Science 14 Unit A Notes

Science 14P Classroom NotesTopic A: Investigating

Properties of MatterJ. Garreck B.Ed.

Chapter 1

Chapter 1.1 Safety• We use chemicals in our house everyday.

Some chemicals, if used improperly, can be dangerous. Examples are:

• ammonia: found in household cleaners like Windex is toxic and can burn skin

• benzene: found in gas, ink and paints can cause cancer

• chlorine: found in household cleaners like bleach forms deadly gases when mixed with a base, burns skin/tissue etc

• lye: found in drain and oven cleaners burns body tissues on contact, irritates lung tissue, slows down reflexes

Chapter 1.1 Safety• methane (natural gas): found in fuel

for cars, cooking and heating is explosive and fumes can suffocate

• toluene: found in nail polish and glue can cause lightheadedness or brain damage, is flammable

Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemical Storage• Look at the storage and disposal

instructions on household products containing chemicals.

• Hazardous materials are to be taken to a fire station.

• Motor oil and car batteries can be taken to service stations for recycling.

• Dumping these chemicals down the drain causes environmental damage.

Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemicals at Work and School • The Workplace Hazardous Materials

Information System (WHMIS) provides information on handling, storing and disposing of chemicals as well as providing first aid information.

• They have created symbols to let you know about the potential dangers of specific chemicals such as if it is explosive, corrosive, flammable etc.

Class C

oxidizing material

Class B

flammable and combustible

material

Eight types of hazardous materials covered by WHMIS

Class A

compressed gas


Class D1

poisonous and infectious material: materials causing

immediate and serious toxic

effects

Class D2

poisonous and infectious material: material

causing other toxic effects

Class D3

poisonous and infectiousmaterial:

biohazardousinfectious material


Class E

corrosivematerial

Class F

dangerouslyreactive material

Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemicals at Work and School Information is given in three ways:1. Labels: all chemicals have a WHMIS label

which tells how to safely handle them2. MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets):

provides information about chemical properties, handling, first aid and disposing of the chemicals

3. Worker Education: employees must take WHMIS training when working with chemicals

Note: This is a National System

EPS

Left off

Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemicals at Work and School

Chapter 1.1 Safety - WHMIS• All products with WHMIS labels have an

accompanying Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

• Many household products are not WHMIS regulated but do have an MSDS. This applies, for example, to many lawn and garden products.

Chapter 1.1 Safety - WHMIS• All chemicals used in the workplace (including

schools) are labeled with WHMIS symbols and have an associated MSDS.

• If you are conducting labs, you should have WHMIS training and be able to find the MSDS for every substance you use.

• You should also be able to find information on the MSDS.

Chapter 1.1 Safety - WHMIS• MSDS are available from the product’s manufacturer

or distributor. • You may also be able to find them on the

manufacturer’s web site or in an on-line data base for another workplace.

• Use the name of the product, chemical name, and the term “MSDS” as keywords in a computerized search.

• There is no standard format for MSDS.

Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemicals At Home • The Hazardous Household Product

Symbols (HHPS) are symbols on the products you use in your home.

• Again, the symbols let you know if the chemical is reactive or dangerous.

Chapter 1.1 Safety Symbols• HouseHold Product Symbols (HHPS) and

Workplace Hazardous Material Information System (WHMIS) symbols look very similar. They are designed to be easily understood.

Chapter 1.1 Safety Symbols• WHMIS has a few additional symbols

(e.g., oxidizing, dangerously reactive) that may not apply to consumer products.

• HHPS uses shaped borders to communicate the level of danger

• Danger, warning, and caution borders are based on the familiar shape of traffic signs.

DangerWarning

Caution

Chapter 1.1 Safety Symbols• Stoplight colours are sometimes used

with these shapes. • The colour emphasizes the level of

danger — red for most dangerous, yellow for caution.

Danger WarningCaution

Comparing SystemsWHMIS HHPS

Chapter 1.1 VocabularyWrite the definition for each of the following terms:

1. WHMIS: __________________________________________________________

2. MSDS: ______________________________ ______________________________

3. HHPS: ______________________________ ______________________________

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information

System

Material Safety Data Sheet

Hazardous Household Product Symbols

Chapter 1.2 Describing Matter• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. • Scientists have developed the particle theory of matter to explain atoms and how they create

matter.

The Particle Theory of Matter• all matter is made up of small particles• all particles in a pure substance are the same• there are spaces between particles• particles are always moving; as they gain energy, they move faster• particles in a substance are attracted to each other

States of MatterThere are three main STATES of

matter:• SOLIDS• LIQUIDS• GASES

Chapter 1.2 States of Matter

Solid:• Particles are tightly packed• Hard and holds its’ shape• The particles inside of a solid are

not allowed to move around much. • They just kind of jiggle in place.


Liquid:• Particles are farther apart then a

solid.• The particles move around. • They just kind of jiggle in place.• It fills the shape of any container


Gas:• Particles are loosely packed.• The particles move freely. • It can fill a container of any size or

shape.


Properties of Matter• We classify matter according to its’

physical and chemical properties. • Physical properties are properties you

would use to describe the chemical (i.e. shape, color, freezing/boiling point, texture, hardness, smells, magnetic tendencies, flexibility, density and if it is a liquid, gas or solid).

• This is similar to how you might describe a person.


Pool Ball


Properties of Matter• Chemical properties tell you how

a substance will react with another substance (i.e. how easily it burns, how it reacts with other substances, if there is a change in smell, color or temperature, whether it produces new substances).


1. Matter: ______________________________________________________________________2. Theory: _____________________________________________________________________3. Particle Theory of Matter: _______________________________________________________4. States of Matter: ______________________________________________________________5. Solid: _______________________________________________________________________

Anything that has mass and takes up space

An explanation of something that has been supported by repeated experimental results

The explanation of the nature

Of matter that considers atoms to be like tiny particles and describes their behavior

The three common forms in which

Matter exists: Solid, Liquid and Gas

The state of matter in which particles are packed

Tightly together and cannot move very much


6. Liquid: ______________________________________________________________________7. Gas: _______________________________________________________________________8. Physical Property: _____________________________________________________________9. Chemical Property: ____________________________________________________________

The state of matter in which particles are touching

, but can move past each other.

The state of matter in which particles are far apartAnd moving quickly

A characteristic of a substance that

Can change without a new substance being formedThe characteristic of a substance

That describes how it will react with other substances

Chapter 1.3 CLASSIFYING MATTER

• Matter can be classified as a pure substance or a mixture.

• A pure substance is made up of only one type of particle such as baking soda, sugar and distilled water. This is like a pure bred dog.


• When you see distilled water, it's a pure substance which means that there are just water molecules in the liquid.


• A mixture contains more than one type of particle such as gold, milk, perfume, toothpaste. This is like a mixed breed dog.

Chapter 1.3 CLASSIFYING MATTER• A mixture would be a

glass of water with other things dissolved inside, maybe salt.

• Each of the substances in that glass of water keeps the original chemical properties.

• So if you have some dissolved substances, you can boil off the water and still have those dissolved substances left over.

Chapter 1.3 Differences Between Mixtures and Pure Substances

• We distinguish between two substances by examining their properties (smell, texture, density, boiling/freezing points).

• Mixtures boil and freeze at different temperatures than pure substances.

• This is the theory behind using salt on roads/sidewalks and using antifreeze in your car.


1. Pure Substance: ___________________________________________________

2. Mixture: ____________________________ ______________________________

Chapter 2: Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds

2.1: What are Elements?• Elements are the building blocks

of all matter. • As far as we know there are only

so many basic elements. • Up to this point in time we have

discovered/created over 100. • While there may be more out

there to discover, the basic elements remain the same.

• Iron atoms found on Earth are identical to Iron atoms found on meteorites.

• The Iron atoms on Mars that make the soil red are the same too.

2.1: Periodic Table• The periodic table is organized like a big grid.• The ELEMENTS are placed in specific places

because of the way they react, atomic mass and atomic number.

• If you have ever looked at a grid, you know that there are ROWS (left to right) and COLUMNS (up and down).

• The periodic table has rows and columns too and they each mean something different.

2.1: Periodic Table• When you look at the picture below you can see

that the rows are different colors. • Even though they skip some squares in between,

all of the rows go left to right. • When you look at a periodic table, each of the

rows are considered to be different PERIODS (Get it? Like PERIODic table!).

2.1: Periodic Table - Columns

• The periodic table has a special name for its columns too - it's called a GROUP.

2.1: Periodic Table - SquareEach square in the periodic table contains identifying information about one element.

Hydrogen1H

1.008

Element NameElement NumberSymbolMass

State of matter at room temperature

g

2.1: Metals• Towards the right side of the periodic

table, there’s a staircase that divides metals from non-metals.

• Metals are on the left and non-metals on the right.

2.1: Metals• Almost 75% of all

elements are classified as metals.

• They are all not like silver (Ag), gold (Au), or platinum (Pt). Those are the very cool and shiny ones.

• There are some other ones like potassium (K) that you might not think about right away. Gold - Au

2.1: Characteristics of Metals• Good conductors of

heat and electricity.• Metals are solids at

room temperature.• Shiny when polished• Malleable – bend

easily• One exception is

mercury which is liquid at room temperature.

2.1: Characteristics of Non-Metals• Poor conductors of

heat and electricity.• Dull – lack luster • Most are gases or

brittle solids (break easily) at room temperature.

• One exception is bromine which is liquid at room temperature. bromine

2.1: Metalloids• The squares between the metals and

non-metals are called metalloids. • They have properties of metals and non-

metals.

2.1: Alloys• Metals are easily combined. • ALLOYS are basically a mixture of two or

more metals.

2.1: Alloys• Alloys are better at something than any

of the metals would be alone. • Metallurgists (people who work with

metals) sometimes add chromium (Cr) and/or nickel (Ni) to steel.

• While steel is already an alloy that is a very strong metal, the addition of small amounts of the other metals help steel resist rusting.

• Stainless Steel or Galvanized Steel are examples.

2.1: Alloys• Another good example of an alloy

is when metallurgists add carbon (C) to steel.

• Tiny amount of carbon (a non-metallic element) make steel stronger.

• These special alloys are used in armor plating and weapons.


1. Element: _____________________________ ____________________________________2. Periodic table: ________________________ ____________________________________3. Atom: _______________________________ ____________________________________4. Group: ______________________________ ____________________________________5. Period: ______________________________ ____________________________________


6. Metal: _______________________________ ____________________________________

7. Non-metal: ___________________________ ____________________________________

8. Metalloids: ___________________________ ____________________________________

2.2: Compounds• A substance that is made up of two or

more different elements is a compound.

• For example, hydrogen is an element and oxygen is an element but if you combine them to create water - (H O), you have formed a compound.

2.2: Compounds• Elements cannot be broken down into simpler

substances but compounds can. • The process of breaking compounds apart into

the simpler substances is called decomposition reaction.

• One way of doing this is to use electricity (electrolysis) to separate a compound into it’s elements.


1. Compound: __________________________ ____________________________________

2. Decomposition reaction : ________________ ____________________________________

2.3 Chemical Formulas• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

(IUPAC) devised international symbols and names for elements.

• Element symbols are usually one or two letters (i.e. H stands for Hydrogen, Mg for Magnesium, Cl for chlorine).

• We use different element symbols to represent each element on the periodic table.

CRepresents the elementCarbon

2.3 Chemical Formulas• We use a chemical formula to represent the

compounds these elements form.• Chemical formulas are made up of letters and

numbers.– Letters tell you which elements are in the substance– Subscript numbers tell you how many of these elements

are in a substance– A subscript letter tells you the state of matter at room

temperature

H2 O(l)

2.3 Chemical Formulas

H 2O (l)

Symbol for the element hydrogen

The small subscript number means 2 atoms of hydrogen

Symbol for the element oxygen

No small number here means 1 atom of oxygen

This small letter means that this is a liquid


1. Element symbol : ______________________ ____________________________________

2. Chemical symbol : _____________________ ____________________________________

Chapter 3: Mixtures and their Usages

3.1: TWO KINDS OF MIXTURES

Mechanical Mixtures• A mechanical mixture is a mixture

where more than one type of particle is visible.

• Orange juice with pulp and wet cement (concrete) are examples.


Solutions• Solutions are made when two or

more substances combine to form a mixture that only looks like one type of particle.

• You can’t see the different particles when you mix them together.

• Examples are shampoo, pop, dish soap, vinegar, and syrup.

3.1: TWO KINDS OF MIXTURES• A simple solution is basically two

substances that are combined. • One of them is called the SOLUTE. A solute

is the substance to be dissolved (sugar). • The other is a SOLVENT. The solvent is the

one doing the dissolving (water). • As a rule of thumb there is usually more

solvent than solute.


• How can you tell is a mixture is a solution or mechanical mixture? Two ways:– in a solution, you can only see one

substance– pour the solution through a filter, if

anything is caught in the filter, it is a mechanical mixture

Matter

PureSubstance Mixture

Element Compound MechanicalMixture Solution


1. Mechanical mixture: ____________________ ____________________________________2. Solution : ____________________________ ____________________________________3. Solute: ______________________________ ____________________________________4. Solvent: _____________________________ ____________________________________

3.2 WHAT ARE SOLUBILITY AND CONCENTRATION • Concentration refers to the

amount of solute in a solution. It is usually shown in the unit g/L.

• For example, Roundup has 7.0g/L of glyphosphate in 1 L of the product.

• Solubility refers to how easily a solute will dissolve in a solvent to form a solution.

3.2 WHAT ARE SOLUBILITY AND CONCENTRATION • When a substance will dissolve in a

solvent, it is called soluble. • If the substance does not dissolve

in the solvent, it is called insoluble.

• For example, sugar is soluble in water. Oil is insoluble in water.

3.2 How Soap Works• Water alone can not dissolve grease/oil

stains on your clothes.• Soap dissolves in water to form a

cleaning solution. • Grease/oil are soluble in a soap cleaning

solution. • The soap solution dissolves grease

stains and they are rinsed away with the wash water.

• Soap is referred to as an emulsifying agent.


1. Concentration: ________________________ ____________________________________2. Solubility : ___________________________ ____________________________________3. Soluble : _____________________________ ____________________________________4. Insoluble : ___________________________ ____________________________________

3.3 SEPARATING MIXTURES

Canadian water is safe to drink because:• dirty water is separated into clear water• other substances are added to remove

dissolved chemicals• chemicals such as chlorine are added to

kill harmful bacteria

3.3 SEPARATING MIXTURES • You can separate solutions by filtering them. • For example, separating clear water from dirty

water can be done using a filter, which catches the dirt.

• You can also separate them by applying heat. • For example, separating salt from a saltwater

solution is done by heating the solution. • The water evaporates and salt crystals are left

behind. This is known as crystallization.

3.3 Purifying Water • One way to purify water is to add

alum particles to the water. • These particles attract bacteria,

viruses and tiny dirt particles to them. • The alum and other particles become

very heavy and sink to the bottom, making it easy to separate them from the water.

3.3 Purifying Water • Another way uses charcoal filters but

after the water passes through these filters, it is still not safe to drink.

• Water treatment plants add chlorine to kill bacteria in water.

• Distillation cleans water as water is boiled and the steam is collected.

• When the steam cools, it condenses to form pure water. All unwanted particles were left behind.


1. Crystallization: ________________________ ____________________________________

2. Distillation : __________________________ ____________________________________

Chapter 4: Solutions and the Environment

4.1 USE CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS TO

REDUCE GARBAGE • Solutions can be concentrated which

means they have a lot of solute per volume of solvent.

• This is like the frozen orange juice cans. They are concentrated.

• Solutions can be diluted which means they have less solute per amount of solution.

• Dilute solutions have a high water content. • This is like a carton of ready-made orange

juice.

4.1 How are Concentrated Products Made?

• Instant coffee, canned soups, dehydrated beans, and jello mixes are all examples of concentrated products.

• They are dry or thick because the solvent (often water) is removed from them).

4.1 Waste Packaging

• Each person in Canada throws out 2.2 kg of trash which fills 10 000 garbage trucks.

• Most of this waste comes from plastic and yard waste.

• Packages are helpful because they can protect food from spoiling, or protect fragile products, or give us important consumer information.

• On the negative side, waste is filling up our landfill sights at a quick pace.


1. Concentrated : ________________________ ____________________________________

2. Dilute: _______________________________ ____________________________________

4.2 ACIDS AND BASES

• An acid is a corrosive, sour-tasting substance that turns blue litmus paper red.

• A base is a slippery, bitter-tasting substance that turns red litmus paper blue.

• Substances that aren’t acids or bases are neutral and do not change the color of red or blue litmus paper.

4.2 ACIDS AND BASES

• Examples of acids are hydrochloric acid, stomach acid, vinegar, fruit juice and coke.

• Examples of bases are ammonia, baking soda, sodium hydroxide and Tums.

acid base

4.2 ACIDS AND BASES

acid base

4.2 Identifying Acids and Bases

• You can check to see if a substance is an acid or base by using an indicator.

• An indicator is a natural substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base.

• Some flowers, lichens, cabbage juice, tea and grape juice are indicators.

4.2 Identifying Acids and Bases

• Scientists use litmus paper which is made from lichens.

• Litmus paper is an indicator strip that has been treated with a weak solution of litmus.

4.2 A Scale for Classifying Acids and Bases

• The pH scales tells us how acidic or basic a substance is.

• The pH scale goes from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic).

• A scale rating of 7 means the substance is neutral.

Basic

Acidic


1. Acid: _______________________________ ____________________________________2. Base: _______________________________ ____________________________________3. Neutral: _____________________________ ____________________________________4. Indicator: ____________________________ ____________________________________5. Litmus paper: _________________________ ____________________________________


6. pH : ________________________________ ____________________________________

7. pH scale : ____________________________ ____________________________________

4.3 ACIDS AND BASES IN ACTION

Reactions of bases and acids are present in our home. Here are a few:

1. Baking: adding sour milk (acid) to a baking soda mix/biscuit (base) will cause an acid base reaction. When they react, carbon dioxide bubbles are formed. This makes pancakes, cookies, and cake dough rise. The bubbles that are formed are evident in the little holes in bread.



2. Cooking: Vegetables cooked in an acidic mixture take longer to cook and do not soften. Veggies cooked in a basic mixture soften more easily.



3. Health Care: people take antacids (Tums) when they have heartburn because it neutralizes the acids in their stomachs



4. Deodorizing: baking soda (base) helps neutralize acidic smells. That’s why they are put in the refrigerator.

• Be careful when combining acids and bases. Never add an acid to bleach because it forms a deadly gases.

4.3 Corrosion

• Strong acids and strong bases are corrosive.

• This means that they can cause severe burns to the skin and tissue of your body.

• Some corrosives can eat through metal or rock.

4.3 Corrosion • Corrosion is the wearing away

of materials by a chemical reaction and is sometimes known as rusting.

• You need oxygen for this type of corrosion to occur.

• Silver turns black when it corrodes.

• Cars get rusty when the metal is exposed to air (oxygen and moisture).

• When copper corrodes, it turns green.


1. Neutralization: ________________________ ____________________________________2. Corrosive: ___________________________ ____________________________________3. Corrosion: ___________________________ ____________________________________4. Acid rain : ____________________________ ____________________________________

Acknowledgements

• Special thanks to Kim Steele B.Ed. For her contributions to these lessons.

Science 14 Unit A Notes

Documents

Transcript of Science 14 Unit A Notes