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Securities and Investments
Better Business1st EditionPoatsy · Martin
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
chapter
16
Slide presentation prepared by Pam JansonStark State College of Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2
Learning Objectives1. What are the pros and cons of debt and equity financing?2. How do companies issue bonds and stocks?3. How do risk return relationships, risk tolerance, and asset
allocations relate to the fundamentals of investment?4. What are the different investment categories of stocks, and how
does the stock trade process work?5. What is stock performance, and what are the factors that lead to
changes in stock price?6. What are the different types and characteristics of bonds, and
how is the safety of bonds evaluated?7. What is the difference among bond mutual funds, money
market funds, and equity funds? 8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mutual fund
investment? 9. What is an option or a futures contract?
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 3
Raising Capital with Securities
• For large capital-intensive projects or general expansion, business owners can raise funds with securities
• They decide between bonds (debt) and stock (equity) depending on:o Corporate earnings, cash flow, and taxeso Existing bonds or stockso Environmental factors, such as the
economy© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall 4
Financing with Bonds• Project returns should be greater than the cost
of bond financingo The rate of interest the company pays is affected
by:• Issuer risk• The length of the bond term• The general state of the economy
• Bond debt is paid back with interest annually and principal at maturation
• Bond financing advantageso Uses money from investors, not company profitso Doesn’t give up any ownership or control
• Bond financing disadvantageo Debt
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5
Financing with Stock
• Companies issue stock (equity) to finance long-term general funding and ongoing expansion
• Stock advantageso Equity financing doesn’t need to be repaido No interest and principal payments needed
• Disadvantageso Dilution of ownershipo Potential dividend payment
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6
Debt or Equity Financing
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 7
Issuing Bonds and Stocks
• Financial advisory firm• Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC)oProspectus
• Capital marketoPrimary marketoSecondary market
• Stockso Initial public offering (IPO)
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8
Risks and Returns of Investing
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9
How to Start Investing
• Strategieso Diversificationo Asset allocation
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 10
Types of Stocks
• Two main typeso Common• Vote on corporate policy and board of
directors• Have a lesser right to dividends and assets
o Preferred• Have no voting rights• Receive a fixed dividend before common
stockholders• Have a greater right to assets
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 11
Stocks by Company Type
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 12
Choosing Stocks
• Know your goals and risk tolerance• Many start with a managed 401(k) account• If you are choosing stocks on your own
o Evaluate company financial and other datao Look at past stock performanceo Understand how current events could impact the
stocko Compare other companies’ performance to spot
trendso View industry analysts’ opinions
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 13
Buying and Selling Stocks
• Before Internet trading, buyers had to use a full-service stockbroker
• Now individuals can use online discount brokers
• Either way, stock is purchased through the broker on a stock exchange
Selecting a Broker1. Know your objectives2. Interview brokers3. Check the firm’s history4. Ask about fees5. Ask about SIPC6. Take time
to decide
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 14
The Stock Exchanges
• New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)o Trades made electronically or on the trading floor
• National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ)o Trades made electronically
only
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 15
A Typical Stock Trade
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 16
Changing Stock Prices• Stock prices change daily/changes
based on supply and demand• Value: Stock price x number of shares =
market capitalization• Investors look at expected future
growth
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall 17
Stock Performance• Stock performance is directly related to changes in stock price, which is impacted by
supply and demand.• Stock prices change in reaction to company actions and broader news based on economic
forecasts, industry or sector concerns, or global events.• In a bull market, there is increasing investor confidence and the market increases in value. • In a bear market, there is decreasing investor confidence and the market declines in value.
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 18
Stock Indexes
• Standard and Poor’s 500 Composite Index (S&P 500)
• Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)• NASDAQ 100
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 19
Making Money Investing in Stocks
• Collecting dividends• Capital gains
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 20
Types of Bonds• Corporate
o Securedo Debentureo Convertible
• Governmento Treasury bills o Treasury noteso Treasury
• Municipal bondso General obligationo Revenueo Serial
• Serial bonds• Callable bonds
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 21
Bond Ratings
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 22
Characteristics of a Bond
• Par (face) value• Coupon• Maturity date
• Bond prices move in the opposite direction of interest rateso If a bond has a coupon of 10 percent:
• And current interest rates are 8 percent, the bond is worth more to investors and its price will go up
• And current interest rates are 12 percent, demand for your bond is not strong and will go down
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 23
Mutual Funds
• Allows a group of investors to pool their money together with a predetermined investment objective
• There are different types of mutual funds• Money market funds are popular
o They invest in short-term debt obligations like Treasury Bills and certificates of deposit
o Interest rates can be double savings accounts
o Money market funds are very liquido But these funds are not insured by the FDIC
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 24
Bond Mutual Funds
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 25
Stock Mutual Funds
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 26
Why Are Mutual Funds So Popular?
• Good for those with little investment experience
• Featureso Diversificationo Professional managemento Liquidityo Cost
• Financial gains througho Dividendso Interesto Capital gainso Fund appreciation
• Mutual funds measured by net asset value (NAV)© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall 27
Mutual Fund Investing Tips
• Understand costso Load o No-load
• Understand fund managemento Management team
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 28
Options and Futures
• Optiono A contract that gives a buyer the right to
buy or sell a particular security at a specific price on or before a certain date
• Futures contracto An agreement between a buyer and a seller
to receive (or deliver) an asset in the future at a specific price that is agreed upon today
• An option gives you the right to purchase the underlying asset while you have an obligation to purchase the asset with a futures contract
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 29
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
• One of newest investment options• Pools of stocks similar to mutual
funds• Trade like stocks on the exchanges
o Prices change all day vs. at the end of the day for mutual funds
• Fees are lower
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 30
Chapter Summary1. What are the pros and cons of debt and equity financing?2. How do companies issue bonds and stocks?3. How do risk return relationships, risk tolerance, and asset
allocations relate to the fundamentals of investment?4. What are the different investment categories of stocks, and how
does the stock trade process work?5. What is stock performance, and what are the factors that lead to
changes in stock price?6. What are the different types and characteristics of bonds, and
how is the safety of bonds evaluated?7. What is the difference among bond mutual funds, money
market funds, and equity funds? 8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mutual fund
investment? 9. What is an option or a futures contract?
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 31
Beyond the Book
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 32
Typical Sources of Equity Financing
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 33
Stock Exchanges
• In addition to NYSE and NASDAQ, there are:o The American Stock Exchangeo Regional stock exchangeso Global stock exchangeso Over-the-counter market
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 34
Mutual Fund FeesBasic Fee Structure• Front-end load: Fees for purchase of mutual fund
shares• Back-end load: Fees charged when shares are sold• No load: Fees are withheld from earnings
Other Possible Fees• Exchange fees are charged when money
transferred from one fund to another• Annual account fees may be charged to maintain
low-balance accounts• Management fees are charged by the fund’s
investment advisor
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 35
Institutional Investors are U.S. Corporate Stockholders
• The largest investors in securities in the U.S. aren’t individuals; rather, they are pension funds, investment companies, insurance companies, banks and foundations.
• Institutional investors have substantially and consistently increased their stock ownership in U.S. corporations
1980 1987 2000 2007
Institutional investor stock ownership in largest 1,000 U.S. corporations
- 46.6% 61.4% 76.4%
Total assets controlled by institutional investors
$2.7 trillion
- - $27.1 trillion
Market value of total institutional equity holdings
$571.2 billion
- - $12.9 trillion
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 36
Stock Options: In General
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 37
• Common form of employee incentive• Options to purchase a set amount of
stock at a fixed price in the futureo If the stock price drops, there’s no cost
to the employeeo If the stock price rises, the employee
buys the stock at the option price and can make a profit
Stock Options at Google
• An estimated 1,000 people each have more than $5 million worth of Google shares from stock grants and options
• Current and former employees have cashed in options worth $2.1 billion
• Current employees have unvested options of $4.1 billion
• Nooglers (new Google employees) have an average exercise price of $500o It takes a lot of money to exercise their
options!© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall 38