Section 1

“Europeans Explore the East”

Chapter 19

For “God, Glory, and Gold”

Europeans Seek New Trade Routes– Main reason for exploration is to gain wealth– Contact during Crusades spurs demand for Asian

goods– Muslims and Italians control trade from East to

West– Other European nations want to bypass these

powers

The Spread of Christianity – The desire to spread the religion motivates

Europeans to explore– Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias wants to

serve God and king

Motivations: Crusades Demand for luxury items Break Italian & Muslim monopoly Find alternate routes to Asia Feudalism over—adventure Curiosity about the world

(Renaissance) Spread Christianity

New

Nav

igat

ion

Tool

s Magnetic

compass

Sextant

Astrolabe

QuadrantStern

Rudder

Better

ships

Better Maps

Technology Makes Exploration Possible

In 1400s the caravel makes it possible to sail against wind

Technology Makes Exploration Possible

Astrolabe makes navigation easier

Used to determine altitude of stars

Magnetic compass improves tracking of direction

• The astrolabe was eventually replaced by the sextant.

Another nice innovation was the compass from China.

• First Chinese mention of something like a compass is about 70 AD. First mention of one used for navigation is 1119.

New triangular sails were another big deal. They allowed ships to travel against the wind by tacking (zig-zagging).

Portugal Leads the Way

The Portuguese Explore Africa– Prince Henry

supports exploration– In 1419, he founds

navigation school on coast of Portugal

– By 1460, there are trading posts along west coast of Africa

Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia – 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias sails around the

southern tip of Africa– 1498 – Vasco da Gama sails to India– 1499 – da Gama returns to Portugal with valuable

cargo

Spain Also Makes Claims

A Rival Power – Columbus sails for

Spain– Reaches the

Americas instead of Asia

– Opens Americas to exploration and colonization

Treaty of Tordesillas

– 1493 – Pope decides to divide these lands between Spain and Portugal with an imaginary line through the Atlantic Ocean

– 1494 – agreement formalized by the Treaty of Tordesillas

Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean

Portugal’s Trading Empire– 1509 – Portugal defeats Muslims, takes over

Indian Ocean trade– 1510 – Portugal captures Goa, port city in

western India– 1511 – Portugal seizes Malacca, in Malay

Peninsula– These gains break Muslim-Italian hold on Asian

trade

Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese – English and Dutch begin moving into Asia in the

17th century– Dutch have more ships than any other nation in

1600– Dutch and English weaken Portuguese control of

Asian trade– Dutch then overpower English– Form Dutch East India Company for Asian Trade

European Trade Outposts – 1619 – Dutch set up trade headquarters at

Batavia, on Java– Throughout 1600s, Dutch trade grows– Amsterdam, Dutch capital, becomes wealthy city– Dutch also control southern tip of Africa– England’s East India Company gains strength in

India– France also gains trade foothold in India