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Section 2.2 Slide 2 What do you know about water? Slide 3 Unique Properties of Water: Most abundant compound in nearly all living things Slide 4 Density of solid water vs. liquid water Expansion on freezing water forms a crystalline structure that expands and is less dense than its liquid state Unique Properties of Water: Slide 5 Covers more than 75% of the Earths surface Water boils @ 100C or 212F Water freezes @ 0C or 32F Universal solvent Slide 6 Water has a high heat capacity Water has a high heat capacity Heat capacity = the amount of heat energy required to increase its temperature, is relatively high. Large bodies of water (oceans and lakes) can absorb large amounts of heat with only small changes in temperature. This protects organisms living within from drastic changes in temperature. Unique Properties of Water: Slide 7 What is a polar molecule? An uneven distribution of electrons The molecule becomes charged on each end It means that the electrons are NOT shared equally Slide 8 Hydrogen Bonding Because of their partial positive and negative charges, polar molecules such as water can attract each other. The attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another is known as a hydrogen bond. Slide 9 Interaction Between Water Molecules Negative Oxygen atomof one water molecule is attracted to the Positive Hydrogen atom of another water molecule to form a HYDROGEN BOND Slide 10 Slide 11 Cohesion Cohesion is when one water molecule sticks to another water molecule due to hydrogen bonding It creates surface tension (a measure of strength) at the surface of the liquid Produces a surface film that allows small insects to walk on water Slide 12 Surface Tension A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid because of hydrogen bonds. The surface tension of a liquid results from an imbalance of intermolecular attractive forces, ( cohesive forces) between molecules A molecule in the bulk liquid experiences cohesive forces with other molecules in ALL directions. A molecule at the surface of a liquid experiences only NET INWARD cohesive forces. Slide 13 Adhesion Adhesion is when a water molecule sticks to another substance (NOT another water molecule) A piece of tape adheres to the wall Capillary action is an example of adhesion (water moving from the roots, through the stem, & into the leaves of a flower) Slide 14 Capillary Action Water climbing up a small tube because of the adhesion to the sides and the cohesion between water molecules. Slide 15 Adhesion Also Causes Water to hold onto plant leaves Attach to a silken spider web Slide 16 Cohesion and Adhesion When liquid water is confined in a tube, its surface (meniscus) has a concave shape because water adheres to the surface and creeps up the side. Mercury does not wet glass - the cohesive forces within the drops are stronger than the adhesive forces between the drops and glass. When liquid mercury is confined in a tube, its surface (meniscus) has a convex shape because the cohesive forces in liquid mercury tend to draw it into a drop. Slide 17 High Heat Capacity Waters heat capacity, the amount of heat energy required to increase its temperature, is relatively high. Because of the multiple hydrogen bonds between water molecules, it takes a large amount of heat energy to cause those molecules to move faster and raise the temperature of the water. Large bodies of water, such as oceans and lakes, can absorb large amounts of heat with only small changes in temperature. This protects organisms living within from drastic changes in temperature. Slide 18 Universal Solvent Hydrophobic A substance that repels (is afraid of) water (a nonpolar molecule) Examples: oil Hydrophilic A substance that is attracted to water (a polar molecule) Examples: sugar, alcohol The Chemistry of Water Slide 19 Solutions and Suspensions Slide 20 What is a Mixture? Substance composed of two or more elements or compounds that are mixed together, but NOT chemically combined. Mixture Examples: salt & pepper; sugar & sand; salt & sand; Earths atmosphere; soil Slide 21 Solutions and Suspensions Mixture a material that consists of 2 or more elements or compounds physically mixed together but are not chemically combined. Slide 22 Homogeneous Mixture (Solution) Homogeneous mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another Examples: sugar in water; salt in water; hot chocolate; tea, Kool-aid Salt Dissolving in Water Slide 23 Parts of a Solution All solutions contain a solute and a solvent. Solvent is the substance doing the dissolving. Example: water Solute is the substance that is being dissolved. Example: salt Slide 24 Heterogeneous Mixture (Suspensions) Mixture of water and non-dissolved materials (heterogeneous) Examples: blood; oil and water Slide 25 Application: 1 Choose one of your examples of a solution. Explain how the parts (components of the solution) can be separated. 2 For the same example, identify the solute and solvent in the solution. Explain your reasoning. Slide 26 Example of a Solution: The solute (sugar) dissolves in the solvent (water). The solute (Kool-aid) dissolves in the solvent (water). The solute (oxygen) dissolves in the solvent (nitrogen). Water is the universal solvent. Slide 27 Homeostasis Ability to maintain a steady state despite changing conditions Water is important to this process because a. Makes a good insulator b. Resists temperature change c. Universal solvent d. Coolant e. Ice protects against temperature extremes (insulates frozen lakes) Slide 28 All about the pH Scale Slide 29 The Water Molecule: Water dissociation animation Slide 30 Acids Compounds that release H + into solution H + = hydrogen ion If [H+] > [OH-] then the solution is acidic. HCl H + + Cl - Slide 31 Bases Compounds that release OH - into solution OH - = hydroxide ion If [OH-] > [H+] then the solution is basic NaOH Na + + OH - Slide 32 The pH scale (power of Hydrogen) as in Hydrogen ions Measures the relative concentration of H + and OH - Slide 33 Interpreting the pH Scale pH is based on a logarithmic scale A pH of 5 is 10 more concentrated than a pH of 6 (in terms of H + concentration) A pH of 9 is 100 more concentrated than a pH of 11 (in terms of H + concentration) Slide 34 Classifying Acids & Bases Acids: Strong acids have a pH value between 1-3 Weak acids have a pH value between 4-6 Bases: Strong bases have a pH value between 12-14 Weak bases have a pH value between 8-11 Slide 35 Buffers Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH Produced naturally by the body to maintain homeostasis The pH value in most cells is 6.5-7.5 The pH of stomach acid is 2 The pH of the blood is 7.4 Slide 36 Blood Buffer pH needs to be 7.4 Carbonic Acid (Lungs carried away as CO2) bicarbonate ion (buffer) (Kidney carried away in urine) Double arrows mean reactions are in equilibrium Free hydrogen ions Slide 37 Blood Buffer pH needs to be 7.4 You can see that if the reactions go to the right, hydrogen ions are released, making the solution more acidic, and if the reactions go to the left, hydrogen ions are sucked up, making the solution more basic. The question that is probably eating away at you right now is: "how do I know which way the reactions are going to go-- to the right or to the left? Good question! The bicarbonate ion isn't a very strong acid or base. It doesn't have to go one way or the other all the time. Instead, the direction it goes depends on the solution it is in. You see, if it is in an acidic solution, there are lots of hydrogen ions floating around; in this situation, the presence of tons of hydrogen ions will force the reaction to go to the left. Do you see why? Look at the reaction again. All you need for the reaction to be able to go to the left is available hydrogen ions (see the H+ in the middle that is needed for the reaction to go to the left?). So if bicarbonate ions find themselves in acidic solutions, they tend to act like the weak base they can be, and suck up the excess hydrogen ions. Consider what will happen if bicarbonate is put into a basic solution. A basic solution has very few hydrogen ions floating around. In this condition, the bicarbonate reaction cannot proceed to the left, since no hydrogen ions are available. Instead, it will go to the right, producing hydrogen ions. In this manner, bicarbonate ions will tend to act like the weak acid they can be, and release hydrogen ions. Slide 38 1. Use the structure of a water molecule to explain why it is polar. 2. Why is water such a good solvent? 3. What is the difference between a solution and a suspension? 4. How do hydrogen bonds between water molecules occur? 5. How does the body counteract a drop in blood pH during strenuous exercise? 6. If a strong acid is dissolved in pure water will the pH of the solution be greater or less than 7? Slide 39 Water Chemistry 1. Please draw the structure of a water molecule (H 2 O). 2. Label the charges on the molecule that make it polar (negative and positive ends). 3. See if you can connect the water molecule that you drew to two other molecules of water using hydrogen bonds. 4. Can you think of any unique properties that water displays? Slide 40 Water Chemistry 1. Explain why water is polar in your own words. 2. Explain capillary action in your own words. 3. Explain surface tension in your own words. Slide 41 1. According to the scale, what substance is neutral? 2. What solution has an [H+] of 0.01? 3. Which substance produces the most OH- ions in solution? 4. How many more times basic is pH 14 compared to pH 11.