Seedless Vascular Plants The empty niche – vertical growth · Seedless Vascular Plants •...

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3/5/17 1 Seedless Vascular Plants • Further adaptations to land – Vascular system allows plants to get tall – Origin of leaves (megaphylls) • Lycophytes • Ferns – Life cycle – Homospory and heterospory • Horsetails etc March 6, 2017 Carboniferous The empty niche – vertical growth • Key innovation – vascular tissue for movement of nutrients against gravity xylem phloem Vascular systems permitted evolution of new specialized plant organs Roots Leaves Fossil vascular plant (420 million years ago) Branching, independent sporophyte Cooksonia, the first vascular plant Figure 21.1 The Evolution of Plants (Part 2)

Transcript of Seedless Vascular Plants The empty niche – vertical growth · Seedless Vascular Plants •...

Page 1: Seedless Vascular Plants The empty niche – vertical growth · Seedless Vascular Plants • Further adaptations to land – Vascular system allows plants to get tall – Origin of

3/5/17

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Seedless Vascular Plants

•  Further adaptations to land –  Vascular system allows plants to

get tall –  Origin of leaves (megaphylls)

•  Lycophytes •  Ferns

–  Life cycle –  Homospory and heterospory

•  Horsetails etc

March 6, 2017

Carboniferous

The empty niche – vertical growth

•  Key innovation – vascular tissue for movement of nutrients against gravity

xylem

phloem

Vascular systems permitted evolution of new specialized plant organs

Roots

Leaves

Fossil vascular plant (420 million years ago)

Branching, independent sporophyte

Cooksonia, the first vascular plant

Figure 21.1 The Evolution of Plants (Part 2)

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Lycophytes

Ferns

Horsetails

Sori – grouped sporangia on sporophylls

Dominant sporophyte grows out of gametophyte

Early vascular plant forest, carboniferous period (300 million years ago)

Vascular Plants

The Lycophytes: spore-dispersed plants with microphylls

Lycophytes Ferns etc Seed Plants

microphylls

Here are two lycophytes you can find in Vermont

Ground cedar Shining clubmoss

Lepidodendron - the scale tree of the Carboniferous coal swamp

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The remains of the Carboniferous scale trees form the great coal deposits of the world

Vascular Plants

The Ferns and friends: spore-dispersed plants with true leaves (megaphylls)

megaphylls

Lycophytes Ferns etc Seed Plants

Figure 21.10 Evolution of Leaves

Ferns - the second-most diverse group of vascular plants

ca. 12,500 species

Fig. 29-13-3

Key

Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

MEIOSIS Spore dispersal

Sporangium

Sporangium Mature sporophyte (2n)

Sorus

Fiddlehead

Spore (n)

Young gametophyte

Mature gametophyte (n) Archegonium

Egg

Antheridium

Sperm

FERTILIZATION New sporophyte

Gametophyte

Zygote (2n)

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Bryophyte Pteridophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm

All land plants alternate generations, although extensively modified Homospory and

Heterospory

Fern gametophyte with new sporophyte

ca. 5 mm

Horsetails

Scouring rush

Field horsetail

The Geologic Timetable

<Permian Climate was warming and drying … not a great time to be a spore-dispersed plant!

Vascular Plants

Clubmosses and friends

Ferns and Friends

Seed Plants

megaphylls

seeds


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