-9; 'unintended outcomes', I 26, 146; women, 165~

Fergusson, Robert, I4 Fitzmorris (Fitzmaurice), Lord, 55-6 Fletcher, Andrew, of Milton, see Milton Fletcher of Saltoun, Andrew, 2 Forbes of Culloden, Duncan, 3 Foulis brothers, Robert and Andrew,

43, s8 Freebairn, Robert, 8, 43 'Four stage' theory of economic de­

velopment, I 25, 141~

Gardenstoun, Lord, 28 General Assembly (Church of Scot-

land), see Scotland Gerard, Alexander, I6 Giannone, Pietro, 7 Gillespie, Thomas, 4 Glasgow, 12, 16-17, 37; clubs, I6-17,

45; printing and publishing, 42-4 Glasgow Literary Society, 1 7 Glasgow, Presbytery of, 66--8, 74 Glasgow University, 6, 15, 1 7, 38-41,

57-8, s8--g, 59--6o; abolition of re­genting, 38, so-1; arts curriculum, 38, !jO-t; founding of new Chairs, 38--g; medical teaching, 39; legal teaching, 39, printing press, 43, 6I-2; students, 41; student clubs, 63-4

Gordon Mills Farming Club, 11, 16 Grange, Lord, 6g, 70n. Grant of Monymusk, Archibald, I o Gregory, David, 20-I Gregory, James, 228, 22gn. Grotius, Hugo, 24

Halyburton, Thomas, 4 I Harrington, James 77 Harvey, T., 63, 64n. Harvie, Thomas, 43, 61--2 Heineccius, 24 Highlands, g-1 o, 1 I, 14, I 5 Hill, John, 230-1, 236n. Hodge-Podge Club, 16

INDEX 255 Holland, influence of, 5, 8, I 3, 2 I, 24,

37, 38 Home (Hume), Francis, 228, 23on. Home, Henry, Lord Kames, see Kames Home, John, I 5, 32*, 207-8 Honourable Society oflmprovers in the

Knowledge of Agriculture in Scot­land, I I, 45

Hope, John, 228, 230n. Hope, Lord, 65 Hume, David, I, I4, I5, Ig, 2I, 28,32-

3*,44,g6-IOI,207-g,2I4-I6,2I7-I g; publication of the Abstract, 97, Essf91s, I5m., Treatise of Human Nature, 2I, 96-7, g8, 99, 2I6;.writings on: association of ideas, 97, 1024); cause and effect, 1024); the family, 141; justice, IOO, 117-18; liberty, I 79, Ig6-2oi; luxury, I 78, 1851, 196-;; moral sense, gg-10o, 116-17; origins of government, I 50, 152-s; origins of society, I25, 139-40; party, I 79, 1974}; perception, g6-7, 1024}; political institutions, 1g6-2o1; re­ligious belief, 17o-s; writing history, I48, I79

Hutcheson, Francis, I, Ig, 23, 33-4 *, 40, 42, 74-8, 103, 2o8, 2Ig, 22on.; on: colonies, 77, !H-s; division oflabour, I 76, 181--2; family relationships, 76, 874}0; luxury, 77, I 78; moral fac­ulty, 75, 79--82; natural law, 76, 83-7; political institutions, 77, go-s; property, 77, 92-3; right of resis­tance, 77, !Hi slavery, 77-8, B!r9o

Innes, John, 53, 54n. 'lnverkeithing case', 207

J acobites, 7-8 Jacobitism, 8-g, I3 Jardine, John, 2og, 2 I 2n.

Kames, Lord, I, 10-I I, 25, 34 *, 40, sg, 207-8, 214-16, 216n.; on: legal his­tory, 148-g, 162-$ on stages of econ­omic development, 125, 14&-1

Kings College Aberdeen, 37, 38

Lafitau, Abbe, 124 Law, history of, 148-g, 162-$ natural,

5, 24-5, 76, 84-5; Scottish, 5, 25, 149 Law, William, 6g, 70n. Leechman, William, I5, 40, 42, 59--6o Libraries, 44 Locke, John, 19, 2I-2, 23, 103, I04,

109, 150 Logan, George, 2~ Loudon, John, 50, 51n., 57, 58 Lowlands, economy of, 10-12

Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, Sir George, 5· 25

Mackie, Charles, 57 Mackintosh, Sir James, 2 I 1 Maclaurin, Colin, 21, 22, 23, 45, 64-s,

70--2 Mandeville, Bernard, 103, 177 Marischal College Aberdeen, 37, 38 Medical Society (later Royal Medical

Society), 45, 210, 228-g Meldrum, George, 68, 7on. Militia question, 13, 2og Millar, John, 1, 15, 34-5*, 40, 6o; on:

climate, 147; commerce, 1 78-8o, 203-5; democracy, ~s; govern­ments, 148-so, 1sB-61, 1 78-8o, 203-5; 'natural history', I23, I25-6, 1284}, 144-5; progress, 144-5; women, 1684}

Milton, Lord, 3, 39, 58, 59 Moderates, 42, 206-8; attacks on, 2 Ig-

20, 220-3; 'manifesto of', 213-14 Monboddo, Lord, 28, 29*, 123; on the

origins of language, 125, •341 Monro, Alexander, primus ( 1697-

1767), 39, 45, 53n., 65 Monro, Alexander, secundus ( 1733-

1817), 208, 210, 227-8 Monro, John, 39 Monros, dynasty of, 40 Montesquieu, I 24 Moral philosophy, and Newtonianism,

19-21, 23, 72-:J; in the Scottish En­lightenment, 74--6, 78--82, g6-101, 102--22 passim; teaching of, 38, 49, 23 I-3, 234

Muirhead, George, 58, 59n.

INDEX

Mure of Caldwell, William, 40 Murray, Patrick (Lord Elibank), 225 Musical Society, 18, 45

Natural law, see Law Natural philosophy, 20, 38, 40, 49, 72-

3, 235 Newton, Sir Isaac, 19-21,23, 70-2, 72 Newspaper press, 44

Ogilvie, James, 7 Ogilvie, William, 16 Oswald, James, g8

Pantheon Society, 209 Patronage, in the Church, 4-5, 2o6-7;

in the universities, 15, 39-40, 57-6o Periodical press, 44 Perth, Duke of, 1 o Philosophical Society, 18, 45,64-5, 2o8 Pitcairne, Sir Archibald, 7 Plummer, Andrew, 53, 54n., 59, 65 Pneumatics (or Pneumatology), 49,

730., 232 Poker Club, 13, 209 Political Economy Club, 1 7, 45 Pringle, John, 65 Printing, 8, 42-4, 6o-2, 224 von Pufendorf, Samuel, 24-5, 76

Ramsay, Allan, the elder, (1684-1758), 8, 11, 44- 5,62-3, 6g

Ramsay, Allan, the younger ( 1 7 13-84), 2~

Rankenian Club, 18, 22-3, 45 Regenting, 38, fl-50, so-• Reid, Thomas, 1, 16, 35 *, g8; and

'common sense' philosophy, gB-9, . ..,.... ... Richardson, Rev. Andrew, 207 Robertson, William, 1, 14, 15, 35-6*,

123,2o6-10,213,226-7;on 'natural history', 125-6, 129""31; on com­merce and progress, dlg-g3

Robison, John, 229, 230n., 235 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 124, 125,

136-7, 150 Royal College of Physicians, 7, 39

Royal Medical Society, see Medical Society

Ruddiman, Thomas, 8, 43, 44 Rutherfoord, John, 53, 54n.

St Andrews, Colleges of, 6, 37, 38 Scotland, banking system of, 12;

Church of, 3-5, 37, 41-2, 66-7o, 74, 2o6-8, 213-2$ education in, 6-7; economy of, g-12, legal system of, 5-6; Universities in, 6-7, 37-41, 47-57

Scots language, 8 Select Society, 13, 14, 2o8-9, 224-6 Select Society for promoting Reading

and Speaking of English in Scotland, 209

Shaftesbury, Lord, 75, 103, 219, 22on. Shelburne, Lord, 55, 56n. Simson, John, 41-2, 66-8 Simson, Robert, 58, 59n. Sinclair, Andrew, 53, 540· Smith, Adam, 1, 15, 17, 36*, 55, 123,

125-6, 209, 224; and the Wealth of Nations, 176-Bo; on: the benefits of commerce, 178-Bo, 193-s; com­merce and liberty, 178-8o, 194; div­ision of labour, 176, •113--s; 195-6; education, 1 78; the 'impartial spec­tator', 101, 121, 163, 176-7; mar­riage and the position of women, •66-7; moral philosophy, 1oo-1, 118--22, 176-7; 'natural history', 123, 125-6, •4•-3· 148, 149; origins of government, 149-50, 155-6, •57-8; origins of punishment, 163-4; po­lytheism, 16g-7o; sympathy, 101, nl--2o, 155, •6:4, 176-7

'Sopho' (Lord Kames), 214-16 Speculative Society, 210 Stair, Lord, 5, 25 Steuart, Sir James, 17 Stevenson, John, 22, 23, 58, 59n. Stewart, Dugald, g8, 234 Stewart, Robert, 6g, 7on. Stuart, Gilbert, 123

Tobacco trade, 12, 16 Trevor-Roper, Professor, 7 Turnbull, George, 2o-3, 24, 45, 72-3

Universities, see Scotland Urie, Robert, 43

Wallace, Robert, 22, 42, 2o8 Watson, James, 8, 43 Watt, James, I 7 Wedderburn, 209, 2I2n. Wilkie, William, 14 William III, 13, 37 Wilson, Alexander, 17

INDEX 257 Wishart, George, Protestant martyr,

63, 64n. Wishart, George, minister of the Tron

Church Edinburgh, 63, 64n. Wishart, William, prim us (I 66o-

1729), 63, 64n. Wishart, William, secundus (?-1753),

22, 42, 63, 64n. Witherspoon, John, 208, ~ug--20 W odrow, Robert, 63-4, 67-g