Section 1: Postwar Section 1: Postwar Social ChangesSocial Changes

After World War IAfter World War I

End of WWI causes chaos

Europe felt like they were in despair

Seemed like a whole generation was lost in the battlefield

Changes in SocietyChanges in Society

Technology- affordable cars, improved telephones, new forms of media (motion picture and radio)

Roaring TwentiesRoaring Twenties

New sounds of jazz

African Americans created their own forms of jazz

Europeans embraced American culture

Flappers- rebellious young women during the jazz age

WomenWomen’’s Livess Lives

Most women saw a negative affect on their lives after war.

Women were forced back into the home when the men came back from war

Women did get the right to vote

A few women were elected to public office: Mirian Ferguson

Reactions to the Jazz Reactions to the Jazz Age Age

Not everyone approved of the lifestyle led by the Jazz Age

Prohibition- ban on the manufacturing and the sale of alcoholic beverages

Eighteenth Amendment- 1919- Prohibition began

Speakeasies- illegal bars

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance

1920s- call for cultural awakening

African Americans had pride in their unique culture

2 famous African American leaders of the Harlem Renaissance: Claude McKay and Langston Hughes

Scientific Inventions Scientific Inventions and Theoriesand Theories

Marie Curie- found elements like radium and uranium

Einstein’s theory of relativity

1928- Penicillin would found

Freud- Psychoanalysis- method of studying how the brain works and treatment of mental illnesses

Modern Art and Modern Art and ArchitectureArchitecture

Henri Matisse

Pablo Picasso

Abstract- composed only of lines, colors, and shapes

Dada- rejected all traditional conventions and believed that there was no sense or truth in the world

Surrealism- movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind

Section 2: The Western Section 2: The Western Democracies StumbleDemocracies Stumble

Party Struggles in Party Struggles in BritainBritain

1920s- Labour Party surpassed the liberal party

Labour Party was moving towards socialism

Middle class began to back conservatives who were from the upper class People began to strike Striking then became outlawed

Irish IndependenceIrish Independence

1914- Parliament passed “home-rule” for the Irish

1919- IRA (Irish Nationalist Army)- used guerilla warfare against British forces

1922- British and Irish reached an agreement Most of Ireland was to

become self-governing

““Red ScareRed Scare”” and and Isolation in the USIsolation in the US

US feared that Communism would take over in America

Police arrested those who tried to emphasize Communism in America

US also limited immigration

Excluded Chinese and Japanese from the US

Postwar Foreign PolicyPostwar Foreign Policy

France wanted to secure borders from Germany

France built Maginot Line- along the border of Germany

France strengthened securing with the military and asked for protection from its allies

France wanted strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles

Search for PeaceSearch for Peace

New treaties settled Germany’s dispute over Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland

Kellogg-Briand Pact- sponsored by the US in 1928 Renounced war as an instrument of national

policy

Disarmament- reduction of armed forces and weapons

Postwar Economics

Britain and France had huge war debts

Both owed the United States for being an ally

Reparations damaged Germany’s economy

Britain and France’s factories were outdated

Unemployment was severe

The Great Depression

Wealth created during 1920s in US was not shared evenly

Farmers and unskilled workers were losing money

Demand for raw materials skyrocketed

Prices fell

Farmers and miners suffered

How the Great How the Great Depression Started Depression Started

In the 1920s, prices at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) were high

The Federal Reserve raised interest rates

Ordinary people then became concerned about borrowing money

October 1929- Stock market crashed Sparked the Great Depression

Issues in 1931Issues in 1931

Federal Reserves increased interest rate

People invested less and less

Businesses closed

Banks failed

Jobless couldn’t afford shelter or food

Great Depression Great Depression SpreadSpread

American banks stopped making loans

Germany suffered: Germany took out loans from the US to pay for reparations

Democracies React to Democracies React to the Depressionthe Depression

How Britain reacted: Britain set up a coalition government made up

of a representative from all 3 of the major political parties

Britain provided unemployment benefits

Pres. Roosevelt and the Pres. Roosevelt and the New DealNew Deal

Franklin Delano Roosevelt argued that government should take action

Introduced the New Deal Goal: government became involved in people’s

everyday lives New laws regulated the stock exchange and

bank deposits

Section 3: Fascism in Section 3: Fascism in ItalyItaly

Mussolini’s Rise to Mussolini’s Rise to PowerPower

Italy joined Allies in 1915

Italy was promised some Austro-Hungarian territories

Disorder multiplied in Italy Returning veterans

faced unemployment Trade declined Taxes increased

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

Son of a socialist blacksmith

1919- organized veterans and other discontented Italians

Mussolini’s nickname was “Il Duce” meaning “The Leader”

Formed Fascist group Name comes from ancient

Rome – fasces- means unity

Promised to end corruption

Gains ControlGains Control

Organized “combat squads”

Squads wore black shirts

Black Shirts- a party that rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action

Fascists Take ActionFascists Take Action

1922- Fascists went to Rome and demanded government changes

Known as the March on Rome

Tens of thousands attended

Went to King Victor Emmanuel III

King Victor Emmanuel asked Mussolini to be Prime Minister

Mussolini Takes ControlMussolini Takes Control

In the beginning, Fascists only had a few spots in the cabinet. By 1925, Fascists and Mussolini took over the government

Fascism is the first totalitarian state

One party dictatorship

Fascism glorifies the state, destructive to basic human rights

Changes Under Changes Under FascismFascism

Pope Pius XI supported Fascism because Fascism made the Vatican its own individual state

Italy kept a parliamentary monarchy under Fascism

Economy Under Economy Under FascismFascism

Fascism brought the economy under state control

Preserved capitalism

Fascism economy favored the upper class

Production of goods (industrial goods) increased

Society Under FascismSociety Under Fascism

The Fascists suppressed rival parties, censored the press, rigged elections, replaced elected officials with Fascists

Anyone who was against Fascism was arrested and put in prison

Fascists used secret police and propaganda

Society Under FascismSociety Under Fascism

State (country) is important, each individual is not

Men were taught to be harsh warriors

Women were not allowed to have paying jobs

Had youth groups to prepare children for the military

Section 4: The Soviet Section 4: The Soviet Union Under StalinUnion Under Stalin

Government Under Government Under CommunismCommunism

Russia (Soviet Union) is know a totalitarian state

Totalitarian state- government controlled by a powerful and complex bureaucracy

Economics Under Economics Under CommunismCommunism

Stalin’s Five Year Plan Aim/Goal: Build heavy industry, improve

transportation, and increased farm output Brought economic activity under the control of

the government The government owned all business and

resources Command economy- government made all

economic activities

Economics Under Economics Under CommunismCommunism

Plan was to increase production

Between 1928 and 1939- large factories and hydroelectric power stations began in the Soviet Union

Oil, coal, and steel production increased

Mining grew

Railroads were built

Economics Under Economics Under CommunismCommunism

Agriculture (farming) was under the control of the government

Stalin forced peasants to farm on government owned farms

Set prices and controlled prices

Society Under Society Under CommunismCommunism

Peasants revolted- they did not want to give up land

When peasants revolted, Stalin blamed the Kulaks. Kulaks- wealthy farmers

Government confiscated kulak’s land and sent them to labor camps

Society Under Society Under CommunismCommunism

Used secret police, torture, and violent purges to ensure obedience

Controlled every aspect of life

Violated people’s individual rights

Censored all work

Gulag- system of brutal labor camps