Selamatkan Yaki Mid-term Report (2013-2014 Mid-Term Report_0.pdfYayasan Institut Seni Budaya...

Selamatkan Yaki Mid-term Report (2013-2014)

EARS – Education and Awareness Raising Strategy for the Critically Endangered Macaca nigra

For the Rufford Foundation

By Thirza Loffeld – July 15th 2014

Rufford mid-term Report – Selamatkan Yaki

Page 1

Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 2

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4

1.1. North Sulawesi ............................................................................................................ 4 1.2. Macaca nigra ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Selamatkan Yaki conservation programme ......................................................... 5

2. EARS - Aims and KPIs ............................................................................................... 6 2.1. EARS strategic development ................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2. Project Aims ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1.3. Methods .................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4. Results ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Pre-Campaign Survey ............................................................................................ 12 2.2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Project Aims .......................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3. Methods ................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.4. Results .................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4.1. Survey results: behaviour – consumption of M. nigra ................................... 13 2.2.4.2. Survey results: knowledge – M. nigra as protected species ....................... 14 2.2.4.3. Survey results: attitudes – Yaki Pride Campaign ........................................... 14 2.3. Stakeholder assessment ........................................................................................ 15 2.3.1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2. Project Aims .......................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3. Methods ................................................................................................................ 15 2.3.4. Results .................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.4.1. Stakeholder meeting results: Focus Group Discussion 1 .............................. 16 2.3.4.2. Stakeholder meeting results: Focus Group Discussion 2 .............................. 16 2.3.4.3. Stakeholder meeting results: Participant questionnaire .............................. 16 2.4. Campaign implementation ................................................................................... 18 2.4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 18 2.4.2. Project Aims .......................................................................................................... 18 2.4.3. Methods and Results ............................................................................................ 18

3. Discussion ............................................................................................................... 24 4. Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................... 27 5. Literature cited ....................................................................................................... 28

Cover Photograph: The participants at the Stakeholder meeting “Torang Bacirita”, November 23rd 2013 Pa’Dior, Tompaso, Minahasa.


Page 2

Executive Summary

Sulawesi is high in species endemism and biodiversity, due to its unique positioning Asian and Australian biogeographic faunas meet. This area is often overlooked and undervalued in terms of conservation. The Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra), locally known as yaki, are endemic to North Sulawesi and have experienced a population decline of more than 80% within 40 years and as such are classified as Critically Endangered. This decline is largely due to anthropogenic threats; principally the illegal bushmeat trade and habitat disturbance and loss. This iconic species embodies the plight of Sulawesi’s wildlife. The use of education to mitigate anthropogenic threats is widespread and the field is rapidly improving in its efficacy. In this project the provision of education represents the keystone element in fostering behaviour change within the community providing local people with the information and capacity to conserve yaki and prevent further species extinction. In 2013 Selamatkan Yaki developed an Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS), resulting in a Framework for Action; as part of a M. nigra Species Conservation Action Plan following IUCN guidelines on Strategic Planning for Species Conservation. EARS has grown into a dynamic document reviewed by an interdisciplinary group of dedicated scientists, conservationists and marketers (EARS Advisory Group). Following extensive surveys of local community members across key areas, Selamatkan Yaki is currently organising awareness campaigns throughout North Sulawesi to facilitate a community shift in perception towards M. nigra. In the first year of EARS, we are focusing on the areas of Tomohon and Langowan. Both these areas have markets in which the selling and buying of M. nigra has been frequently recorded. Our target audience are the buyers and consumers of M. nigra. We are approaching this audience via different channels especially through community leaders, including cultural, religious, and education leaders and elders. To reach the younger generation, we are spreading our conservation message by involving various youth groups such as nature lovers clubs. We furthermore focus on the transfer of knowledge to adults through their children. By giving talks at schools and organising a Yaki Youth camp, we aim to empower the next generation to develop pro-conservation behaviour and make the cultural shift from M. nigra consumers to M. nigra protectors.


Page 3

Acknowledgements

The Selamatkan Yaki conservation programme and its research was initiated by Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust, Paignton Zoo Environmental Park, Totnes Road, Paignton, Devon, UK and works in collaboration with Pacific Institute for Sustainable Development, Kelurahan Bunyi Nyiur RT V, Manado, Indonesia. We would like to thank the following organisations for their support during 2013 and 2014: The State Ministry of Research and Technology (RISTEK), Jakarta, Java Synergy Pacific Institute for Sustainable Development (PI), Manado, Sulawesi; Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA), Manado, Sulawesi; The Ministry of Forestry (PHKA), Jakarta, Java; Universitas Sam Ratulangi (UNSRAT), Manado, Sulawesi; BIMP- EAGA, Manado, Sulawesi; Taronga Conservation Society, Australia; Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS, Sulawesi programme), Sulawesi; Yayasan Institut Seni Budaya Sulawesi Utara (YISBSU), Sulawesi; Tangkoko Conservation Education, Sulawesi; Tasikoki Wildlife Rescue and Education Centre, Sulawesi; Macaca Nigra Project, Sulawesi; Moroccan Primate Conservation Foundation (MPC), Netherlands; Primate Education Network, USA. We would also like to gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided over 2013-2014 to fund the SY programme activities and research: WWCT – main funding body; Dublin Zoo - general operational costs; Zoo D’Amnéville – general operational costs; The Rufford Small Grants Foundation – Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS) Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium – Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS) A special thanks to the following people who provided their time, information, guidance and support to the EARS team: Dr. Theogives Lasut – University Sam Ratulangi Manado Dr. Saroyo Sumarto – University Sam Ratulangi Manado Dr. Benny J. Mamoto SH. M.Si – Yayasan Institut Seni Budaya Sulawesi Utara Mr Simon Purser – Tasikoki Wildlife Rescue and Education Centre Mathilde Chanvin - Tangkoko Conservation Education Ms Grace Nelwan – Highschool SMA Lokon Tomohon Mr Andre Sumual – Chief Editor of Music Magazine TRAX Els van Lavieren - Moroccan Primate Conservation Foundation Band members of SLANK and their manager All our volunteers!


Page 4

1. Introduction

1.1. North Sulawesi The tropical forests of the Indonesian archipelago are among the top 25 biodiversity hotspots of the world (Myers et al. 2000). With a growing population of around 250 million, the demands for food, timber, energy and other resources are in competition with the native flora and fauna, threatening many species with extinction and destroying the forests at a faster rate than observed in any other country worldwide (Ross & Wall 1999). Sulawesi is high in species endemism and richness, due to its unique positioning where Asian and Australian biogeographic faunas meet. This area is often overlooked and undervalued in terms of conservation. According to Wilson et al. (2006), the island of Sulawesi should be prioritised for conservation efforts due to its high species endemism, cost-effectiveness, and likely success of conservation initiatives. The threats endangering Sulawesi’s biodiversity include hunting, forest degradation and wildlife trade activities (Whitten et al. 2001, Lee et al. 2005). Poor management of protected areas, lack of local community conservation awareness and weak law enforcement currently hinder efforts to mitigate these threats (Lee et al. 2005). In North Sulawesi, bushmeat hunting for consumption and commercial trade is a primary concern, because, unlike in the majority of Indonesia, the predominantly Christian population is not constrained by religious prohibition of wildlife consumption (O’Brien & Kinnaird 2000, Milner-Gulland & Clayton 2002, Lee et al. 2005,). For example, in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, bushmeat hunting and consumption has extirpated endemic species such as the anoa (Bubalus depressicournis), babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) and the flying foxes (Lee 2000; Clayton & Milner-Gulland 2000). Remaining species such as bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) are vulnerable, and it has also led to a huge reduction in the Macaca nigra (Sulawesi crested black macaque) population, which is one of seven macaque species endemic to Sulawesi. 1.2. Macaca nigra The distribution of Macaca nigra, locally known as yaki, is exclusive to Minahasa province, the far northern tip of north Sulawesi. Previous census information estimated there were 300 animals/km2 in 1980, which declined to less than 26 animals/km2 by 1998 (MacKinnon & MacKinnon, 1980; Sugardjito et al., 1989). Today, it is thought that there are less than 3 animals/ km2, although no range-wide census has been performed in the last 10yrs (Melfi et al., 2010). M. nigra have experienced a population decline of more than 80% within 40 years and as such is classified as Critically Endangered (Supriatna and Andayani, 2008). It is likely that M. nigra populations have continued to decline since the last published surveys, even within protected forest areas, and that the anthropogenic pressure within M. nigra habitat continues, and is threatening this species with imminent extinction. This iconic species embodies the plight of Sulawesi’s wildlife. Conservation of M. nigra can only be effective with an accurate evaluation of the current threats facing the population today. Previous research has identified that the main threats to the survival of M. nigra are hunting, trade and the degradation of prime forest habitat across Minahasa (Lee & Kussoy 1999, Clayton & Milner-Gulland 2000, Lee 2000, Lee et al. 2005). Surveys of the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of local communities therefore provide a useful insight into human activity and the threats to the species and its remaining habitat. A key aspect to any conservation activity


Page 5

is disseminating knowledge of the subject, the threats facing it and potential mitigations to as wide an audience as possible, (Jacobson et al., 2006). A study by Van Wessem and Melfi (submitted) demonstrated that the provision of educational materials significantly increased knowledge and developed a positive attitude and empathy towards macaques among villagers from Batu Putih Bawar and Atas. 1.3. Selamatkan Yaki conservation programme Selamatkan Yaki (SY) is a conservation, research and education programme that aims to protect the remaining populations of M. nigra. SY was established in 2007 by the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust (WWCT) in the United Kingdom. WWCT has selected Sulawesi as one of its Regional Conservation Programmes due to the area’s extraordinary biodiversity and because the captive breeding programme for the Sulawesi crested black macaque is managed by one of its zoos, i.e. Paignton Zoo. The long-term goal of the Selamatkan Yaki conservation programme is to preserve a self-sustaining M. nigra population in their native range by reducing current threats, namely illegal hunting and habitat encroachment and fragmentation. Currently, SY has two projects; (1) the Tangkoko Rejuvenation Project, aiming to improve the protected area management of the Tangkoko Nature Reserve, known to be the last remaining stronghold for the M. nigra population and (2) the EARS- Education and Awareness-Raising Strategy.

Fig. 1: The Critically Endangered Macaca nigra.

Fig. 2: Education can create empathy towards wildlife within local communities.

Hunting represents the leading risk to M. nigra population in the wild, fuelled by a trend of consumption at rates way beyond sustainable levels (Lee, 2000). Previous research has identified the key locations where hunting is frequent and the markets where sale of macaque meat is most prevalent. Recognition has subsequently grown that these areas are crucial sites for an awareness campaign aiming to help change community mind-sets and subsequently reduce demand for protected species as food. In 2013, SY developed its Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS). One of the central goals of EARS is to conduct awareness campaigns (Yaki Pride Campaign) throughout North Sulawesi to ensure widespread acknowledgement that M. nigra is legally protected and thus hunting is prohibited. During Year 1 of EARS (2013-2014), SY is implementing the Yaki Pride Campaign in the areas with the highest frequency of bushmeat trade, i.e. the cities of Tomohon and Langowan. In this project the provision of education represents the keystone element in fostering behaviour change within the community providing local people with the information and capacity to conserve M. nigra and prevent further species extinction.


Page 6

2. EARS - Aims and KPIs

From the project’s commencement in May 2013, the following milestones have been achieved or are currently in development:

1. Development of an Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS) - completed 2. Pre-Campaign survey - completed 3. Stakeholder assessment - completed 4. Campaign implementation – in progress

The goals of EARS i. Symbol of Pride: for M. nigra to be recognised throughout North Sulawesi as a symbol of pride. ii. Sense of responsibility: to foster a sense of responsibility towards North Sulawesi’s flora, fauna and natural resources (i.e. forests, water sources) in all layers of North Sulawesi society. iii. Active protection: for active protection of the wild M. nigra population and its habitat to be initiated and implemented by local communities. iv. Long-term view: to establish long-term support for the preservation of North Sulawesi’s flora, fauna and natural resources among local communities. Translating these goals to specific aims for EARS year 1, we aim to: a) Increase local community awareness that M. nigra are Critically Endangered and that the impact of unsustainable hunting and habitat destruction is deleterious; b) Ensure a positive shift in community perception of M. nigra and their habitats and a decline in hunting, consuming and trading this species.


Page 7

Project progress and outcomes EARS progress and outcomes are monitored by adopting the RARE Approach, including RARE’s Theory of Change (RARE, 2013; Fig. 3)

1. (K) Knowledge – increasing people’s awareness of nature around them and how their behaviour affects it; 2. (A) Attitude - cause a positive shift in attitudes by talking to people on an emotional level about the personal, cultural and economic benefits of protecting nature; 3. (IC) Interpersonal Communication - get people talking to each other about the conservation issues; and 4. (BR) Barrier Removal - identify possible barriers that are prohibiting pro-environmental behaviour change. Focusing on these four variables and promoting sustainable alternatives, we hope to trigger Behaviour Change (BC) which will lead to Threat Reduction (TR) and our desired Conservation Result (CR): a self-sustaining population of M. nigra in the wild, protected and valued by the local communities. Project milestones will be reached when the specific campaign activities listed in section 2.4 are completed. In addition EARS Year 1 progress is monitored by achieving the following Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): 1) Knowledge - By the end March 2015, significantly increase the number of people within

the community of the campaign areas that know M. nigra is Critically Endangered and protected by national law.

2) Knowledge - By the end of March 2015, achieve a minimum of 10.000 people who have visited our Macaca nigra exhibition.

3) Knowledge - By the end of March 2015, raise awareness of M. nigra conservation in 50% of all schools in the campaign areas by implementing the “M. nigra conservation education 2-step approach” (see section 2.4.3).

4) Attitude - By the end of March 2015, achieve a 50% increase in the number of community members in the campaign areas who consider that hunting, eating and trading of M. nigra should be stopped.

Fig. 3: RARE Theory of Change (RARE, 2013) adapted by Selamatkan Yaki.


Page 8

5) Internal communications – By the end of March 2015, feature our campaign activities and the M. nigra conservation message by 2 local radio channels, 1 local TV channel and 20 independently written articles in local newspapers (online and/or printed).

6) Internal communications – By the end of March 2015, significantly increase the number of community members in the campaign areas who have talked about M. nigra.

7) Barrier removal – By the end of March 2015, produce and place five billboards per campaign area, sponsored by individuals, community groups and/or companies in these areas.

8) Barrier removal – By the end of March 2015, community groups and individuals in the campaign areas will have initiated awareness activities to highlight the need for M. nigra conservation as a result of capacity building during campaign activities.

9) Behaviour Change – By the end of March 2015, significantly reduce the number of community members in the campaign areas who eat M. nigra.

Long-term indicator: 10) Threat reduction/Conservation result – By the end of 2016, achieve a 50% reduction in the

number of reported deaths of M. nigra due to snares or hunting in Tangkoko Nature Reserve.

We will determine the project’s success by evaluating the goals, objectives and target objectives as identified in the EARS Framework for Action, which are summarized in the Key Performance Indicators above. KPIs 1, 4, 6 and 9 are measured through the data collected during the pre- and campaign survey. KPIs 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 are monitored and measured through participant observation and communication through our (social) media channels and offline network (e.g. community leaders; guestbook at exhibition). KPI 10 will be measured through exchange of data with our partner Macaca Nigra Project, a research project permanently based in Tangkoko Nature Reserve. By the end of this project (March 2015), we will evaluate the effectiveness of Education and Awareness Raising activities of EARS Year 1 and improve our strategy according to our findings. By implementing Yaki Pride Campaigns throughout the native range of M. nigra, focusing on the largest cities and those identified as being key areas (i.e. holding an important population of M. nigra and/or being a centre of the bushmeat trade), we will build an extensive dataset through repeated surveys over multiple years, and be able to track, monitor and understand possible changes occurring over time regarding the hunting, trading and consumption of M. nigra.


Page 9

2.1. EARS strategic development 2.1.1. Introduction In 2013, SY developed its Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS). One of the central goals of EARS is to conduct awareness campaigns (Yaki Pride Campaign) throughout North Sulawesi to ensure widespread acknowledgement that M. nigra is legally protected and thus hunting is prohibited. At least three subsequent years of awareness campaigns are planned and required in order to reach communities throughout North Sulawesi, the M. nigra’s native habitat. Our EARS vision: “The Macaca nigra is recognised throughout North Sulawesi as a symbol of pride, creating a sense of responsibility in all sectors of society and leading to actions which protect the wild population of the species and its native habitat for current and future generations.” 2.1.2. Project Aims

1) Establish the EARS Advisory Group, integrating national and international expertise in a

wide range of areas relevant for our Strategy, such as education, conservation, research, social studies and marketing.

2) Creation of Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS): Framework of Action based on a Multiple Year Plan, under supervision of our EARS Advisory group.

2.1.3. Methods EARS has been developed as an over-arching strategy to encompass many different potential methods into a single coherent design (Newing, 2011). The Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS) has grown into a dynamic document reviewed by an interdisciplinary group of dedicated social scientists, conservationists and marketers, i.e. the EARS Advisory Group. 2.1.4. Results The EARS Framework for Action (Loffeld, 2013) was developed, based on the EARS Multiple Year Plan (2013-2016), and following the guidelines of the IUCN Strategic Planning for Species Conservation (2003). A summary has been provided below. 1. Improve the local human population’s knowledge of the status of M. nigra and the state

of its habitat

1.1. Awareness campaigns (i.e. Yaki Pride Campaigns) throughout North Sulawesi to ensure a community shift in perception towards M. nigra

1.1.1. Presentations at events; talks at schools; yaki learning game; information stands; yaki youth camp (i.e. youth becoming yaki ambassadors). Permanent exhibition at the Minahasa museum, linking M. nigra conservation to the Minahasan culture

1.2. Greater popularity of macaques and other wildlife in the young generation 1.2.1. Utilising national and international (social) media channels;

celebrities as yaki ambassadors


Page 10

1.3. Official declaration of the M. nigra as a symbol of importance to North Sulawesi, increasing their value as a conservation flagship for the unique biodiversity of the region

1.3.1. Prominent, inspirational representative for the official declaration; public relations, media

2. Build region-wide, multi-stakeholder capacity (strengthen human, financial and information resources) for conservation education on M. nigra

2.1. Strengthen Human resources: Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to coordinate education and awareness raising activities relevant to M. nigra conservation developed with suitable stakeholders (i.e. on educational, cultural, and governmental level)

2.1.1. Expanding from our existing MoU with the Institute of Art & Culture of North Sulawesi, one of the results being a permanent M. nigra exhibition at Minahasa Museum from the end of 2013.

2.2. Strengthen Human resources: Seminar series on conservation, education and awareness raising given to multiple community groups in North Sulawesi.

2.2.1. To increase knowledge of group members and help identify local ambassadors and key community representatives

2.3. Strengthen financial resources to support education and awareness raising actions related to endangered species conservation (including M. nigra).

2.3.1. E.g. by obtaining funding for a conservation library bus to be used throughout North Sulawesi; develop protocols to equally and fairly share costs of Education and Awareness raising activities among all stakeholder groups in North Sulawesi.

2.4. Strengthen Information resources to support all stakeholders in the implementation of education and awareness raising actions related to endangered species conservation (including M. nigra) by the end of 2016.

2.4.1. Development of an environmental education package, which will be integrated by the government into the provincial curriculum

3. Determine the most effective education strategy to address bushmeat consumption

3.1. Create an overview of all Education and Awareness raising activities related to M. nigra conservation in North Sulawesi.

3.1.1. Compiling a report on M. nigra consumption, based on data gathered through the attitudinal surveys and bushmeat market surveys (Fig. 5), and indices of hunting pressure and hunting-related deaths or injuries in M. nigra; Evaluation of the effectiveness of the EARS strategy and actions to reach our vision.


Page 11

3.2. Developing “Best practice” guidelines for Education & Awareness raising, tailored to M. nigra conservation and shared by all education facilitators nationally as well as internationally.

3.2.1. Workshop on Education & Awareness organised in North Sulawesi in collaboration with the Primate Education Network (PEN): evaluating education initiatives across Indonesia and discussing “best practices”. Sharing our EARS Framework and workshop outcomes with a wider community of educators through PEN and scientific publications.

Fig. 4: On the beach at Tangkoko Nature Reserve. This Reserve is one of the last remaining strongholds for M. nigra.

Fig. 5: Unfortunately, these endangered macaques can still be found at the traditional markets in North Sulawesi, such as here in Tomohon (EARS campaign area Year 1; 2013-2014).

Fig. 6: Loss of right hand, a result of being caught in a snare.

Fig. 7: M. nigra are highly intelligent and social primates that live in groups ranging from 20 – 100 individuals.


Page 12

2.2. Pre-Campaign Survey 2.2.1. Introduction In the first year of EARS, we are focusing on the areas of Tomohon and Langowan. Both these areas have markets in which the selling and buying of M. nigra has been frequently recorded. Our target audience are the buyers and consumers of M. nigra. In May 2013, Selamatkan Yaki started developing its Yaki Pride Campaign. To measure the effect of the campaign, data were collected through a survey to establish a baseline in the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the communities of Tomohon and Langowan regarding hunting, eating and trading of M. nigra. 2.2.2. Project Aims 1) Gather baseline data of the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding the hunting,

consumption and trade in M. nigra, among the human population in Tomohon and Langowan.

2) Build a dataset for comparison with data collected after the implementation of the campaign to measure the effectiveness of the Yaki Pride Campaign in Tomohon and Langowan.

3) Build a baseline of data which will be expanded by repeated surveys over multiple years to be able to track, monitor and understand possible changes occurring over time.

2.2.3. Methods Our survey areas were Tomohon, with a total population of 88.327, and Langowan with a population of 42.721 (BPS, 2013). Questionnaires were collected from 781 respondents from the end of August to mid-October 2013. To limit our transport time and other resources, we chose a type of probability sampling that would allow us to sample these populations using a smaller geographical range. We adopted the cluster sampling method in which “the population is divided into clusters, a sample of clusters is selected and then a sample is taken separately from each selected cluster” (Newing, 2011: 70). Based on the population data available at the Bureau Pusat Statistik (BPS) in Manado, we identified clusters per target area. In Tomohon, 44 clusters or villages (Kelurahan) were found distributed over 5 districts. In Langowan, 37 clusters or villages (desa) were identified representing 4 districts. We decided to sample 10% of the identified clusters, as to limit our survey time since for every cluster a sampling frame needed to be drafted manually (a complete list of all individuals within that village/cluster). Four clusters (a rounded number representing 10% of the identified clusters in both Tomohon and Langowan) were chosen randomly per survey area, using the software Matlab version R2012a (2012). Using a simple online calculator (the Survey System, 2013), we determined the sample size for Tomohon and Langowan to be 383 and 381 respectively adopting a 95% Confidence Level and Confidence interval of 5. In Tomohon and Langowan we sample 383 and 381 people out of an estimated total population of 88.327 and 42.721 respectively. Tomohon and Langowan are divided into 37 and 44 villages. For each city we sampled households from four villages only. These villages were selected randomly, with probabilities proportional to village population. The samples are distributed over the four villages, also in proportion to the village population. In each village we randomly selected the households to be interviewed. The interview is conducted with one person from each household, selected at random from the available people. Random numbers were generated using Matlab (2012).


Page 13

2.2.4. Results ** Please note these results provide a brief summary of the key points found. A more detailed statistical analysis of the data is yet to be performed and some of the research is still being conducted until 31st March 2015. 2.2.4.1. Survey results: behaviour – consumption of M. nigra The survey found that 22% (172/781) of the respondents consume or have consumed M. nigra (Fig. 8). Of those respondents, 165 specified when they had consumed M. nigra: for the majority this was longer than five years ago (73/165), followed by one year to five years ago (63/165), and within the last month to one year (29/165).

Fig. 8: Number of respondents eating wildlife in the campaign areas of

Tomohon and Langowan (n=781). The reasons for M. nigra consumption varied (Fig. 9) but the majority of the respondents cited that is was available (93/172), followed by that they enjoyed the taste (79/172) and that the meat/animal was given to them (66/172). When asked if the respondents will eat M. nigra in the future, 25 respondents said “Yes”, 95 responded with “If available”, and the majority said “No” (651/781).

172255

717644 703

110298

53

M. nigra Snake Forestpig

Bat Rat Cuscus Bird Other

Num

ber o

f res

pond

ents

(N=7

81)

Wildlife categories consumed by respondents and their households

Categories of wildlife consumed by 781 respondents and their households


Page 14

Fig. 9: Reasons given for M. nigra consumption (N=781).

2.2.4.2. Survey results: knowledge – M. nigra as protected species The majority of respondents (468/781) answered “Yes” when asked if consumption of M. nigra is illegal, 131 respondents said it was not illegal, and 176 responded “I don’t know”. For hunting M. nigra, again the majority answered that it is illegal, followed by 200 respondents who said it was not illegal or they did not know. Similarly, the majority of respondents knew that trading M. nigra is illegal (523/781), though 248 respondents answered that it is not illegal or did not know (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10: Percentage answers given by respondents who consumed M. nigra (N=172) when

asked if it was illegal. 2.2.4.3. Survey results: attitudes – Yaki Pride Campaign Another interesting result was that 89% (695/781) of the respondents believed an awareness campaign would be effective to very effective for the conservation of M. nigra.

7993

661

167

126

021

113

0 20 40 60 80 100

Taste goodWas availableGiven to me

For serving to guestsCures illnesses

It is traditionIt is healthy

Main source of proteinIt is cheapIt is special

It is popularOther

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

REA

SON

S FO

R EA

TING

M. N

IGRA

(M

ULTIP

LE C

HOIC

E Q

UEST

ION

)

Reasons for eating Macaca nigra

49%

30%

19%

2%

Respondents who consumed M. nigra (N=172) and said it to be illegal

Yes No I don't know No answer


Page 15

2.3. Stakeholder assessment 2.3.1. Introduction The results of the pre-campaign survey, together with a general introduction to M. nigra conservation and our campaign, were presented during a stakeholder meeting attended by community leaders from the campaign areas. 2.3.2. Project Aims

1) Discuss the role each stakeholder can play in education and awareness raising for M. nigra conservation in the campaign areas of Tomohon and Langowan.

2) Develop a plan for the Yaki Pride Campaign: identifying target audiences, designing suitable campaign messages and campaign activities.

2.3.3. Methods The heads of districts and traditional markets, in addition to the heads of religious, educational and cultural institutes were invited to a stakeholder meeting held on November 23rd 2013. Talks were provided by: (1) educational leader Dr. Saroyo Sumarto, M.Si, University of Sam Ratulangi Manado (UNSRAT) about the role of M. nigra in human life; (2) cultural leader Dr. Benny J. Mamoto, SH. M.Si, Yayasan Institut Seni Budaya Sulawesi Utara with the topic “M. nigra in the Minahasan culture”; and (3) religious leader Prof. Dr. W.A Roeroe STh. MTh., UKIT University Tomohon regarding the importance of M. nigra in religion and culture. Following the talks the first group activity was introduced: Focus Group Discussion 1 (FGD1). The goal of this activity was to explore the roles and responsibilities each stakeholder can have in the conservation of M. nigra, focusing mainly on Education and Awareness raising. In mixed groups of 5-6 persons, the 30 participants discussed these possible roles and responsibilities and wrote their recommendations under each stakeholder group on a worksheet. Thereafter, results were discussed in a plenary session. The last stage of the FGD1 comprised of each participant voting for the best recommendations by putting sticky dots (2 sticky dots per person) on a flipchart paper with all recommendations. During Focus Group Discussion 2, participants were again split up into mixed groups and this time brainstormed about suitable campaign messages and activities divided per campaign target audience. After discussion of the results, each participant again received 2 sticky dots to be placed next to the recommendation they agreed with most. To additionally measure the success of the Stakeholder meeting “Torang Bacirita”, we asked the participants to fill in a questionnaire before the start of the meeting (Pre-questionnaire) and at the end of the meeting (Post-questionnaire).


Page 16

2.3.4. Results 2.3.4.1. Stakeholder meeting results: Focus Group Discussion 1 The following three recommendations received the most votes:

1. Awareness raising in the schools about the importance of conserving M. nigra. 2. Awareness raising to the communities about the importance of conserving M. nigra. 3. Awareness raising to village heads about the importance of conserving M. nigra.

2.3.4.2. Stakeholder meeting results: Focus Group Discussion 2 The following three recommendations received the most votes: 1. Campaign message to wildlife hunters: “Yaki is the guardian of our forests, don’t let them

go extinct” through the activities leaflets, online media and music concerts. 2. Campaign message to the general public: “Yaki, the icon of Sulut! (North Sulawesi)”

through sports events such as marathon, cycling and walks. 3. Campaign message to local communities: ‘Stop eating yaki!” through the activities of

printed media (leaflets/brochures), novels and social/electronic media.

2.3.4.3. Stakeholder meeting results: Participant questionnaire Both before the meeting and after, participants were asked the question “As far as you know, is the Macaca nigra an endangered species?” Although the number of respondents varied between the Pre-questionnaire (N=29) and the Post-questionnaire (N=24), the percentage of respondents answering with “Yes, the Macaca nigra is an endangered species” improved from 97% before the meeting to 100% after the meeting. To the question whether the M. nigra is protected by Indonesian law, 88% of the respondents answered with “Yes” in comparison with 77% in the Pre-questionnaire (table 1). Table 1: Responses to the question “Is the Macaca nigra protected by the Indonesian law?”

PRE-questionnaire POST-questionnaire Number of respondents 29 Number of respondents 24 Yes 22 (76%) Yes 21 (88%) No 2 (7%) No 0 No idea/Unclear 5 (17%) No idea/Unclear 3 (13%)

We furthermore asked the participants which activity they liked the most. Of the 24 respondents, 67% responded that they liked the talks the best, which was followed by Focus Group Discussion 1 (17%) and Focus Group Discussion 2 (17%).


Page 17

We also were interested in finding out what our participants had gained from the meeting, choosing from the following multiple choice options (table 2). Table 2: Responses to the question “What have you gained from today’s event?” Aspect gained from today’s event: Number of participants responding: Contacts 7 7/24 (29%)

Knowledge 19 19/24 (79%)

Inspiration 15 15/24 (63%)

Hope for the future survival of M. nigra 18 18/24 (75%)

Action plan for M. nigra conservation 13 13/24 (54%)

Other 6 6/24 (25%) Other suggestions for future activities were to form yaki youth groups and hold routine meetings. At the end of the day, participants were asked if they would like to promote M. nigra conservation by giving permission for their photo to be placed on one of our campaigns billboards and 92% answered with “yes”, which was followed by a professional photo shoot lead by Photographer James Edwin Pelealu. We furthermore collected testimonials of the participants, asking why, in their opinion, M. nigra conservation is important. These testimonials will be used to spread our conservation message through different types of media during the campaign. All results of the Stakeholder meeting were compiled into a report and distributed to the participants either in person or electronically, accompanied by a certificate of attendance and video compilation of the meeting.

Fig. 11: Opening speech by Dr. Benny J. Mamoto, SH. M.Si

Fig. 12: Talk by Prof. Dr. W.A Roeroe STh. MTh

Fig. 13: Focus Group Discussion

Fig. 14: Voting system to identify the top recommendations


Page 18

2.4. Campaign implementation 2.4.1. Introduction Focusing on the largest cities, and those identified as having high frequency of bushmeat traded, a Yaki Pride Campaign (after RARE’s Pride Campaigns) has been developed to change people’s view of the macaques. This involves connecting to multiple partners, including market heads, schools and local and international ambassadors, and formation of environmental groups, reaching out to youth and religious groups to raise awareness. The Yaki Pride Campaign adopted the “Theory of Change” (Fig. 3, p. 8) developed by RARE: community-based solutions for global conservation. Since RARE was founded in 1973, it has run over 200 Pride campaigns in more than 50 countries (RARE, 2013). Gaining from their experience, the current PI and campaign team have tailored this Theory of Change (ToC) under supervision of the EARS Advisory Group and local community leaders, ensuring that the campaign messages are delivered by local voices (RARE, 2013). Based on the EARS Framework for Action (Loffeld, 2013) and the recommendations made by stakeholders at the event “Torang Bacirita: Konservasi Yaki”, the campaign strategy has been adapted to the needs of the communities in the campaign areas of 2013-2014, i.e. Tomohon and Langowan. 2.4.2. Project Aims

1) Improve knowledge of the human population on the status of M. nigra and the state of its habitat (Fig 3: K = Provision of information to increase knowledge).

2) Build region-wide, multi-stakeholder capacity (strengthen human, financial and information resources) for conservation education on M. nigra (Fig 3: K = Provision of information to increase knowledge and BC = To foster, prompt and model behaviour change)

3) Determine the most effective education strategy to address consumption of M. nigra (Fig 3: A + IC = Emotive messaging to shift attitudes and promote conversations and BC = To foster, prompt and model behaviour change).

2.4.3. Methods and Results Following the adapted Theory of Change (ToC) based on the RARE approach, an overview of our campaign activities is given in the table below (Table 3), including the progress and results. Adults: 18 years and older Youth: 15 – 17 years (high school) Teenagers: 12 – 14 years (junior high school) Children: 4 – 11 years (elementary school)


Page 19

Table 3: Campaign activities EARS year 1 (2013-2014), including progress and results. # Activity Name ToC Stage Target

Audience Progress/Results

1 Stakeholder meeting

K = Provision of information to increase knowledge A + IC = Emotive messaging to shift attitudes and promote conversations BC = To foster, prompt and model behaviour change

Community leaders

November 2013 (completed): See section 2.3. for results.

2 Calendar K = Provision of information to increase knowledge

Community leaders and their staff

November 2013 (completed): Calendars were given to the 30 community leaders and their staff who attended the stakeholder meeting, providing with information to increase their knowledge about M. nigra and the threats to this species.

3 Report and certificate of attendance – stakeholder meeting



January 2014 (completed): The results of the stakeholder meeting and campaign plan were compiled in a report and together with a certificate of attendance distributed to the key community leaders (N=18). The remaining participants were given a digital copy of the report and certificate of attendance by email.

4 Yaki Exhibition K = Provision of information to increase knowledge A + IC = Emotive messaging to shift attitudes and promote conversations

Adults, youth, teenagers & children National and international tourists

November 2013- ongoing: In eight months (End November 2013 – End July 2014) over 14.000 people have visited the exhibition, this includes 7000 students from schools from all over Minahasa including those from our campaign areas.

5 Information stands

K = Provision of information to increase knowledge A + IC = Emotive messaging to shift attitudes and promote conversations

Adults, youth, teenagers & children

December 2013 (completed): Information stands were held during four of the busiest market days before Christmas in December 2013. During this period the trade in bushmeat and consumption normally peaks. The reach is estimated to be over 100 people in each campaign area per day, based on the visitors’ signatures, reaching approximately 800 people in total.

6 Billboards K = Provision of information to increase knowledge

Adults, youth & teenagers

December 2013 – ongoing: Thus far, two billboards have been produced and strategically placed in the campaign areas featuring one


Page 20

community leader from Tomohon and one community leader from Langowan.

7 Talks at high schools


Youth February – March 2014 (completed): Our team gave talks at all high schools (N=21) in our campaign areas and our information sharing has reached an estimated number of 2160 high school students and 65 teachers.

8 Yaki Magazine a) Printed version b) Online version (Indonesian) c) Online version (English)


a) Youth b) Teenagers and youth c) International public

March 2014 – ongoing: Thirty printed copies of the magazine have been printed. Eighteen copies went to the participants of the Yaki Youth Camp, seven copies were given to the contributors of the magazine and another five will be kept for promotional purposes (e.g. displaying at national and international meetings). At the time of writing, the Yaki Magazine online versions are being prepared for distribution.

9 Television a) documentary “Yaki Sang Penjaga Hutan” (BBC) b) SLANK video c) Yaki video


a) Adults, youth, teenagers & children b) Youth & teenagers c) Children

February 2014 – ongoing: BBC’s wildlife documentary “Yaki Sang Penjaga Hutan” (Yaki the Guardians of the Forests) was broadcast, for the first time in Indonesia, during the talk show “I love Manado” at Kompas-Pacific TV Manado. The talk show also featured an interview with Campaign Coordinator/PI Thirza Loffeld and Programme Secretary Reyni Tresia Palohoen who elaborated on the BBC film and explained about the Selamatkan Yaki programme and Yaki Pride Campaign. The talk show had 100.000 viewers that day. Our Yaki Educational video and SLANK video message were furthermore broadcast that day and on the subsequent 14 days, reaching many more viewers.

10 Radio a) Interviews b) SLANK jingle c) Yaki jingle


a) Adults b) Youth & teenagers c) Children

February 2014 – ongoing: The PI and Programme Secretary were guest at Radio Manado and were interviewed during a full hour about M. nigra conservation. The radio show “I love Manado” is known to have a substantial number of listeners.


Page 21

11 Yaki online learning game


Teenagers and children

April 2013 – ongoing: This online video game has been piloted on several occasions, including the Cultural festival at Pinawetengan in July 2013 and during Youth and Teenage camps organised by the GMIM church (Fig. 15 and 16, p. 26). We used questionnaires after each trial to improve its lay-out, functionality and education message. The game is now available on our website: http://selamatkanyaki.com/play-the-yaki-online-game/ and has received 79 unique players since April 2013.

12 Yaki Youth Camp

K = Provision of information to increase knowledge BC = To foster, prompt and model behaviour change

Youth March 2014 (completed): Eighteen students joined our Yaki Youth Camp, each representing a different high school in our campaign areas. These young ambassadors were trained as yaki ambassadors and supervised in preparing their own talk, targeting junior high and elementary schools.

13 Talks at junior high and elementary school


Teenagers & children

April 2014 – ongoing: Under supervision of our campaign team, our yaki ambassadors have already given talks at fifteen junior high schools in the campaign areas, reaching approximately 2252 students and 42 teachers. We will continue with these talks, focusing first on junior high schools, followed by elementary schools and including community groups such as churches, youth and scout clubs.

14 Conservation Seminar


Priests Heads of religious institutes

July 2014 (completed): On July 15th 2014, we held our Green Gospel event. This conservation workshop targeted the 10 biggest churches in North Sulawesi. The workshop had 3 goals: (1) to identify the connections between Christianity and conservation, (2) to make a start in the development of conservation materials to be implemented by churches, and (3) to start collaboration between conservation projects and churches. We again developed a 2-step approach in which we facilitated

http://selamatkanyaki.com/play-the-yaki-online-game/

http://selamatkanyaki.com/play-the-yaki-online-game/


Page 22

capacity building for priests to start spreading conservation messages. One outcome since this gathering is that our team has been invited to give a talk at 2 Youth Camps organised by those churches, reaching around 4000 youth in North Sulawesi.

15 Information posters – at office head of districts (camats)



In preparation (August 2014): This campaign activity is planned for August 2014.

16 Media publicity a) External sources: Newspapers, magazines b) Internal sources: website and other social media channels

BC = To foster, prompt and model behaviour change

Adults, youth, teenagers Community leaders International public

June 2013 – ongoing: a) Starting from the development of EARS, our media output has been growing with twenty-eight articles about M. nigra, of these articles twenty-seven mention our Selamatkan Yaki programme; 19 online articles (7 international and 12 national/local websites); four printed articles in the magazines Lifestyle, Etnik, music magazine TRAX, and Whats Happening; in addition to five printed articles in four different local newspapers (Manado Post, Tribune Manado, Kawanua Post, and Radar Manado). Eight out of twenty-eight articles specifically mention our education project and campaign activities. b) At commencement of the Principal Investigator in March 2013, the Selamatkan Yaki Facebook page had 600 likes which has grown to 3000 likes in July 2014, indicating an increase of followers and reach of 500% through social media.

17 Building a network of national and international Ambassadors


Adults, youth, teenagers, children

June 2013 – ongoing: At this stage in the campaign, we have local and national ambassadors, including the famous Indonesian band SLANK (Fig. 18) and cultural leader Dr. Benny J. Mamoto SH. M.Si (Fig. 17).

18 Scientific publications/meetings

International public

April 2014 – ongoing: Thirza Loffeld was invited to present EARS during the Rufford Foundation’s Grantees Conference in Myanmar on


Page 23

April 8th and 9th 2014 at Yangon Zoo. Additionally, she will present EARS at the XXV Congress of the International Primatology Society (IPS) in Vietnam on August 14th -16th 2014 during its Primate Education Symposium organised by the Primate Education Network. Scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals are in process.

** Please note that a Post-Campaign survey has been planned from January 2015. Three of the campaign activities are linked following the “two-step approach” (Stone, 1997), i.e. talks at high schools, Yaki Youth Camp and Talks at junior high and elementary schools. Talks were provided at high schools by the campaign team focusing on M. nigra conservation. At the end of each talk, a quiz was held and the student who correctly answered the last question “Why and how do humans need Macaca nigra?” was invited to attend the Yaki Youth Camp. During this Yaki Youth Camp, the students were trained through a wide variety of group activities to become yaki ambassadors (step 1). Subsequently, each yaki ambassador is currently supervised by the campaign team to provide talks at junior and elementary schools in the campaign areas (step 2). Students who are given the opportunity to be trained outside their school could share newly acquired knowledge and skills with their fellow students (Pitkin, 1995; Stone, 1997). The two-step approach is a way to strengthen human and information resources for conservation education on M. nigra and increase our campaign’s reach. Next to providing information to increase knowledge (K), we envision that the emotive messaging during the Yaki Youth Camp will shift attitudes (A) and promote conversations (IC). This approach maximizes the impact of one training event and it will increase the expertise of that student who will directly be implementing new knowledge and skills providing a sense of responsibility and confidence (Stone, 1997) and subsequently fostering behaviour change (BC). The last campaign activity will consist of a conservation seminar to strengthen the capacity of conservationists and ambassadors in the campaign areas and provide guidance on how they can continue to support M. nigra conservation in subsequent years. The communities in North Sulawesi are pre-dominantly Christian and religion is ever-present in their daily lives. Therefore, priests will be the main target audience of this seminar, as these religious leaders have massive potential to spread the conservation message to their own congregations (2-step-approach). Following the end of 2013 we summarised our EARS outcomes in the following blog: http://selamatkanyaki.com/2014/01/06/happy-new-year-looking-back-on-a-great-first-year-of-ears/

http://selamatkanyaki.com/2014/01/06/happy-new-year-looking-back-on-a-great-first-year-of-ears/

http://selamatkanyaki.com/2014/01/06/happy-new-year-looking-back-on-a-great-first-year-of-ears/


Page 24

Table 4: Progress Table of Key Performance Indicators EARS Year 1 2013-2014


Page 25

3. Discussion As acknowledged in the field of conservation research, there are often practical considerations that mean a strictly experimental design of research is not possible (Newing, 2011). This is the case with the EARS project, which aims to balance the validity and repeatability of this research with the pressing urgency for intervention. Our research takes place in a defined geographical area, which means that all the people exposed to our intervention (the Yaki Pride Campaign) live in the same place and all the people in the control group live somewhere else. Given current programme’s limited time and resources, the likeliness of underlying differences between the experimental and control group connected to where they live, and the probability that these differences will “confound” the results (Newing, 2011: 45), it was decided to not proceed with a control group. Additionally, the random allocation of participants to either experimental or control group was not possible, given the nature of our intervention: a campaign directed to all layers of the community in a certain region (i.e. Tomohon and Langowan). Hence, we choose for a quasi-experimental design, aiming to evaluate the effects of our intervention (i.e. the Yaki Pride Campaign) by comparing the population’s attitude and behaviours pre- and post-campaign. We strengthened our methodology by using a mixed-approach, combining quasi-experimental design with a cross-sectional, i.e. “collecting data from a large number of individuals that form a cross-sectional sample of our population of interest” (Newing, 2011: 48). By repeating our attitude and behavioural survey over multiple years, we furthermore incorporate a longitudinal design into our strategy to be able to track, monitor and understand possible changes occurring over time. A common strategy applied in the field of education (Newing, 2011). The project team has encountered challenges during the implementation of EARS Year 1 thus far. Unpredictable events, such as natural disasters, have limited our activities. However, we have experience of working around these situations, using good communication and a well organised team. For example, in January 2014 Manado, where the SY head office is based, was hit by heavy storms causing 70% of the city to be flooded and resulted in electricity and internet shortages. Additionally, landslides temporarily blocked the road between Manado and our campaign areas. Despite postponing our campaign activities, we limited the disruption by continuing communications and asking the heads of the educational institutions for flexibility in the planning of our talks at their high schools. Although schools had less time to prepare to receive our team, by keeping organised and with close communication we were able to complete 21 talks and host 19 enthusiastic students at our Yaki Youth Camp. As a result of postponing several campaign activities, we would however advise to postpone the post-campaign survey by approximately 6 months to allow changes of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour to occur, in particular as a result of activities that are part of the 2-step approach. The results collected in this study provide an overview on which education activities and awareness raising methods are effective in positively contributing towards the conservation of the M. nigra and its habitat. These data will therefore be of direct relevance to planning initiatives to conserve this Critically Endangered species. Recommendations about how best to conserve this species may also have positive ramifications for the conservation of other sympatric flora and fauna and thus promote conservation of biodiversity within one of the richest and most important areas within Indonesia. A key outcome of this programme is expected to be the curtailment of the demand for bushmeat. By catalysing a wave of altered perceptions towards wildife, especially amongst


Page 26

younger generations, popularity for the consumption of protected species may decline. Long-term cooperation with the BKSDA (Natural Resources Conservation Agency) and collaboration with a wide range of key stakeholders should enhance a greater awareness of the laws regarding trade in protected species. Transparency of activities and involvement within the local communities at all levels will achieve empowerment and responsibility of individuals disconnected from nature in addition to those living alongside the species. We have established a collaborative team representing key stakeholders working in this area. By facilitating an evidence-based, strategic approach to mitigating the threats M. nigra face, we can strive towards our goal of reducing the demand for bushmeat so hunting pressures are minimised. With a wealth of other endangered species also suffering from over-harvesting and dependent on the same habitat, continuing this Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS) will ensure a greater chance of survival of the impressive biodiversity of this unique area.

Fig. 15: Pilot of the Yaki Learning game, tested by players of different ages at the Pinawetengan Festival July 2013.

Fig. 16: During our pre-campaign assessment, identifying stakeholders: Amazing full house during our presentation at the GMIM Youth Camp 2013, organised by one of the biggest churches in North Sulawesi.

Fig 17: Signing of a formal partnership with the Institute of Art & Culture of North Sulawesi represented by cultural leader Dr. Benny J. Mamoto SH. M.Si.

Fig. 18: The recording a video message for our campaign with the famous Indonesian band SLANK expressing their support for our campaign and cause.


Page 27

4. Conclusions and Recommendations We reiterate that conclusions are still tentative due to the preliminary nature of our results and the fact that we have only partly implemented our Education and Awareness Raising Strategy. However, through our analyses of data collected so far, the following conclusions may be inferred: 1. A substantial proportion (22%) of a representative sample of the communities of Tomohon and Langowan is or has been consuming the Critically Endangered M. nigra.

2. Several mitigations planned in our Education and Awareness Raising Strategy (EARS) are likely to have a marked effect on the threats endangering M. nigra, specific details of which are given earlier in this report; 3. In order to develop an effective method to mitigate the effects of M. nigra consumption, data were collected to assess the underlying motivation for consumption. We have yet to assess the effectiveness of the Yaki Pride Campaign as the post-campaign survey is planned for January 2015). Nevertheless, local communities seem supportive of this intervention thus far;

4. Current campaign activities need to be continued to increase knowledge of the human population of the Critically Endangered status of M. nigra and the state of its habitat, change mind-sets and promote behaviour change, although a baseline now exists with which to monitor progress towards this goal; 5. EARS has been explained to most stakeholders but follow up one-on-one and group meetings are needed to ensure the continued involvement of all parties; 6. Communication between stakeholders (particularly between community leaders and local communities) holds the key to the improvement of all conservation efforts related to protection of M. nigra; 7. Formal partnerships to coordinate education and awareness raising activities and implementation of conservation seminars can help build region-wide, multi-stakeholder capacity (strengthen human, financial and information resources) for conservation education on M. nigra.

We recommend continuation of research to assess and monitor the current implementation of EARS across the native range of M. nigra, with special focus on the Yaki Pride Campaigns. Additionally, monitoring of bushmeat traded in local markets can give an indication of the remaining populations of species (Lee 2000), and is therefore recommended to be implemented alongside EARS in subsequent years. Complementation of the Yaki Pride Campaigns by adequate law enforcement is advised as well as raising awareness of the law that protects the M. nigra (UU. No 5 Tahun 1990) by the applicable departement of the government. Further studies into advocacy would be useful to understand the capacity of local communities and other parties to support conservation programmes and help reduce exploitation of the species. Improved systems of communication, including regular group meetings and reporting, and formal partnerships, will enhance all levels of research and conservation.


Page 28

5. Literature cited Bureau Pusat Statistik (BPS), 2013. Population of Tomohon and Langowan, Manado. Clayton, L.M., Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2000) The trade in wildlife in North Sulawesi. In Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests: 473–495. Robinson, J.G. and Bennett, E.L. (Eds.). New York: Columbia University Press. IUCN/SSC. (2008). Strategic Planning for Species Conservation: A Handbook. Version 1.0. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission. 104pp. Jacobson, S K, McDuff, M D and Monroe, M C 2006 Conservation education and outreach techniques. Oxford University Press. Lee, R.J. (2000). Impact of subsistence hunting in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and conservation options. In Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. 455–472. Robinson, J.G. and Bennett, E.L. (Eds.). New York: Columbia University Press. Lee, R.J., Gorog, A.J., Dwiyahreni, A., Siwu, S., Riley, J., Alexander, H., Paoli, G.D., Ramono, W. (2005) Wildlife Trade and implications for law enforcement in Indonesia: a case study from North Sulawesi. Biol.Conserv. 123, 477-488. Lee, R.J., Kussoy, P. (1999). Assessment of Wildlife Populations, Forest and Forest Resource Use on Talise Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Proyek Pesisir Publication TE-99/09-E, Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, USA. 39 pages. Loffeld, T. A. C. (2013). Framework for Action: Education and Awareness Raising Strategy for the Critically Endangered Macaca nigra (unpublished). MacKinnon J and MacKinnon K 1980 Caga Alam gn. Tangkoko-Duasudara, Sulawesi Utara Management Plan 1981-1986. Bogor, Indonesia. Melfi, V. (2010). Selamatkan Yaki! Conservation of Sulawesi Crested Black Macaques Macaca nigra. In S. Gursky & J. Supriatna (Eds.), Indonesian Primates (pp. 343–356). Springer New York. Milner-Gulland EJ, Clayton L, 2002, The trade in babirusas and wild pigs in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, Ecological Economics, Vol: 42, ISSN:0921-8009, Pages:165-183 Myers, N.R.A, Mittermeier, C.G., Mittermeier, G.A.B., da Fonseca and Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853-858. Newing, H. (2011). Conducting research in conservation: social science methods and practice. London: Routledge. O’Brien, T. and Kinnaird, M. F (2000) Differential vulnerability of large birds and mammals to hunting in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the outlook for the future. In Hunting for sustainability in Tropical forest. 199-213. Robinson, J.G. and Bennett, E.L. (Eds.) New York: Columbia University Press. Pitkin, B. 1995. Protected Area Conservation Strategy (PARCS): Training Needs and Opportunities Among Protected Area Managers in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa. Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, DC. Website: < http://www.bsponline.org/publications/>. Accessed 3 August 2011. RARE, 2013. Conservation on a human scale. The RARE approach: Community-based solutions for global conservation. Ross, R., Wall, G. (1999) Evaluating ecotourism: The case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tourism Management. 20, 673-682. Rosenbaum B, O’Brien T, Kinnaird M and Supriatna J 1998 Population densities of Sulawesi crested black (Macaca nigra) on Bacan and Sulawesi, Indonesia: Effects of habitat disturbance and hunting. American Journal of Primatology 44: 89-106. Stone, R. 1997. What’s your role? Training or Organisational Impact. A Guide for Training Officers in Protected Area Management. African Biodiversity Series No. 5. Biodiversity Support Programme, Washington, DC. Website: <http://www.bsponline.org/publications/>. Accessed 3 August 2011. Sugardjito J, Southwick CH, Supriatna J, Kohlhass A, Baker S, Erwin J, Froehlich J and Lerche N 1989 Population survey of macaques in Northern Sulawesi. American Journal of Primatology 18: 285-301. Supriatna, J , Andayani, N (2008) Macaca nigra. In. 2008 IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. 07 February 2010. The Survey System, 2013. http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm. Accessed on August 6th 2013. Van Wessem & Melfi, V. (Submitted). Selamatkan Yaki! Environmental education and its effect on attitudes and empathy towards Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra) in Indonesia. Whitten, A.J., Mustafa, M. and Henderson, G. (2001) The Ecology of Sulawesi. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wilson, K. A., McBride, M. F., Bode, M., & Possingham, H. P. (2006). Prioritizing global conservation efforts. Nature, 440(7082), 337–340.

http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm

Selamatkan Yaki Mid-term Report (2013-2014 Mid-Term Report_0.pdfYayasan Institut Seni Budaya...

Documents

Transcript of Selamatkan Yaki Mid-term Report (2013-2014 Mid-Term Report_0.pdfYayasan Institut Seni Budaya...