Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor...

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Pattern of Inheritance CONTENT STANDARD 2: MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEREDITY

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Transcript of Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor...

Page 1: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Pattern of Inheritance

CONTENT STANDARD 2:MOLECULAR BASIS OF

HEREDITY

Page 2: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

It was not until the mid-nineteenth century thatGregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies of heredity—the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring.

Why Mendel SucceededWhy Mendel Succeeded

Characteristics that are inherited are called traits.

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Page 3: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

The female gamete forms in the femalereproductive organ.

Mendel chose his subject carefullyMendel chose his subject carefully

In a process called fertilization, the malegamete unites with the female gamete.

The resulting fertilized cell, called a zygote(ZI goht), then develops into a seed.

The male gamete forms in the pollen grain, which is produced in the male reproductive organ.

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Page 4: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

The transfer of pollen grains froma male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ in a plant is called pollination.

Mendel chose his subject carefullyMendel chose his subject carefully

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Page 5: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

When he wanted to breed, or cross, one plant with another, Mendel opened the petals of a flower and removed the male organs.

Remove male parts

Mendel chose his subject carefullyMendel chose his subject carefully

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Page 6: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

He then dusted the female organ with pollen from the plant he wished to cross it with.

Female part

Transfer pollen

Pollen grains

Maleparts

Cross-pollination

Mendel chose his subject carefullyMendel chose his subject carefully

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Page 7: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

A hybrid is the offspring of parents that havedifferent forms of a trait, such as tall and short height.

Mendel’s Monohybrid CrossesMendel’s Monohybrid Crosses

Mendel’s first experiments are called monohybrid crosses because mono means “one” and the two parent plants differed from each other by a single trait—height.

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Page 8: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

The second generationThe second generation

Recessive trait

Dominant trait

Seed shape

Seed color

Flower color

Flower position

Pod color

Pod shape

Plant height

round yellow purpleaxial (side)

green inflated tall

wrinkled green whiteterminal

(tips) yellow constricted short

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Page 9: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Mendel concluded that each organismhas two factors that control each of its traits.

The rule of unit factorsThe rule of unit factors

We now know that these factors aregenes and that they are located on chromosomes.

Genes exist in alternative forms. We callthese different gene forms alleles.

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Page 10: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

The law of segregation states thatevery individual has two alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles.

The law of segregationThe law of segregation

During fertilization, these gametesrandomly pair to produce four combinations of alleles.

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Page 11: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Mendel’s second law states that genes fordifferent traits—for example, seed shape and seed color—are inherited independently of each other.

The law of independent assortment

The law of independent assortment

This conclusion is known as the lawof independent assortment.

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Page 12: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Phenotypes and GenotypesPhenotypes and Genotypes

The way an organism looks and behaves iscalled its phenotype.

The allele combination an organism contains is known as its genotype.

An organism’s genotype can’t always beknown by its phenotype.

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Page 13: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

A Punnett square for this cross is two boxes tall and two boxes wide because each parent can produce two kinds of gametes for this trait.

Monohybrid crossesMonohybrid crosses

Heterozygous tall parent

T t

T t

T t

T

t

Heterozygous tall parent

T t

T

t

TT Tt

Tt tt

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Page 14: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

In reality you don’t get the exact ratio of results shown in the square.

ProbabilityProbability

That’s because, in some ways, genetics islike flipping a coin—it follows the rules of chance.

The probability or chance that an event willoccur can be determined by dividing the number of desired outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes.

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Page 15: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

ProbabilityProbability

It is important toremember that the results predicted by probability are more likely to be seen when there is a large number of offspring.

R r

R

r

RR Rr

Rr rr

Page 16: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

In the body cells of animals and mostplants, chromosomes occur in pairs.

Diploid and haploid cellsDiploid and haploid cells

A cell with two of each kind of chromosome is called a diploid cell and is said to contain a diploid, or 2n, number of chromosomes.

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Page 17: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Chromosome Numbers of Common Organisms

Organism Body Cell (2n)

Fruit fly 8Garden pea 14Corn 20Tomato 24Leopard Frog 26 13Apple 34Human 46Chimpanzee 48Dog 78Adder’s tongue fern 1260

Gamete (n)47

1012

17232439

630

This table shows the diploid and haploid number of chromosomes of some species.

Diploid and haploid cellsDiploid and haploid cells

Page 18: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

On homologous chromosomes, these genes are arranged in the same order, but because there are different possible alleles for the same gene, the twochromosomes in a homologous pair are not always identical to each other.

Homologous chromosomesHomologous chromosomesHomologous Chromosome 4

a A

Terminal Axial

InflatedD Constrictedd

TallT Shortt

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Page 19: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

These haploid cells are called sex cells — gametes.

Male gametes are called sperm.

Female gametes are called eggs.

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote once again has the diploid number of chromosomes.

Why meiosis?Why meiosis?

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Page 20: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Genetic recombinationGenetic recombination

It is a major source of variation among organisms.

MEIOSIS I

MEIOSIS II

Possible gametes Possible gametes

Chromosome A Chromosome B Chromosome a Chromosome b

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Page 21: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

NondisjunctionNondisjunctionMale parent (2n)

Female parent (2n)

Meiosis

Nondisjunction

Meiosis

Nondisjunction

Abnormalgamete (2n)

Abnormalgamete (2n)

Zygote(4n)

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Page 22: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

PolyploidyPolyploidyHowever, polyploidyfrequently occurs in plants.

Many polyploid plants are of great commercial value.

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Page 23: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Question 1Predict the possible genotypes of the offspring of parents who are both heterozygous for height.

Heterozygous tall parent

T t

T t

T t

T

t

Heterozygous tall parent

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Page 24: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Question 2The law of __________ states that every individual has two alleles of each gene and gametes that are produced each receive one of these alleles.

D. segregation

C. Independent assortment

B. recessive traits

A. dominance

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Page 25: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

The answer is D. Mendel's law of segregation explained why two tall plants in the F1 generation

could produce a short plant.

1

Law of segregationTt x Tt cross

F1

Tall plant Tall plant

TTT

T t T t

t T t tt

3

Tall Tall Short

1

Tall

F2

Question 2: the answerCopyright BDOL 2006

Page 26: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Question 3The allele combination an organism contains is known as its __________.

D. heterozygous trait C. homozygous trait

B. genotypeA. phenotype

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Page 27: Section 10.1 Summary – pages 253-262 It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies.

Question 4Which of the following statements is true?

B. Genes that are close together on the same chromosome are usually inherited together.

A. Individual genes follow Mendel's law of independent assortment.

C. Genes that are farther apart on a chromosome are less likely to have crossing over occur between them than genes that are closer together.

D. Crossing over occurs in only one location on a chromosome at a time. Copyright BDOL 2006


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