Sedimentary Rocks · 2016-11-27 · Types of Sedimentary Rocks •Clastic-Made of fragments of...
Transcript of Sedimentary Rocks · 2016-11-27 · Types of Sedimentary Rocks •Clastic-Made of fragments of...
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Sedimentary Rocks
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A Sedimentary Rock is…..
rock formed from the lithification or
crystallization of:
1. Minerals in solution
2. Organic remains
3. Materials produced by living
things (biochemical)
4. Clastic Sediments (rock
fragments of all sizes)
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Lithification-to harden and form rock
(Deposition, Compaction, Cementation)
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Silica Crystals
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Crystallization- Solidification of
dissolved minerals from solution.
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Types of Sedimentary Rocks
• Clastic-Made of fragments of other
rocks.
• Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals.
• Biochemical-Made by living things, but
was never alive (seashells).
• Organic-Made of the organic remains of
living things.
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks- Gravel Conglomerate
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from gravel
from mud
from sand
Clastic
Sedimentary
Rocks
Conglomerate
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks- Gypsum
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Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks- Biochemical Limestone
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Organic Sedimentary Rocks- Coal
Swamp
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Sediment- Rock fragments, dissolved
minerals and remains of living and
nonliving parts of plants and animals.
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Clastic Sediments- Fragments of
pre-existing rock.
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Sediments from here
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Sand Bar
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Alluvial Fan
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Gravel Bar
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Tallus Pile
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Glacial Sediment
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Glacial Till
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Chemical Sediments- Minerals in
solution in water.
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Biochemical Sediments-
Nonliving remains of plants and
animals.
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Organic Sediments-remains of
the living tissues of plants and
animals.
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Peat- Plant remains
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Sedimentary Rocks are
identified by their horizontal
layers called…….
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Sediments Are Classified Based On:
1. Origin and Composition (What
they are made of).
Sediment Classification I
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Rock Fragments
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Organic Remains
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Biochemical Remains
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Chemical Sediments
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2. Size of the sediment (clastic
sediments range in size from clay to
boulders)
Sediment Classification II
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B
o
u
l
d
e
r
s
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Cobbles
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Cobble Stones
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Gravel
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Pebbles
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S
a
n
d
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Silt
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Clay Sediments
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Sediment Production
Sediments are produced by:
Weathering (breaking down) and Erosion
(transport) of
Parent material
by:
Chemical and Physical Processes.
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Weathering by wind-blown sand (Physical weathering)
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Weathering and Erosion by Glacier (physical)
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Glacier
Scrapes
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Weathering by Ice Wedging
(Physical)
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Exfoliation
(Physical)
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Weathering by Living Things
(Biomechanical/Physical)
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Chemical Weathering by water
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Chemical Weathering of Limestone
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Weathering by Living Things
(Biochemical)
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Sediment Transport
Sediments are transported from:
Source to Location of Deposition
by:
Wind, Water, Gravity, Ice and Volcanic-
Eruption
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Transport Mechanisms
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Wind
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Water
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Ice
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Gravity
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Volcanic Eruption
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Sediment Characteristics
Determined by:
Extent of Weathering
Duration of Weathering
Type of Transport
Distance of Transport
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Classification
Clastic Sedimentary rocks are classified
based upon:
Grain Size
Grain Shape
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Grain Size
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Classification: Grain Shape
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Jagged Clastic Sediments
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Conglomerate
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How Sedimentary Rocks are Formed
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Step 1: Sediment Production
Mechanical
Weathering
Chemical
Weathering
Biomechanical
Weathering
Biochemical
Weathering
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Step 2: Sediment Transport
Wind
Water
Glaciers
Gravity
Volcanic Eruption
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Shaping of Sediments
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Step 4: Sorting of Clastic
Sediments
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Sorting of Sediments
Sediments are Sorted by their Transport
Agents According to:
S I z e of the Sediment
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Very Poorly Sorted Very Well Sorted
Sorting of Sediments
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Poorly Sorted Clastic Sediments
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Sorting of Sediments: Glaciers
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Step 5:Lithification:
Deposition
Deposition (to lay down) happens when:
-the Transport Agent no longer has the energy/force
required to carry the Sediment
Determined by:
-Size/Weight of Sediments
-Amount of Energy/Force in Transport Agent
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Step 6:
Lithification: Compaction
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Step 7:
Lithification: Cementation
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Conglomerates, Sandstone and
Shale
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Names: Particle Size and Shape
The name of a Clastic Sedimentary Rock is
determined by the size and shape of the
sediments that make up the rock.
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names:
Particle SizeSediment
Gravel Sand SiltClay
Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Sandstone
Siltstone
Mudstone
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Mudstone and
Siltstone
Arkose
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Sedimentary Rocks of
Chemical Origin
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Precipitation and Evaporation
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites
Gypsum
Halite
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Travertine Stalactites
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites
Salt Flats
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Carbonates
The Carbonate Sedimenatary Rocks are
composed of mostly Calcium Carbonate.
The Carbonates are divided into:
Inorganic Carbonates
And
Biochemical Carbonates (contains remains of
living things)
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Travertine
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Travertine
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonate
Travertine
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Inorganic Limestone
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Silica-based Sedimentary Rocks
Chert (Flint)
Nodules
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Geodes
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Stromatolitic Limestone Biochemical Limestone
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Biochemical Limestone
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
CoquinaChalk
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Chalk Cliffs
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Sedimentary Rocks of Organic
Origin
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Organic Sedimentary Rocks:
Coal
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Sedimentary Formations
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Stratification
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Graded Bedding
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Cross-Bedding
Bedding Planes not Parallel
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Ripple Marks
Beach
River
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M
u
d
c
r
a
c
k
s
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Mud Cracks
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Fossils
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Fossils: Molds
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Fossils: Casts
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