Ch.5: Science and Social Science
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James Robertson, Felice Beato, Balaclava Harbor, 1855
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Felice Beato, Interior of the Secundrabaugh After Slaughter of 2,000 Rebels, Luknow 1858
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John Murray, Panorama of the West Face of theTaj Mahal, 1850-60s.
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Felice Beato, Interior of the Angle of North Fort at Taku , 1860.
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Beato, Execution of the Mutineers in the Indian Mutiny, 1857.
Beato’s pictures were the first to show the horrific side of war to the British public.
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Beato, Woman Using Cosmetics, 1867. Albumen print with applied color.
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Milton M. Miller, Cantonese Mandarin and his Wife, 1861.
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• In the later 19th Century, using photography to compare and contrast races of people was a prominent practice.
• Theories about the multiple origins of human beings persisted, despite Charles Darwin’s theory that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry - theory of evolution.
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J.T. Zealy, Jack, commissioned by Louis Agassiz, 1850s
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Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, ethnographic studies and exhibitons were very popular.
Unknown, A Coat Couple from the Valley of the Serezan near Zagreb, 1867
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Unknown, Brinjara and Wife, from The People of India, 1868
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• Scientists Thomas Henry Huxley and John Lamprey wanted to create a standardized method by which people could be photographed for observation / comparison.
• They said the scientific study of race should be based on observations of the nude human body, so that differences in skin color, hair texture, physique, ect, could be recorded.
• This method reinforced the belief that there were basic human differences among the races which could be seen through distinctions in physical appearance.
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John Lamprey, Front and Profile Views of a Malayan Male, c.1868-69
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• A persistent type of ethnographic photography showed women from the Middle East and Asia in sexually suggestive poses.
• The term “orientalism” was first adopted in a book written in 1978 by cultural critic Edward Said.
• A central idea of orientalism is that Western knowledge about the East is not generated from facts or reality, but from preconceived archetypes. For example, the labeling of non-Western people as passive, not active, child-like rather than mature, feminine, rather than masculine and timeless - separate from the progress of Western history.
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More specifically, it describes the sexual interest or intrusive observation of people from non-Western cultures, especially women.
Unknown, Arab Woman and Turkish Woman, Zangaki, Port Said, 1870-80
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Ingrés, Odalisque, 1838
A common theme in art, the odalisque was a slave or concubine in a harem, usually seen as a reclining due or semi-nude woman.
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John Frederick Lewis, Women in their Quarters, 1873
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Haraam (Arabic) translates as something/someone that is forbidden.
• Harams originated in the late 15th C. with the Sultan (Monarch) in Turkey.
• In Western literature, Middle Eastern women were seen as sexually suggestive, kept in harams, wearing veils.
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• Another type of ethnographic photography had to do with the belief that indigenous peoples didn’t have the physical or mental strength to survive the encroachment of Western civilization.
• There was a desire to record what were seen as “vanishing civilizations.”
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C.A. Woolley, Trucanini, 1866
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John Hillers, Taos Pueblo, 1880
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Hillers, Warriors, 1880
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• As cities became more industrialized in the later 19th Century, many people were displaced by the renovation. They were seldom photographed. Pictures published in newspapers were of factories and industrial sites - and were meant to reflect private industry in a positive way.
• The fact that there was child labor, worker strikes, sanitation problems and overcrowded neighborhoods - was not addressed until much later.
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Unknown, Before and After Photographs of Young Boys, c.1875, used by social reformist and philanthropist Thomas Barnardo to gain support for his
homs which offered training for poor and homeless children.
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Thomas Annan, Close No. 37, High Street, 1868.
Considered to be the first to record the housing conditions of the poor.
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Charles Marville, 14 Rue des Marmousets, ND.
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Marville, Street Scene, ND.
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John Thomson, the Cangue, from China and Its People, 1871-72.
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Thomson, street scene, from China and Its People, 1871-72.
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Thomson, from China and Its People, 1871-72.
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Thomson, Sufferers from the Flood, from Street Life in London,1871-72.
“As for myself, I have never felt right since that awful night when, with my little girl, I sat above the water on my bed until the tide went down.”
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Thomson, the Crawlers, from Street Life in London,1871-72.
“The Crawlers - old women reduced by vice and poverty to that degree of wretchedness whichdestroys even the energy to beg.”
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Thomson, Second Hand Clothes, from Street Life in London,1871-72.
“As a rule, secondhand clothes shops are far from distinguished in their clenliness, and areoften the fruitful medium for the propagation of fever, smallpox and cholera.”
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Thomson, Public Disinfectors, from Street Life in London,1871-72.
“They receive sixpence an hour for disinfecting houses and removing contaminated clothingand furniture, and these are such busy times that they often work twelve hours a day.”
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Photographic Studies of Human Expression
Hugh Welch Diamond, Seated Woman With Bird, 1855.
The idea that human character could be interpreted through facial expressions persisted throughout 19th Century portraiture.
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Hugh Welch Diamond, “the Father of Psychiatric Photography” stated there were 3 functions of photography in the treatment of the mentally ill.
• It could be used to record the appearance of patients with different psychiatric conditions. Theories concerning facial charateristics -physiognomy- of insanity were popular at the time.
• Photographs could also be used as a means of identification for readmission and treatment.
• Photography enabled the mentally ill to be given an accurate self - image, as an aid to treatment.
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Diamond, Mental Patients, 1855.
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Adrien Tournachon for Dr. Guillaume Duchenne de Boulgne, Electrical Contraction of the Face, between 1852-56
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Dr. Guillaume Duchenne de Boulgne, from The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy, 1862.
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Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872.
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Oscar Rejlander, illustrations for The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
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Rejlander, illustrations for The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Disgusted, Indignant, Sneering, Indignant)
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Rejlander, Plate 3 frp, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
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(left) Terror Striken, after a photograph from Dr. Duchenne’s study (right).Electrical apparatus omitted.
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Unknown, Attitudes Passionelles, plate 21 from Charcot’s Photographic Iconography of the Salpetriére Hospital, 1876.
Jphn Martin Charcot, neurologist and student of Dr. Duchenne.
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Charcot presenting a patient to scientists.
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Duchenne, Darwin and Charcot considered temselves to be neutral observers. Were they? Charcot’s studies on hysteria drew the attention of
Sigmund Fred (1885-1939), the “father of pyschoanlysis.”
“I stand here merely as a photographer. I write what I see.” (Charcot).
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James Nasmeth & James Carpenter, Moon, Crater of Vesuvius,1864.
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Nasmeth & Carpenter, Back of Hand, Wrinkled Appled,1864.
Interested in the univeral laws of nature (ie: the similarities between the hand and the apple).