Science and Technelogy

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[Science] Blue Moon : Meaning and Occurrence

1. What is Blue Moon?2. Why Blue Moon?3. Why in news?

What is Blue Moon?

Blue moon is the second full moon in appearing in the same month. By the way Blue Moon is just a term used to describe the second moon, otherwise, the date of a full moon, all by

itself, doesn't affect the moon's color.

So, second moon in the same month, will be pearly-gray, as usual and not of blue color.

Why Blue Moon?

The Moon is not actually blue. However, greenish- and bluish-tinted Moons are sometimes observed just before sunrise or just after sunset when

large quantities of dust or smoke particles are concentrated high in the atmosphere, filtering out the longerwavelengths of colours such as red and yellow.

Smoke from forest fires and volcano eruption can cause blue moons.

Why in news?

Because In the month of August 2012, The first full moon was seen on 2ndAugust and second full moon was seen on30

thAugust 2012.

Next Blue Moon will be sighted in 2015.

On average, a blue moon occurs once every 33 months.

Ref

1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1672923/blue-moon2. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/07jul_bluemoon/

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9 comments to [Science] Blue Moon : Meaning and Occurrence

CA. Amit lathReply to this comment

@HALA- PLEASE SHARE THE ARCHIEVE

tanuReply to this comment
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2/11

the smurfs inspired article?

pachiyappan pReply to this comment

plz suggest book for ancient india for prelims

o ias aspirantReply to this comment

read ncert of class 11 for ancient India

santyReply to this comment

sir please guide us about the time management in optioals(60m,30m,20m) and gs(30m,20m,12m,5m,2m) and as well as the word limi t in mainsand aaproximate pages for each question typeas i m preparing in isolated taluk place i have no idea abt this..

DeepsReply to this comment

Sir explain about supermoon.we will witness on 23 June 13

o AnkurReply to this comment

@Deeps

there are 2 things:-1. Full moon or new moon2. Moons elliptical orbit around earth, in this elliptical orbit there is a point known as perigee ( this point is closest to earth)

so when both these 2 conditions occur together i.e. 1+2=> supermoon

means 1st condtn is that earth-moon-sun should be in a strght line2nd moon must be closest to earth

In supermoon moons aparent size is little bit larger than normal moon

VibhuReply to this comment

Thanks Mrunal sir, please suggest Ancient India topics, their pattern and important topics.

SajjanReply to this comment

However, greenish- and bluish-tinted Moons are sometimes observed just before sunrise or just after sunset when large quantities of dust orsmoke particles are concentrated high in the atmosphere, filtering out the longer wavelengths of colours such as red and yellow.

the above statement is incorrect i feel. the longer wavelenghts dont get filtered. only the shorter wavelengths get filtered in early morning andsunset.

[Science] Mobile Tower Radiation and Steps taken by Government

1. What is Mobile tower radiation2. Why is it in news?3. Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) on EMF Radiation.4. Timeline5. ICNIRP guidelines6. What is SAR?7. How and why does Mobile Radiation affect humans?8. Animals and Mobile Radiation?9. Steps taken by Environment Ministry

What is Mobile tower radiation

Mobile phone towers hold antennas and other communications equipment.

They flood the area for miles around with powerful high frequency radio waves to support the use of cell phones.

This radiation allegedlycauses health problem.

Im using the word allegedly because our Government said in parliament that mobile tower radiation doesnt causehealth problems.

Why is it in news?

Because an MP asked in parliament whether radiation emitted from base stations are hazardous?, the Government replied,

From all evidence accumulated so far, no adverse short or long term health effects have been shown to occur fromthe RF signals produced by Mobile tower base stations.
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3/11

But (just to be safe) well bring down the exposure limit of radio frequency fields (mobile tower base stationemissions) to one-tenth of the existing level from September 1, 2012.

Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) on EMF Radiation.

EMF=electromagnetic field. Government had setup this Committee in 2011 to study the hazards of Mobile radiation.

The Committees findings

1. most of the laboratory studies were unable to find a direct link between exposure to radio frequency radiation frommobile towers and health;

2. scientific studies as yet have not been able to confirm a cause-and-effect relationship between radio frequencyradiation and health.

3. The effect of emission from cell phone towers is not known yet with certainty.4. However, as a precautionary measure, the IMC recommended reduction of mobile tower base station emissions to

one-tenth of the present limit.5. It suggested stricter SAR limits (1.6 watt per kg) for mobile handsets.6. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 should be amended so that only mobile handsets satisfying radiation standards (SAR)

should be permitted for import / manufacture or sold in the country.

Timeline

2008DoT has decided to adopt the International Commission on Non-Iodizing Radiation

Protection (ICNIRP)* guidelines in the telcom sector.

2010Government sets up Interministerial Committee on Electric and Magnetic Field (EMF)

radiation and its effects on health.

2011 Committee submits report.

2012DoT made rules to mandate to all mobile phone manufacturers to comply with the

specific and absorption rate (SAR)*.

ICNIRP guidelines

In short, they suggest that based on scientific research, if mobile radiation is below xyz level then there is no harm to humansor animals. So all the Governments across the world should make laws and rules to keep mobile radiation below xyz level.

What is SAR?

specific and absorption rate

it is a measure of the amount of radio frequency energy absorbed by the human body while using a mobile phone) sothat radiation does not affect human health.

Presently, Indias SAR limitis 2 watt per kg

The Inter-ministerial Committee wants SAR to be 1.6 watts per kg. and that all the mobile manufacturers givesspecific information about SAR on their product packages.

This new SAR limit would not affect the mobile manufacturer because almost all of them already adhere to the USstandard.

However, itd increase the production cost for cheap mobile phone manufacturers (Chinese type) because theyllhave to use better quality material to comply to the new SAR limits.

By the way, if mobile radiation doesnt affect health then why is all the hue and cry by activists and PILs in Highcourts etc.? So,

How and why does Mobile Radiation affect humans?

Human body is itself is electromagnetic (very low around 10 hertz frequency). Each of our cell has its own electromagnetic field when we exposed to the cellular tower frequency which is very

high our bodys EMF (electromagnetic field) disturbed and thus caused very serious types of damages to our cells,brains etc

human body consists of 70% liquid. It is similar to that of cooking in the microwave oven where the water in thefood content is heated first.


4/11

Microwave absorption effect is much more significant by the body parts which contain more fluid (water, blood,etc.), like the brain which consists of about 90% water.

Animals and Mobile Radiation?

You have ever seen a bee, sparrow, pigeon, or any bird flying and staying near the cell tower?. I think No.

The reason is surface area of a bird which is larger than human body, so they absorb more radiation. Since fluid content is small due to less weight, it gets heated up very fast and also the magnetic field disturbs their

navigational skills.

Steps taken by Environment Ministry

The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) asked the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) :

1. Not to allow new mobile towers to be constructed within a one-kilometer radius of the existing towers.2. New towers should not be permitted within a radius of one kilometer of the existing towers.3. Any new towers do not obstruct the flight path of birds, or increase the combined radiation of all towers in the area.4. Put in GIS mapping to help monitor the population of birds and bees or the welfare of animals in protected wildlife

areas.5. Do not install any towers near zoos or any wildlife protected zones without consulting Forest Dept.

Ref

Inputs from Shobhit Avasthi

http://www.jtbl.org/index.php/blog/12-indian-government-to-set-new-sar-limits-for-mobile-handsets-and-towers

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when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, it promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary

nutrients (nitrogen, Phosphorous etc.) to the host plant.
http://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/05/enb-100-mock-mcq-questions-on-science-tech-environment-and-biodiversity.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/05/enb-100-mock-mcq-questions-on-science-tech-environment-and-biodiversity.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-government-schemes-policies-yearbook-stuff-part-1-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-government-schemes-policies-yearbook-stuff-part-1-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-diseases-drugs-and-research-part-2-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-diseases-drugs-and-research-part-2-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-mock-questions-part-3-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-mock-questions-part-3-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/space-tech-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-for-ssc-cgl-upsc-csat.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/space-tech-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-for-ssc-cgl-upsc-csat.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/policy-science-technology-innovation-policy-2013-salient-features-highlights-criticism.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/policy-science-technology-innovation-policy-2013-salient-features-highlights-criticism.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/defense-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-missiles-joint-exercises-operations-organizations.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/defense-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-missiles-joint-exercises-operations-organizations.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#1http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#1http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#8http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#19http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#19http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#61http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#61http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#68http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#68http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#97http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#97http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#99http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#99http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#114http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#114http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#114http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#99http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#97http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#68http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#61http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#19http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#8http://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-biofertilizer.html#1http://mrunal.org/2013/03/defense-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-missiles-joint-exercises-operations-organizations.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/policy-science-technology-innovation-policy-2013-salient-features-highlights-criticism.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/space-tech-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-for-ssc-cgl-upsc-csat.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-mock-questions-part-3-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-diseases-drugs-and-research-part-2-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-government-schemes-policies-yearbook-stuff-part-1-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/05/enb-100-mock-mcq-questions-on-science-tech-environment-and-biodiversity.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.html


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Examples of BioFertilizers:

1. Rhizobium,2. Azotobacter,3. blue green algae (BGA)4. Azospirillum

Pros and Cons

Advantages Disadvantages

1. It increases cropyield by 20-30%,

2. replaces chemicalnitrogen and

phosphorus by

25%, and

stimulates plant

growth.3. It can also provide

protection against

drought and some

soil-borne diseases.

4. Bio-fertilizers arecost-effective

relative to chemical

fertilizers. They

have lower

manufacturing

costs, especiallyregarding nitrogen

and phosphorus

use.

5. environmentallyfriendly also helps

to some extent

cleanse the plant

from precipitated

chemical fertilizers.

1. Their effects are isslower compared

to chemical

fertilizer.

2. Difficulty to store:theyre sensitive

to temperature and

humidity changes.

3. much lowernutrient density

requires large

amounts to get

enough for most

crops

4. requires a

different type ofmachine to apply

than chemical

fertilizers

5. sometimes hard tolocate/purchase in

faraway rural

areas

Green Manure

green manure is a type of cover crop grown primarily to add nutrients and organic matter to the soil. Typically, a green manure crop is grown for a specific period of time, and then ploughed under and incorporated into

the soil while it is green or shortly after flowering.

Government of India provides subsidy Subsidy on the purchased of seeds & cost on production of seeds for greenmanure plants.

Examples of Green Manure plants

Leguminousplants

Non-leguminousplants


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ExampleCowpeas,

soybeans

sudangrass,

millet, sorghum,

and buckwheat.

Why are they

used?

for their nitrogen

fixing abilities

for weed

suppression andaddition of

biomass to the

soil.

Pros and Cons of Green Manure?

Advantages

1. soil improvement and soil protection.2. provides forage for pollinating insects.3. Root systems of many green manure crops to efficiently penetrate compact soils thus increasing the aeration of the

soil.4. The deep rooting properties of many green manure crops make them efficient at suppressing weeds5. They fix nitrogen in soil, thus Less chemical fertilizers are required.6. provide habitat for predatory beneficial insects, they kill and eat the pests / harmful insects thus less pesticides are

required.

Disadvantage

1. Leguminous plants require good amount of irrigation.2. The time factor: you cannot plant the primary marketable crop during green manuring phase.

Previous Posts




[EnB] 100 Mock MCQ Questions on Science Tech, Environment and Biodiversity [Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Government schemes, Policies, Yearbook stuff (Part 1 of 3) [Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Diseases, Drugs and Research (Part 2 of 3) [Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Mock Questions (Part 3 of 3) [Space Tech] Current Affairs Compilation 2012-13 for SSC CGL, UPSC CSAT [Policy] Science Technology & Innovation (STI) Policy 2013: Salient features, highlights, criticism [Defense] Current Affairs compilation 2012-13: missiles, joint exercises, operations, organizations

[Science] Genetically Modified Crops, Bt-Brinjal, Cartagena & Nagoya Protocol: Meaning, Issues

A guest article byManikandan Soundararajan

1. What are DNA and Gene?2. What do we need here?3. What is the necessity for GM technology?4. Current issue:5. Recommendations of the committee:6. What is this GEAC:7. Procedure to accord approval:8. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)9. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB)10. Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)

What are DNA and Gene?
http://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/05/enb-100-mock-mcq-questions-on-science-tech-environment-and-biodiversity.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/05/enb-100-mock-mcq-questions-on-science-tech-environment-and-biodiversity.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-government-schemes-policies-yearbook-stuff-part-1-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-government-schemes-policies-yearbook-stuff-part-1-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-diseases-drugs-and-research-part-2-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-diseases-drugs-and-research-part-2-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-mock-questions-part-3-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-mock-questions-part-3-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/space-tech-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-for-ssc-cgl-upsc-csat.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/space-tech-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-for-ssc-cgl-upsc-csat.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/policy-science-technology-innovation-policy-2013-salient-features-highlights-criticism.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/policy-science-technology-innovation-policy-2013-salient-features-highlights-criticism.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/defense-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-missiles-joint-exercises-operations-organizations.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/defense-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-missiles-joint-exercises-operations-organizations.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/manikandanhttp://mrunal.org/manikandanhttp://mrunal.org/manikandanhttp://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#3http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#3http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#12http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#12http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#21http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#21http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#69http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#69http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#82http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#82http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#94http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#94http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#106http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#106http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#114http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#114http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#123http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#123http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#136http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#136http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#136http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#123http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#114http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#106http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#94http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#82http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#69http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#21http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#12http://mrunal.org/2012/08/sci-gm-crop.html#3http://mrunal.org/manikandanhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/defense-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-missiles-joint-exercises-operations-organizations.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/03/policy-science-technology-innovation-policy-2013-salient-features-highlights-criticism.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/space-tech-current-affairs-compilation-2012-13-for-ssc-cgl-upsc-csat.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-mock-questions-part-3-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-diseases-drugs-and-research-part-2-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/04/public-health-current-affairs-2012-13-government-schemes-policies-yearbook-stuff-part-1-of-3.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/05/enb-100-mock-mcq-questions-on-science-tech-environment-and-biodiversity.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-1-of-3-agriculture-environment-biodiversity-silage-salt-pump-sagar-nidhi-el-nino-modoki-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-2-of-3-healthcare-medical-research-gene-patenting-angelina-jolie-double-mastectomy-h7n9-3nethra-eye-pac-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2013/06/science-tech-thehindu-march2may-part-3-of-3-space-research-electronics-saturn-opposition-herschel-cartosat-gslv-mk3-more.html


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Always a human gives birth to humans, and a baby is said to inherit his/her parents characters. This is madepossible only because of the so called genes. Genes are the books where all your personal, family characters arecoded passed on to you from your parents.

DNA is a polymer of nucleic acid specifically deoxyribonucleic acid which is in turn is comprised of sugar componentand nitrogenous base.there are 4 type of nitrogenous base that is adenine , guanine, cytosine and thiamine. It is thesequence of theses nitogenous bases that determine our genetic charecter. [courtsey- Ritesh's comment]

DNA aids in protein synthesis. Their expression gives you characters.

What do we need here?

Scientists have now mapped, analyzed these genes of various plants and animals. i.e., understood the ABC of genemake up

Here now they are capable of manually rearranging these genes, inserting a part, deleting one changing the way onebehaves, like stunted coconut trees giving coconuts at your arms stretch.

Such organisms are called TRANSGENICS, transformed genetic make-up.

What is the necessity for GM technology?

Already a population of 7 billion and growing energetically. 3% increase in agri production needed to ensure food security to this population, while current growth rate is only

2%.

Stress on land resource already huge- use of insecticides, pesticides.

27% of worlds undernourished people proudly are Indians- Urgent need to feed those hungry mouths. Else Nationalshame will be the result- as our PM remarked on the HUNGAMA report.

To address above problems GM aids the development of specific traits in crops like:

1. Herbicide resistance2. Pest resistance3. Viral resistance4. slow-ripening5. Fungal and bacterial resistance6. Quality improvement (protein and oil)7. Value addition (Vitamins, micro-and macro-elements)

Ok then let us move quick into this akshayapaatra Hold on, every coin has one more side:

Biosafety first concern Direct health effects (toxicity)

The stability of the inserted gene

Nutritional effect associated with genetic modification

Any unintended effects which could result from the gene Insertion.

Autonomy of farmers affected because the seeds of these tech crops are monopolized and are marketed by bigprivate firms. If he is unable/does not provide us the requisite seeds, we have a problem.

Genetic erosion of our local varieties.


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Bt Brijnal

Current issue:

In India it all started with Bt cotton and Bt Brinjal, regarding control, regulation, marketing production, safety of suchcrops.

Here the Bt refers to Bacillus thuringenesis soil bacterium from which the genes are introduced in to the native cottonand brinjal varieties.

The gene gave an expression in cotton which produced a protein in the cotton crop that was toxic to the boll wormsand stem borers (pests) i.e., pest resistant variety.

Now the issue with us already with many political parties, farmers complaining introduction such GM cotton,Brinjal(stopped after initial intro) as the cause for increasing farmer suicides in Karnataka, Vidharbha region. Highinput cost of seeds, genetic erosion of local varieties, farmers dependence on private seed cos are said to be the

reasons.

In this scenario our parliamentary committee on Agriculture has submitted a report on CULTIVATION OF GENETICALLYMODIFIED FOOD CROPS PROSPECTS AND EFFECTS

Recommendations of the committee:

No GM food trials, till a stronger regulatory system is established.

Current regulation by GEAC (Genetic Engineering appraisal committee) flawed, GEAC under dept. of Biotech whichhas one of its aims to spread modern biotech. One cannot regulate his own product is the reports view.

Farmers of cotton already under strain, new Bt cotton seeds are expensive, input costs high, yet farmers are left withzero choice.

Strict labeling giving choice for consumers to know what they buy is must. Especially imported foods are now aconcern.

What is this GEAC:

Established under MoEF,

GEAC is the apex body to accord approval of activities involving large scale use of hazardous microorganisms andrecombinants in research and industrial production from the environmental angle.

GEAC is also responsible for granting approvals relating to release of genetically engineered organisms and productsinto the environment including experimental field trials.

The GEAC also has the powers to prohibit, revoke, supervise and take punitive action in case of non-compliance,furnishing of wrong information or in case of any damage to the environment.

Procedure to accord approval:

laboratory and greenhouse experiment,
http://mrunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/GM-crop.gif


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open field trials for generation of biosafety data,

commercialization and market approval

Large scale production.

International conventions related to this:

The committee report passes references to all these conventions.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

CBD is a legally binding agreement adopted during Rio Earth Summit in 1992. India signed the CBD and ratified it.USA is not a party to this Convention.

While reaffirming sovereign rights of nations over their natural resources, this Convention establishes three goals:conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of benefitsarising from the use of genetic resources.

India is hosting CoP-11 to the CBD to be held in Hyderabad in October 2012, which is the year of 20th anniversary ofRio Earth Summit is an added information.

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB)

The CPB, the first international regulatory framework for safe transfer, handling and use of LMOs(living modifiedorganisms) signed on 2000. India has acceded to this Biosafety Protocol.

Difference between LMO and GMO is that GMO is a broader term including LMOs within it, all organisms live, deadwhose genes are modified are GMOs but LMO as the name suggests are living organisms which are geneticallymodified.

The objective of the Protocol is to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safetransfer, handling and use of LMOs resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on theconservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, andspecifically focusing on trans-boundary movements.

As a Party to the Protocol, the first and foremost requirement is the setting up of a National Biosafety RegulatoryFramework India has introduced the national biosafety rules even before the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) was adopted at Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

Even though the text of the Protocol has been adopted, several critical issues such as risk assessment, liability andredress, documentation and identification of LMOS for Food Feed and Processing etc., are still under discussion.

Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)

The CoP-10 to the CBD held in Nagoya, Japan in October 2010 adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access and BenefitSharing .India is a megadiverse country rich in biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge. Hence,implementation of the ABS provisions of CBD is of special interest to us.

The objective of Nagoya Protocol is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from utilization of geneticresources. The Protocol establishes a clear framework on how researchers and companies can obtain access togenetic resources and to associated traditional knowledge, and how benefits arising from the use of such material orknowledge will be shared with locals.

The ABS Protocol is expected to address the concerns of biodiversity rich countries such as India relating tomisappropriation of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge.

Reference:

CULTIVATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD CROPS PROSPECTS AND EFFECTS-BASUDEB ACHARIA(chairman)

Previous Posts




[EnB] 100 Mock MCQ Questions on Science Tech, Environment and Biodiversity [Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Government schemes, Policies, Yearbook stuff (Part 1 of 3) [Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Diseases, Drugs and Research (Part 2 of 3)
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10/11

[Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Mock Questions (Part 3 of 3) Some insights on medical tests /checkup for UPSC IAS/IPS civil service exam [Space Tech] Current Affairs Compilation 2012-13 for SSC CGL, UPSC CSAT [Policy] Science Technology & Innovation (STI) Policy 2013: Salient features, highlights, criticism

[Science] RITSAT, PSLV, Agni V, ICBM and Mars Mission

A guest article by Mr. Manikandan Soundararajan

1. Risat I:2. PSLV:3. Advantage of PSLVs4. Agni V:5. What is ICBM:6. Mars Mission:

Risat I:

Radar Imaging Satellite-I first of its kind in India.

Launched using PSLV-C19. Microwave Remote sensing satellite with a Synthetic Aperture Radar payload.

Advantages and Applications:

Imaging surface feature during both day and night conditions. All weather monitoring.

Microwave remote sensing helps cloud penetration. Applications in paddy monitoring, disaster management during floods, cyclone.

Orbit:

Polar sun synchronous, solar powered. Sun Synchronous satellites are those which follow solar time i.e you can find the satellite over one country at same

local time every day, follows the clock of sun essentially to harness the solar power.

Such satellites are used mainly for remote sensing, spy satellites.

PSLV:

Polar satellite launch vehicle- normally carries a payload of 1600kg. Puts satellites in sun synchronous orbits of 620km above earths surface.

Workhorse of Indian satellite programs- Earned the name following 20 continuous successful missions of its total 21flights.

PSLV-XL a variant of PSLV was used to launch Chandrayaan-I.(India only nation to use PSLV for moon missions,normally Geo synchronous launch vehicles(GSLV) are used for such missions).

Advantage of PSLVs

they are economic compared to GSLVs, but payload of PSLVs is around 1600kg, while GSLV has a payload capacityof 2500kg.

Next addition to our launch vehicles GSLV mark III with payload capacity of 5000kg,

This will boost India to commercial market launches.

Agni V:

Agni V a surface to surface Inter-continental ballistic missile developed by DRDO of India.

Only 5 other nations of the world have such capability.( US,UK,France,China,Russia) Agni series of India has 5 versions starting from 700Km to 5000Km target distance.

Agni 5 capable of traveling 5000+ Kms

has capability to attack multiple targets( called MIRV system) on ground, making anti-missile shields inadequate.
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11/11

What is ICBM:

ICBM = Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile a range of missiles traveling a distance more than 3500 Km and attackingspecified Targets.

Ballistic missiles are those following a parabolic trajectory. They mainly rely on using the gravitational force during their downward flight.

Cruise missiles on the other hand are guided throughout their travel path to attack targets effectively and accurately. But ballistic missiles compact and less expensive.

Mars Mission:

India planning a mars mission similar to Curiosity mission of NASA, to be launched by November 2013. Official announcement was made in Independence day speech of the PM. Already sanction to the tune of Rs.125 crores has been made. Technical details of this mission are still not revealed.

ISRO is in-charge of this mission.

Previous Posts




[EnB] 100 Mock MCQ Questions on Science Tech, Environment and Biodiversity [Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Government schemes, Policies, Yearbook stuff (Part 1 of 3) [Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Diseases, Drugs and Research (Part 2 of 3) [Public Health] Current Affairs 2012-13: Mock Questions (Part 3 of 3) Some insights on medical tests /checkup for UPSC IAS/IPS civil service exam [Space Tech] Current Affairs Compilation 2012-13 for SSC CGL, UPSC CSAT [Policy] Science Technology & Innovation (STI) Policy 2013: Salient features, highlights, criticism
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