Selecting Technologies for ETEC Soil Treatability Study · Selecting Technologies for ETEC Soil...

Selecting Technologies for ETEC Soil Treatability Studyy ySTIG Meeting; January 31, 2012

Christi D. Leigh, PhDRepository Performance Department 6212Repository Performance Department, 6212

SAND2012‐XXXX

Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Universe of technologiesSandiaLiterature Search

Technologies for ETECSearch

Technologies for ETECExpert Opinion Survey

Excavation defaulty

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What will the toolbox include?

Will Recommend Technologies for a given contaminant. Technologies for representative soil types, depths, and conditions. These are the technologies that could be used.

Will Not Decide Will Not Decide DOE and DTSC are the decision makers

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Defining the problem Developed a set of 14 scenarios Scenarios represent the range of soil types, depths, and p g yp , p ,

conditions at the ETEC site Scenarios represent a generic picture of the site

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Identify tools for the toolbox Utilize scenarios to create an “Expert Opinion Survey” as a

means of soliciting the opinions of soil remediation experts on possible remediation approaches

56 experts were invited to participate in “Expert Opinion Survey”Survey

13 experts responded positively to our invitation

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What experts did we contact? Experts are from:

universities (14 contacted, 0 responded), private industry (15 contacted, 3 responded), government agencies (DOE, EPA, NMED, USAC, USDA, USAF)

(16 contacted, 0 responded) and p Sandia National Laboratories (11 contacted, 10 responded)

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What experts responded? Experts have varied backgrounds, including:

Chemical and Environmental Engineering (7) Hydrogeology (3) Geochemistry (2) Biology (1)Biology (1)

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What did we ask the experts? Experts were asked to provide the following information for

each scenario: Select a technology or technology treatment train Select a technology or technology treatment train Rate the effectiveness, reliability/durability and treatment duration Describe why the technology or technologies were selected Describe characteristics of the scenario that limited or restricted the

technology choices Describe limitations of implementing the technology Describe potential impacts of implementing the technology

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Scenario 1 – Steep Drainage, 2 ContaminantsTop technologies selected by the experts:• Incineration (3)Incineration (3)• Rhizodegradation (2)

PCB = Polychlorinated BiphenylTPH = Total PetroleumTPH = Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

BGS = Below Ground Surface

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Scenario 2 – Flat Multi ContaminantTop technologies selected by the experts:• In-situ soil flushing (4)In situ soil flushing (4)• Phytoaccumulator/

chelator (2)• Bioaugmentation (2)

Bi i l i (2)• Biostimulation (2)

PCB = Polychlorinated BiphenylPAH = Polycyclic Aromatic H d bHydrocarbons TPH = Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

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Scenario 3 – DeepTop technologies selected by the experts:• Thermal desorption (3)Thermal desorption (3)• Rhizodegradation (2)• Soil washing (2)

PCB P l hl i t d Bi h lPCB = Polychlorinated BiphenylPAH = Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons TPH = Total Petroleum HydrocarbonyVOC = Volatile Organic Compound


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Scenario 4 – Radiological AreaTop technologies selected by the experts:• In-situ flushing (4)In situ flushing (4)• Soil washing (2)

PCB = Polychlorinated Biphenyl


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Scenario 5 – Soil VaporTop technologies selected by the experts:• Soil Vapor ExtractionSoil Vapor Extraction

(SVE) (8)• Air sparging (2)• In-well vapor stripping

(2)(2)• Permeable reactive

barrier (2)

TCE = Trichloroethylene

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Scenario 6 – Shallow DrainageTop technologies selected by the experts:• Biostimulation (2)Biostimulation (2)• Soil washing (2)• Solvent extraction (2)• Incineration (2)

PCB = Polychlorinated BiphenylPAH = Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons SVOC = Semivolatile OrganicSVOC = Semivolatile Organic Compounds


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Scenario 7 – Perched GroundwaterTop technologies selected by the experts:• Soil vapor extractionSoil vapor extraction

(SVE) (3)• Incineration (3)• Biostimulation (2)

PCB = Polychlorinated BiphenylPAH = Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons


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Scenario 8 – PondTop technologies selected by the experts:• Phytoaccumulator/Phytoaccumulator/

chelator (2)• Biostimulation (2)• In-situ flushing (2)

P bl i b i• Permeable reactive barrier (2)

• Incineration (2)

PCB = Polychlorinated BiphenylPCT = Polychlorinated TerphenylsTPH = Total Petroleum HydrocarbonSVOC = Semivolatile Organic C d

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Compound


Scenario 9 – Flat Leach FieldTop technologies selected by the experts:• Phytodegradation (2)Phytodegradation (2)• Biostimulation (2)• In-situ flushing (2)• Incineration (2)

PAH = Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons TPH = Total Petroleum HydrocarbonHydrocarbonSVOC = Semivolatile Organic Compound


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Scenario 10 – Flat Single Contaminant ClassTop technologies selected by the experts:• Incineration (3)Incineration (3)

PCB = Polychlorinated Biphenyl


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Scenario 11 – Perchlorate ContaminationTop technologies selected by the experts:• Phytodegradation (2)Phytodegradation (2)• In-situ soil flushing (2)• Soil Vapor Extraction

(SVE) (2)

PCB = Polychlorinated BiphenylHydrocarbonSVOC = Semivolatile Organic CompoundCompound


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Scenario 12 – NDMA ContaminationTop technologies selected by the experts:• Soil Vapor ExtractionSoil Vapor Extraction

(SVE) (3)• Phytodegradation (2)

NDMA N Nit di th l iNDMA = N-NitrosodimethylamineVOC = Volatile Organic CompoundSVOC = Semivolatile Organic Compoundp


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Scenario 13 – Dredge MaterialTop technologies selected by the experts:• In-situ flushing (2)In situ flushing (2)• Soil washing (2)

PAH = Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons TPH = Total Petroleum HydrocarbonSVOC = Semivolatile Organic Compound


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Scenario 14 – Fuel Tank AreaTop technologies selected by the experts:• Phytodegradation (2)Phytodegradation (2)• Biostimulation (2)

PAH = Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons TPH = Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon


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Technologies selected most often by E tExperts Soil Vapor Extraction

I it Fl hi In‐situ Flushing Biostimulation IncinerationIncineration Phytodegradation

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Technologies selected by contaminantMetalsRadioactive Elements

S il W hiIncineration

PhytodegradationBiostimulationIn‐Situ Flushing

Metals

Permeable Reactive Barrier

Incineration

Biostimulation

In‐Situ Flushing

Radioactive Elements

VitrificationPhytoaccumulator /ChelatorPermeable Reactive Barrier

Hyperaccumulation/PhytoextractionRhizodegradation

ElectrokineticsSoil Washing

giesHyperaccumulation/Phytoextraction

Electrokinetics

Soil Washing

Phytodegradation


ogies

BioaugmentationAir Sparging

PyrolysisThermal DesorptionPhysical/Chemical

Soil Vapor ExtractionVitrification

Techno

log

Other

Phytoaccumulator /Chelator

Rhizodegradation

Physical/Chemical

Vitrification

Techbo

lo

PhytoremediationIn‐Well Vapor Stripping

BiosorptionSolvent Extraction

Hot Air/Steam InjectionRhizoaccumulation

g

Biosorption

Air Sparging

Soil Vapor Extraction

Pyrolysis

Other

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2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16Number of Times Selected

2 4 6 8 10Number of Times Selected

Technologies selected by contaminantPolychlorinated Terphenyls (PCTs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)


Incineration

Polychlorinated Terphenyls (PCTs)

Soil WashingRhizodegradation

BiostimulationIncineration

In‐Situ Flushing

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Pyrolysis


Biostimulation

In‐Situ Flushing

gies Phytoaccumulator /Chelator

Air SpargingElectrokinetics

Permeable Reactive BarrierHyperaccumulation/Phytoextraction

Soil Vapor ExtractionPhytodegradation

ogies

Biosorption

Air Sparging

Electrokinetics

Pyrolysis

Techno

log

Rhi l iPyrolysis

VitrificationBioaugmentationPhysical/ChemicalSolvent Extraction

Thermal DesorptionHot Air/Steam Injection

Techno

lo

Hyperaccumulation/Phytoextraction

Phytodegradation

Rhizodegradation

In‐Situ OxidationPhytoremediation

Thermal Blanket (ISTD) Biosorption

In‐Well Vapor StrippingOther

Rhizoaccumulation

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1 2 3Number of Times Selected

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Number of Times Selected

Technologies selected by contaminantN Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Dioxins

Phytodegradation


N‐Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)

Soil Washing

In‐Situ Flushing

Biostimulation

Incineration

Dioxins

In‐Well Vapor Stripping

Soil Washing

Hot Air/Steam Injection

gies Solvent Extraction


Phytodegradation

Rhizodegradation


g

gies

Physical/Chemical

Air Sparging

In Well Vapor Stripping

Techno

log


Pyrolysis

Vitrification


Electrokinetics


Techno

log


Rhizoaccumulation

Biostimulation

In‐Situ Oxidation

Rhizoaccumulation

Physical/Chemical

Air Sparging

Biosorption

In Well Vapor Stripping

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1 2 3 4Number of Times Selected


Technologies selected by contaminantPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Semivolatile Organic Compounds


Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)


Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)

Thermal DesorptionVitrification

ElectrokineticsHyperaccumulation/Phytoextraction

Soil Vapor ExtractionRhizodegradation

Soil WashingIncineration

es ElectrokineticsPermeable Reactive Barrier

Hyperaccumulation/PhytoextractionSoil Vapor Extraction

Soil WashingIncineration

Phytodegradation

esRhizoaccumulation

In‐Well Vapor StrippingHot Air/Steam Injection

Phytoaccumulator /ChelatorBioaugmentationPhysical/Chemical

Permeable Reactive BarrierSolvent Extraction

p

Techno

logie

RhizoaccumulationRhizodegradation

Air SpargingPyrolysis

VitrificationPhysical/Chemical

Electrokinetics

Techno

logie

PhytoremediationBiomining

BiosorptionAir Sparging

PyrolysisRadiofrequency or microwave heating

In‐Situ OxidationRhizoaccumulation

BioaugmentationBiosorption

In‐Well Vapor StrippingSolvent Extraction

Hot Air/Steam InjectionPhytoaccumulator /Chelator

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2 4 6 8 10 12 14Number of Times Selected

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Number of Times Selected

Technologies selected by contaminantVolatile Organic Compounds Trichloroethylene (TCE) Vapor


Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)



Trichloroethylene (TCE) Vapor

Soil Washing


Phytodegradation

es

Air Sparging


gies

Physical/Chemical

Air Sparging


Techno

logie

Phytodegradation

Bioaugmentation

Physical/Chemical

Techno

log


Rhizoaccumulation

Biostimulation

Other


ytodeg adat o

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1 2 3 4Number of Times Selected


Technologies selected by contaminantPerchlorate Pesticides/Herbicides

Phytodegradation

In‐Situ Flushing


Perchlorate

In‐Situ Flushing


Incineration

Pesticides/Herbicides

Soil Washing

Incineration

Pyrolysis


Phytodegradation

gies

Ph d d i

Rhizodegradation


Soil Washing

Biostimulation

gies

Physical/Chemical

Air Sparging


Soil Washing

Techno

log

Solvent Extraction

Pyrolysis

Vitrification


Phytodegradation

Techno

log


Rhizoaccumulation

Bioaugmentation

Biostimulation

In‐Situ Oxidation

Physical/Chemical

Electrokinetics


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1 2 3Number of Times Selected


Technologies selected by contaminantTotal Petroleum Hydrocarbons

IncinerationBiostimulationIn‐Situ Flushing

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs)

Vit ifi tiPhytoaccumulator /Chelator

ElectrokineticsPermeable Reactive Barrier

Soil WashingHyperaccumulation/Phytoextraction

RhizodegradationPhytodegradation

es

Physical/ChemicalThermal Desorption

Hot Air/Steam InjectionBioaugmentation

Air SpargingSoil Vapor Extraction

PyrolysisVitrification

Techno

logie

BiominingBiosorption

In‐Situ OxidationSolvent Extraction

Radiofrequency or microwave heatingThermal Blanket (ISTD)

Otherys ca /C e ca

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213Number of Times Selected

Technologies by expert groupsEngineer Geochemist

Hot Air/Steam InjectionRadiofrequency or microwave heating

Thermal Blanket (ISTD) Vertical Thermal Well

VitrificationOther

Engineer



VitrificationOther

Geochemist

Permeable Reactive BarrierSoil Vapor Extraction

Soil WashingSolvent Extraction

ThermalIncineration

PyrolysisThermal Desorption


gies



ThermalIncineration



gies

BiostimulationPhysical/Chemical

Air SpargingElectrokineticsIn‐Situ Flushing

In‐Situ OxidationIn‐Well Vapor StrippingMulti‐Phase Extraction

e eab e eact e a e

Techno

log




e eab e eact e a e

Techno

log

PhytoremediationHyperaccumulation/Phytoextraction

Phytoaccumulator /ChelatorPhytoaccumulator/ Chlorocomplexes

Stress Induced PhytoaccumulationBacterial






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2 4 6 8 10 12Number of Times Selected

Technologies by expert groupsBiologist Hydrogeologist

/Radiofrequency or microwave heating


VitrificationOther

Biologist



VitrificationOther

Hydrogeologist

Soil Vapor ExtractionSoil Washing

Solvent ExtractionThermal

IncinerationPyrolysis

Thermal DesorptionHot Air/Steam Injection

gies



ThermalIncineration



gies

Physical/ChemicalAir Sparging

ElectrokineticsIn‐Situ Flushing


Permeable Reactive Barrierp

Techno

log




e eab e eact e a e

Techno

log









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