Section 3 Vascular Plants. Seedless Vascular Plants Dominated the earth until 200 million years ago...
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Transcript of Section 3 Vascular Plants. Seedless Vascular Plants Dominated the earth until 200 million years ago...
![Page 1: Section 3 Vascular Plants. Seedless Vascular Plants Dominated the earth until 200 million years ago Made up of 4 phyla The ferns and the fern allies.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a4d1ba87f8b9ab0599c9c32/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Section 3 – Vascular Plants
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Seedless Vascular Plants
• Dominated the earth until 200 million years ago
• Made up of 4 phyla– The ferns and the fern allies
• Spores are the mobile sexual reproductive part of all seedless plants
• Table 28-2 is a good resource
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Phylum Pteridophyta• The Ferns• A diverse group
– Multiple environments– Species range from 1 cm to 5 m
across• Have an underground stem
called a rhizome• New leaves start out tightly
coiled as fiddleheads• Fiddleheads develop into
mature leaves called fronds
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Phylum Psilophyta• The Whisk Ferns• Found in tropical and subtropical
regions• Not actually ferns– No true roots or leaves – Produce spores on the ends of
their branches• Some grow on other plants – not
parasites though– Called Epiphytes (grow on other plants)
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Phylum Lycophyta
• The Club Mosses or Ground Pines– Look like miniature pine trees
• Produce a strobilus (cone) – A cluster of sporangia-bearing
modified leaves• Selaginella lepidophylla– Native to American Southwest– Turns brown and curls into a ball
during a drought• Will uncurl after a few hours if
moistened (Resurrection Plant)
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Phylum Sphenophyta
• The Horsetails (Equisetum)• Grow from a rhizome• Stems are hollow and have
joints with scale like leaves• Spores form in cones at the
tip of the plant• Pioneers used them as scrub
brushes: Scouring rushes
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Vascular Seed Plants
• Mobile sexual reproductive part is the multicellular seed
• Seeds are made up of:Embryo and a nutrient supply
•Seeds only grow under favorable conditions• The seed will germinate (sprout) and grows
into a seedling
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• Made up of two main groups:– Gymnosperms: 4 phyla• Naked seeds in a cone
– Phylum Cycadophyta– Phylum Ginkgophyta– Phylum Coniferophyta– Phylum Gnetophyta
– Angiosperms: 1 phylum• Seeds in fruits
– Phylum Anthophyta
Vascular Seed Plants
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Phylum Cycadophyta
• The Cycads• Flourished during the
dinosaur era– Now only 100 species– Native to tropics
• Fernlike, leathery leaves on top of a short, thick trunk
• Are either male or female• Bear large cones
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Phylum Ginkgophyta• Also flourished during the dinosaur
era• Now only one species: Ginkgo trees
– Called “The Living Fossil”• Closely resembles 125 million year old
ginkgo trees
• They are deciduous – unusual for gymnosperms
• Seeds are fleshy and plum-like, often mistaken for fruit (they smell REALLY bad too!)
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Phylum Coniferophyta
• The Conifers– Example: pine trees
• Woody plants with needle or scale like leaves
• Usually have both male and female cones– Males near the top and
females near the bottom
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– Male cones typically are smaller and grow in clusters • release dust-like pollen
– Female cones are larger and sticky• Pollen blows into the cones – they close up• Seeds mature after one or two years – then release
Phylum Coniferophyta
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Phylum Gnetophyta
• Odd group of cone bearing gymnosperms– Consist of Ephedra (look like horsetails), and
Welwitschia mirabilis: and odd desert plant that’s a few cm tall and up to 1m in diameter
• Vascular tissue more closely resembles Angiosperms– What does that mean?
Probably an evolutionary step between gymnosperms and angiosperms
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Phylum Anthophyta
• The angiosperms (flowering plants)– Largest phylum of plants (240,000 species)
• Characterized by the presence of flowers and fruit– Fruit: a ripened ovary that surrounds the seeds of
angiosperms• Ovary: the female part of the flower that encloses the egg
• Very diverse phylum: shrubs, vines, grasses, trees
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Evolution of Angiosperms
• More successful than Gymnosperms– Seeds germinate and produce a new mature plant in
one growing season vs. up to ten years for germination and maturation
– Fruits protect the seeds and aid in their dispersal– Have a more sufficient vascular system
• More likely associated with mycorrihizae– Animal pollination in some species rather than wind
pollination– Diversity of angiosperms allows them to do more things
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Monocots vs. Dicots
Monocot features• One cotyledon (seed leaf)• Parallel venation in mature
leaves– Several main veins or bundles
of vascular tissue running parallel to each other
• Flower parts occur in threes – Sets of three petals
Dicot features• Two Cotyledons (seed leaf)• Net Venation in mature leaves
– One or more nonparallel veins that branch repeatedly
• Flower parts occur in fours or fives– Sets of four or five petals