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Transcript of Schools of Psychology (1)
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Schools of Psychology
By
Dr. Navin Kumar
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Psychology: The Early Days
Curiosity about psychology has likely beenaround as long as humanity. However, thescientific study of psychology began onlyabout 100 years ago.
Roots in philosophy and physiology Philosophy: the use of logic and speculation
to understand the nature of reality,experience, and values
Renes Descartes: 17th century Frenchphilosopher, focused on distinctionbetween mind and body
Physiology: the study of the biologicalworkings of the body, including the brain
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The Dawn of Psychology
Early psychologists were more interested inunderstanding perception, memory, andproblem-solving rather than behavior.
Wilhelm Wundt: set up the first psychologylaboratory in Leipzig, Germany (1879)
st ruc t urali sm: the school of psychology thatsought to identify the basic elements of experience and to describe the rules andcircumstances under which these elementscombine to form mental structures the first formal movement in psychology
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Structuralism
int rospec t ion: the primaryresearch tool of structuralists
means ³looking within´
thinking about our mental processes, andthen reporting them
But not every mentalprocess is available toeveryone... (Kulpe, 1913)
Observations based onintrospection could not bereplicated; theoriescollapsed.
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From Structuralism to Functionalism
The difficulties faced by structuralists led tothe rise of f unc t ionali sm
F unc t ionali sm: the school of psychology thatsought to understand the ways that the mind
helps individuals function, or adapt to theworld structuralism: ³the psychology of the i s´
What are the mental processes? How do they operate?
functionalism: ³the psychology of the i s-f or ́ Why do humans think, feel, and behave like they do?
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Functionalism
driven by desire toapply psychologicalprinciples,
particularly ineducation
strongly influencedby Darwin (survivalof the fittest;
adaptations) laid groundwork for
psychologicalresearch on animals
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Functionalism
Your walking on a sidewalk when
suddenly a car comes hurtling
towards you out of control.
Are you afraid?
Why?
Do you see the car and mentally become afraid leadingto your heart racing, hands sweating and an impulseto run?
Or«
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Functionalism
«continued
Do you first become physically afraidwith heart racing, hands sweatingwhich leads into you becomingmentally afraid?
This concept of environment versuscognition is the cornerstone of theFunctionalist Approach.
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Functionalism
William James focused on thefunctions of mind and behavior.
Functionalism
which was the study of the functionrather than the structure of consciousness, was interested
in how our minds adapt to our changing environment
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Behaviorism
the school of psychology that focuses on how a specificstimulus (object, person, or event) evokes a specificresponse (behavior in reaction to the stimulus)
heavy emphasis on observable behavior
much easier to study than concepts such asmotivation, emotion, intelligence, etc.
Some behaviorists (B.F. Skinner) even argued thatmental processes don¶t exist!
ex. saying that you ³like´ dogs refers to an
unobservable mental process Instead, you approach dogs, pet them, protect them,
etc. because these responses have becomeassociated with the stimulus ³dog´
cut out the middle man of mental processes...
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Behaviorism
Using the principles of r einf orc ement andpuni shment , behaviorists conducted a greatdeal of formative research on learning and
associations.
Lasting impact on the field of psychology, butthe pendulum has swung back from suchextreme perspectives... Today, psychologists acknowledge the role of
behaviorist principles in determining our behavior,but also focus on the mental processes that drivesuch behaviors.
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Gestalt Psychology
³gestalt´ = German for ³whole´
Gestalt psychology: an approach to understandingmental processes that focuses on the idea that thewhole is more than the sum of its parts
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Gestalt Psychology
Our brains organize incoming information into
perc ept ual uni ts (a whole formed from individualparts)
pragnanz : German for ³conciseness´ We tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular,
orderly, symmetric, and simple.
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Gestalt
What do you see here?
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Gestalt psychology: emergence
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Psychodynamic Theory
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Viennese physician
specializing in neurology Psychodynamic theory:
a theory of howthoughts and feelingsaffect behavior; refers
to the push-and-pullinteraction amongconscious andunconscious forces
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Psychodynamic Theory
based on the notion that the mind is not aunitary construct Instead, Freud believed that there are separate
components of the mind, some of which areunconscious. outside conscious awareness and not able to be brought
to consciousness by will
Freud believed that many of our unconscious
urges are sexual and/or aggressive in nature. Because these urges are often unacceptable at aconscious level, we banish them to our unconscious.
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Psychodynamic Theory
The ideas of conscious and unconsciouspsychology led to the development of psyc hodynamic theory. Greek: psyc he (³mind´) and dynamo (³power´)
Behavior is the product of the push-and-pullinteraction between conscious andunconscious forces. ex. People who wash their hands compulsively
might be trying to wash away the ³dirt´ of their unconscious desires.
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The Psychodynamic Approach
Key features (1):
Mind has 3 parts: conscious, unconscious and preconscious
conscious: thoughts and perceptions
preconscious: available to consciousness, e.g. memories
and stored knowledge
unconscious: wishes and desires formed in childhood,biological urges. Determines most of behaviour
Personality has 3 components - id, ego & superego
id: unconscious, urges needing instant gratification ego: develops in childhood, rational. Chooses between id
and external demands
superego: conscience, places restrictions on behaviour
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The Psychodynamic Approach
Key features (2):
� Freud¶s µmental
iceberg¶ view of the mind
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The Psychodynamic Approach
Key features (3):
Psychosexual stages of development
Develop through stages in childhood
Oral (0±18 months)
Anal (18 months±3 years)
Phallic (3±6 years)
Latent (6 yrs±puberty)
Genital (puberty onwards)
At each stage, libido is focused on different part of body
Failure to progress (fixating) causes neuroses
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The Psychodynamic Approach
Key features (4):
Ego mediates conflict between id, ego, superego
defence mechanisms include repression,displacement, denial, reaction formation
repression pushes stuff into unconscious, but itexerts influence from there, may cause problems
Cure neuroses by bringing material from unconscious
to conscious free association
dream analysis
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The Psychodynamic Approach
Evaluation:
Significant impact:
� theories of personality, motivation, development
� therapeutic techniques in clinical and counselling psychology
� captured the popular imagination, providing an accessibleframework for everyday understanding
Unscientific?
methodologically poor untestable (e.g. concept of denial)
Limited impact on scientific psychology
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Humanistic Psychology
School of psychology that emphasizesnonverbal experiences and altered states of consciousness as a means of realizing one¶s
full human potential Importance of love, belonging, human
potential, and self-esteem.
Abraham Maslow
Not mainstream, more a cultural and spiritualmovement.
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Definition
Human capacity for choice and growth.
Humans have free will
Not fated to behave in specific ways. Subjective experience of the world--how
humans experience things, why theyexperience things, etc.
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Humanistic Psychology
Emphasizes the study of the wholeperson.
Behavior is determined by perception of world around him.
Not a product of their environment
Internally directed an motivated to fulfilltheir potential.
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According to humanistic
psychologists, we are motivated notmerely to survive, but to become
better and better.
T hi s proc ess i s call ed sel f -ac t ualizat ion.
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Origins
Middle ages
Began in the 15th century
Modern humanistic psychologyemerged in the mid-1950¶s.
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Evolution
Humanistic psychology emerged in themid-1950¶s and complemented
behaviorism and psychoanalysis with itsfocus on the individual as a wholeperson.
Continued to grow in the second half of
the 20th century
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU