Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy
Transcript of Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy
![Page 1: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Matter and Thermal Energy Section 1
![Page 2: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Essential Questions
What is the kinetic theory of matter?
How do particles move in the different states of matter?
How do particles behave at the boiling and melting points?
![Page 3: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Review Vocabulary
kinetic energy: energy of motion
![Page 4: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
New Vocabulary
kinetic theory
melting point plasma
heat of fusion
sublimation
thermal expansion
boiling point
heat of vaporization
![Page 5: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Kinetic Theory The kinetic theory, also known as kinetic molecular theory, is an explanation of how the particles in gases behave. To explain the behavior of particles, it is necessary to make some basic assumptions. The assumptions of the kinetic theory are as follows:
1. All matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, and ions).
2. These particles are in constant, random motion. 3. The particles collide with each other and with the
walls of any container in which they are held. 4. The amount of energy that the particles lose from
these collisions is negligible.
Dana
Hof
f/Ge
tty
Imag
es
![Page 6: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Changes of State The particles that make up the water are moving fast and colliding with the particles that make up the ice cube. Those collisions transfer energy from the water to the ice. The particles at the surface of the ice cube vibrate faster, transferring energy to other particles in the ice cube.
©81
a/ag
efo
tost
ock
![Page 7: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is Matter?
©81
a/ag
efo
tost
ock
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
![Page 8: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What do we know about matter?
©81
a/ag
efo
tost
ock
SolidsLiquids
GasesPlasma
![Page 9: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Solids
• Solids have definite shape and definite volume.
• Solids have mass.• Solids take up space.
Read more!
![Page 10: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Particles in Solids:
• Are packed tightly together
• Have very little energy
• Vibrate in place
![Page 11: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Liquids
• Liquids take the shape of their container and have definite volume.
• Liquids have mass.• Liquids take up space.
Read more!
![Page 12: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Particles in Liquids:
• Are loosely packed
• Have medium energy levels
• Particles flow around each other
![Page 13: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Gases
• Gases spread out to fill the entire space given and do not have definite volume.
• Gases have mass.• Gases take up
space.Read more!
![Page 14: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Particles in Gases:
• Move freely
• Have LOTS of energy
![Page 15: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Plasma State So far, you have learned about the three familiar states of matter—solids, liquids, and gases. However, there is a state of matter beyond the gas state. Plasma is matter that has enough energy to overcome not just the attractive forces between its particles but also the attractive forces within its atoms. The atoms that make up a plasma collide with such force that the electrons are completely stripped off the atoms.
You may be surprised to learn that most of the ordinary matter in the universe is in the plasma state. Every star that you can see in the sky, including the Sun, is composed of matter in the plasma state. Most of the matter between the stars and galaxies is also in the plasma state. The familiar states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas—are extremely rare in the universe.
![Page 16: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Plasma
• Lightning is a plasma.• Used in fluorescent light
bulbs and Neon lights.• Plasma is a lot like a
gas, but the particles are electrically charged.
Read more!
![Page 17: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Particles in Plasma:
• Are electrically charged
• Have EXTREMELY high energy levels
![Page 18: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Thermal Expansion
Burk
e/Tr
iolo
/Bra
nd X
Pic
ture
s/Ju
pite
rimag
es
Recall that particles move faster and farther apart as the temperature rises. This separation of particles results in an expansion of the entire object, known as thermal expansion. Thermal expansion is an increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased. Substances also contract when they cool.
![Page 19: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Solid or Liquid? Some solids are like butter. Instead of having a specific melting point, they soften and gradually turn into a liquid over a temperature range. These solids lack a crystalline structure and are called amorphous solids. One common amorphous solid is glass, shown at the right.
Mar
tin C
hild
/Get
ty Im
ages
![Page 20: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Solid or Liquid? Liquid crystals form another group of materials that do not change states in the usual manner. Normally, the ordered geometric arrangement of a solid is lost when the substance goes from the solid state to the liquid state. Liquid crystals start to flow during the melting phase, similar to a liquid. But they do not lose their ordered arrangement completely, as most substances do. Liquid crystals will retain their geometric order in specific directions. Many small computing devices and electronics, such as MP3 players, cell phones, TVs, and netbooks, utilize liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
Mat
t Mea
dow
s/M
cGra
w-H
ill E
duca
tion
![Page 21: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
STATES of matter?
What would it take for matter to move from one state to another?
![Page 22: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Energy determines the state!
![Page 23: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Add or Subtract Energy. . .
When energy is added, particles move faster!
When energy is taken away, particles move slower!
![Page 24: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What will happen? Why?
![Page 25: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Solid + Energy = ?
• When energy is added to solids, they become liquids!
• Examples?
![Page 26: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Liquid + Energy = ?
• When energy is added to liquids, they become gases!
• What examples can you think of?
![Page 27: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Changing States
• There are several names for matter changing states:
–State change
–Phase change
–Physical change
![Page 28: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
heat of fusion D
melting point C
boiling point B
absolute zero A
At what temperature is the pressure of the vapor in a liquid equal to the external pressure on that liquid?
Assessment
1.
CORRECT
![Page 29: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
plasmaD
liquidC
gasB
solid A
What is the most common state of matter in the universe?
Assessment
2.
CORRECT
![Page 30: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
absolute zero D
heat of vaporization C
temperature B
heat of fusion A
What is the amount of energy needed to change a solid to a liquid at its melting point?
Assessment
3.
CORRECT
![Page 31: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Properties of Fluids Section 2
![Page 32: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Essential Questions
What is Archimedes’ principle?
What is Pascal’s principle?
What is Bernoulli’s principle?
What are some applications of Archimedes’, Pascal’s, and Bernoulli’s principles?
![Page 33: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Review Vocabulary
density: mass per unit volume of a material
![Page 34: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
New Vocabulary
buoyancy
pressure
viscosity
![Page 35: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy In the third century b.c., a Greek mathematician named Archimedes made a discovery about buoyancy. Archimedes found that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. For example, if you place a block of wood in water, it will push water out of the way as it begins to sink—but only until the weight of the water displaced equals the block’s weight.
Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid—a liquid or a gas—to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.
![Page 36: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pascal’s Principle and Pressure The idea that pressure is transferred through a fluid can be written as an equation: pressure in = pressure out. Since pressure is force over area, Pascal’s principle can be written another way.
Right now, pressure from the air is pushing on you from all sides like the pressure you feel underwater in a swimming pool. Pressure is force exerted per unit area.
![Page 37: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Bernoulli’s Principle Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) was a Swiss scientist who studied the properties of moving fluids, such as water and air. Bernoulli found that fluid velocity increases when the flow of the fluid is restricted. Placing your thumb over a running garden hose, as shown the figure below, demonstrates this effect. When the opening of the hose is decreased in size, the water flows out more quickly.
Val L
oh/G
etty
Imag
es
![Page 38: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Viscosity Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flowing. For example, when you take syrup out of the refrigerator and pour it, as shown below, the flow of syrup is slow. But if this syrup were heated, it would flow much faster. Water flows easily because it has low viscosity. Cold syrup flows slowly because it has high viscosity.
Lew
Rob
erts
on/G
etty
Imag
es
![Page 39: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
kilograms D
newtonsC
kilopascals B
gramA
Which is a unit of pressure?
Assessment
1.
CORRECT
![Page 40: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
gravitational force D
buoyant force C
density B
pressure A
What force does the upward arrow in the diagram at the right represent?
Assessment
2.
CORRECT
![Page 41: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
changes of state D
hydraulic lift C
buoyancy B
aerodynamics A
Which uses Pascal’s principle?
Assessment
3.
CORRECT
![Page 42: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Behavior of Gases Section 3
![Page 43: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Essential Questions
How does a gas exert pressure on its container?
How is a gas affected when pressure, temperature, or volume change?
![Page 44: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Review Vocabulary
temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object
![Page 45: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
New Vocabulary
Boyle’s law
Charles’s law
![Page 46: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Gases
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
1. Gases always move in straight lines and in constant motion2. Gases are widely spaced3. Gases collide with each other and with their container walls without loss of kinetic energy4. Gases behave as individual particles, attraction between them is negligible5. The actual volumes of gases areinsignificant compared to the space they previously occupy
Gas Laws
Mathematical statements of the propertiesand behavior of gases
PROPERTIES OF GASES
1. Gases may be compressed2. Gases expand when less pressure is applied.3. Gases can be mixed4. Gases exert a constant pressure on its container walls.5. Gases have low densities.
Origin of pressure
![Page 47: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Boyle’s Law–Volume and Pressure According to Boyle’s law, if you decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure from the gas will increase. An increase in the volume of the container causes the pressure to drop, if the temperature remains constant.
![Page 48: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Charles’s Law—Temperature and Volume If you’ve watched a hot-air balloon being inflated, you know that gases expand when they are heated. Jacques Charles (1746– 1823), a French scientist, also noticed this. According to Charles’s law, the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, as long as the pressure on the gas does not change. As with Boyle’s law, the reverse is also true. The volume of a gas shrinks with decreasing temperature, as shown at the right.
![Page 49: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Combined Gas LawBoyle’s Law= At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure - VP = K
Charles’ Law= At constant pressure the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature - V/T = K
For a given amount of the gas, any change in the condition of one of the variables will also cause a change in the other two variables in accordance to Boyle’s Law and Charles’ law. For this reason we can combine the 2 gas laws into one mathematical equation called combined gas law.• VP/T = K
V= Volume, P= Pressure, T = Temperature, K= Constant
![Page 50: Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052105/6286ee8ee21914585d633224/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
snowboard D
piston C
skateboard B
hose-end sprayer A
Which uses Bernoulli’s principle?
Assessment
1.
CORRECT