Section 1 Introduction to Drafting Chapter 1 Drafting and the Drafter.

Section 1Section 1Introduction to Introduction to

DraftingDrafting

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Drafting and the Drafting and the DrafterDrafter

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.3

Objectives

• Define the role of drafting in industry.

• Explain the purpose of technical drawings.

• Describe how sketches are used to communicate ideas.

• List and describe the four steps in the design method.

• Explain the importance of models in industry.


Objectives

• Identify the types of careers available in drafting and related fields.

• Describe the educational background and skills required for careers in drafting and related fields.

• Describe the duties associated with different types of careers in drafting.


Drafting

• Permits ideas to be represented graphically.

• Facilitates production of technical drawing.

• Often described as “graphic language.”

• Serves key role in design, manufacturing, and construction.

(Garmin International)


Drafting (Cont.)

• Same principles applied in manual drafting and CAD.

• Standard conventions and industry practices observed.

• Types of drawings vary by design application.


Types of Technical Drawings

• Sketches

• Mechanical drawings

• Sets of drawings

• Presentation drawings


Sketches

• Used to illustrate mental image of product.

• May be detailed or schematic.

• May promote collaboration with others.

• Often used to quickly communicate concept.


Mechanical Drawings

• More refined than sketches.

• Typically made using CAD.

• Used to represent definitive solution.

• Scale shown to indicate size and shape.


Mechanical Drawing

(Autodesk, Inc.)


Set of Drawings

• Used to document complete product.

• Commonly used in manufacturing and construction.

• Includes production details.


Presentation Drawings

• Typically, combination of drawings and documentation.

• Pictorial drawings commonly used.

• Developed to highlight product and earn client approval.


Presentation Drawings (Cont.)

(Image courtesy of SolidWorks Corporation)


Technical Drawings

• Types developed depend on purpose.• Patent applications• Advertising• Technical literature• Maintenance and repair


Problem Solving

• Essential skill for drafters and designers.

• Methods vary depending on problem type.


Types of Problems

• Well-structured problems

• Semi-structured problems

• Nonstructured problems


Well-Structured Problems

• Generally associated with only one solution.

• Typically require convergent thinking.

• Solution may be derived from algorithms.

• Ability to solve builds solving ability for other problems.


Semi-Structured Problems

• Involve greater complexity.

• May have more than one solution.

• Solved by heuristics.

• May involve study of manufacturing processes and costs.


Nonstructured Problems

• Best solution among several identified.

• Divergent thinking often applied.

• Input from designers and engineers typical.


Design Method

• Widely used by engineers and designer/drafters.

• Involves systematic procedure to produce design.

(NASA)


Steps in the Design Method

1. Problem definition

2. Preliminary solutions

3. Preliminary solution refinement

4. Decision and implementation


Problem Definition

• Problem statement clarified.

• Problem requirements specified.

• Limitations outlined.

• Related questions addressed in research.


Preliminary Solutions

• Creative thinking required.

• May involve group work and brainstorming.

• Step should yield as many solutions as possible.

• Experience and knowledge greatly affect results.


Preliminary Solution Refinement

• Best solutions combined.

• Sketches made for further evaluation.

• Three or four solutions selected for final consideration.


Decision and Implementation

• Ratings developed to compare solutions.

• Top-rated solution implemented.

• Working drawings and model developed.


Design Solution

(Ford)


Models

• Made to facilitate communication between personnel.

• Advantages include improved visualization.

• Used extensively in product presentation and promotion.


Types of Models

• Scale model

• Mockup

• Prototype


Scale Models

• Made to reduced or enlarged scale.

• Constructed by modelmakers.

• Made from standard modeling materials.

(NASA)


Virtual Reality

• Involves use of special equipment and operations.

• Commonly used in medical testing and space exploration.

(NASA)


Stereolithography

• Used to make design prototypes.

• Applies CAD-generated design data.

• Plastic models produced for evaluation.

• Process similar to CNC machine operation.


Careers in Drafting

• Many opportunities available.

• Same fundamental skills and procedures involved in each discipline.

• College training encouraged.

• Degree not required for drafting-specific job titles.


Careers in Drafting (Cont.)

• Drafting trainee• Detail drafter• Layout drafter• Design drafter• Checker• Technical illustrator


Drafting Trainee

• Basic drafting skills required.

• Work supervised by senior personnel.

• Revisions and development of working drawings typical.

• Core courses and CAD training recommended.


Detail Drafter

• Must possess strong drafting fundamentals.

• Usually works as detailer.

• Makes drawings for manufacturing or construction.

• Must know standards, calculations, and design procedures.


Layout Drafter

• Develops drawings to prove out design.

• Works with sketches and models.

• Must understand machining processes and material types.


Design Drafter

• Represents highest-level drafter.

• Prepares detail and assembly drawings.

• Must understand engineering procedures and shop practices.

• Usually supervises other drafters.


Checker

• Reviews and approves drawings.

• Must understand manufacturing processes and drafting standards.

• May suggest changes for production purposes.


Technical Illustrator

• Draws parts and assemblies pictorially.

• Must possess strong drafting and visual skills.

• Makes drawings that help others interpret designs.

• Must be artistic and familiar with industrial design.


Technical Illustration

• Used to clarify design and construction.

• Cutaways typically developed.

(Ford)


Careers Related to Drafting

• College education and advanced CAD skills typically required.• Architect• Industrial designer• Engineer


Architect

• Designs and supervises building projects.

• Typically specializes in given construction application.

• Works from client needs.

• College and CAD training usually required.


Architect (Cont.)

• Develops series of drawings throughout project.• Preliminary plans

• Sketches

• Finished drawings

• Presentation renderings

(Autodesk, Inc.)


Architecture Specializations

• City planning

• Landscape architecture

• Residential construction

• Commercial construction


Industrial Designer

• Specializes in product design or mechanical design.

• Must understand problem-solving methods.

• Often works with team of professionals.

• Must be well-versed in mathematics and science.


Product Design

• Creative design solutions.

• Solutions for living or working needs.

(SEATCASE, Inc.)


Engineer

• Develops practical problem solutions.

• Often specializes in specific design area.

• Must understand computers, science, and mathematics.

• Often works with other members of design team.


Engineering Specializations

• Aerospace engineer• Agricultural engineer• Ceramic engineer• Chemical engineer• Civil engineer• Electrical engineer

• Industrial engineer • Mechanical engineer• Metallurgical engineer• Nuclear engineer• Petroleum engineer


Aerospace Engineering

• Typically involves specialization in one area.• Aerodynamics• Propulsion systems• Structures• Instrumentation• Manufacturing


Civil Engineering

• Involves design of major construction projects.• Roads

• Airports

• Water systems

• Dams

• Bridges

(Panama Canal Commission)


Electrical Engineering

• Involves work in three specialization areas.• Electrical power

• Electronics

• Computer engineering

(Baldor)


Industrial Engineering

• Involves design and operation of manufacturing systems.• Engineering solutions for improved processes.• Working with engineers in other fields.


Mechanical Engineering

• Involves design of mechanical devices and parts.• Machinery

• Vehicles

• Manufacturing facilities

(Jack Klasey)


Metallurgical Engineering

• Typically involves specialization in one area.• Mining and extraction• Refining• Welding


Review Questions

1. Drafting is the process of creating _____.A. scale models

B. technical drawings

C. algorithms

D. prototypes

B. technical drawings


Review Questions

2. _____ problems generally have only one correct answer and are solved through convergent thinking.

Well-structured


Review Questions

3. When applying the design method, in which step are sketches made?

A. Problem definition

B. Decision and implementation

C. Preliminary solution refinement

D. Sketches are made in each step.

C. Preliminary solution refinement


Review Questions

4. A(n) _____ is a full-size operating model of an actual object.

A. scale modelB. surface modelC. mockupD. prototype

D. prototype


Review Questions

5. _____ is a prototyping process in which plastic models are produced for evaluation.

A. Virtual realityB. StereolithographyC. Technical illustrationD. Brainstorming

B. Stereolithography


Review Questions

6. A _____ is considered to have the highest level of drafting skill.

A. design drafterB. drafting traineeC. layout drafterD. detail drafter

A. design drafter


Review Questions

7. Which member of a design firm is most likely to have a college degree?

A. CheckerB. ArchitectC. Technical illustratorD. Detail drafter

B. Architect


Review Questions

8. The two career areas in industrial design are product design and _____ design.

mechanical


Review Questions

9. _____ engineers design major construction projects such as transportation systems.

A. Chemical

B. Ceramic

C. Metallurgical

D. Civil

D. Civil

Section 1 Introduction to Drafting Chapter 1 Drafting and the Drafter.

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