School1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso · ELearning for Renewable Energy Higher...

Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A) School1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso School funded by:

Partners:

Book of Programme and Abstracts


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Organising Committee

-Prof. Dr. Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe, ANSOLE and BALEWARE Coordinator, Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria (Initiator and Director of SEA-Schools)

-Dr. Matthias Höher, Managing Director, Center for International Development and Environmental Research, Julius Liebig University Giessen (Financial Director)

-Dr. Daniel Yamegueu, Head of Laboratory of Solar Energy and Energy savings, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Host and Local Organiser)

- Prof. Dr. Michael Düren, Professor of Experimental Physics & Coordinator of SEPA (Solar Energy Partnership with Africa), Julius Liebig University Giessen, Germany

-Prof. Dr. Dieter Meissner, Professor of Sustainable Energetics, University of Tallin, Estonia

-Prof. Dr. Angeles Lopez Agüera, CLRLA-UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Communities Development, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

-Prof. Dr. Reinhold Lang, Director of IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

-Prof. Dr. Veronika Wittmann, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austris

-Prof. Dr. Yezouma Coulibaly, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

-Dr. Edem N´Tsoukpoe, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

-Dr. Christoph Ulbricht, IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

-Dr. Ferdinand Ndum, Universitätsklinikum Jena and ANSOLE e.V. Jena, Germany

-Ms Jana Bauer, Julius Liebig University Giessen, Germany

-Ms Gudrun Haider, IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

-Ms Leonie Schoelen, University Paris Descartes, France/Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany


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Programme

-Travel to Ouagadougou and check in Pacific Hotel by participants: 25-26 February 2017

Monday, 27th February 2017

08:30 – 09:30

Registration & Networking + Assembly of Solar Cookers

09:30 – 09:45

Welcome by organisers & organizational issues (Daniel Yamegueu, Daniel Egbe)

09:45 – 10:15

Opening address by the Prof. Alfa Oumar Dissa, Burkinabé Minister of Energy

10:15 – 11:00

VW-Stiftung and its activities in sub-Saharan Africa+ ANSOLE+JKU + SEPA+ UNIPID (D. A. M. Egbe)

2iE (Daniel. Yamegueu)

USC and its solar energy research (Angeles Lopez)

11.00-11.30 Solar Cookers ( D. A. M. Egbe) + Coffee break

11:30-12:30 African Energy Potentials and Energy Policies (Daniel Yamegueu)

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch break + Visit of Demonstration sites

14:00 – 15:30

Fundamentals on Energy and Teaching Sustainable Energetics (Dieter Meissner)

15:30– 17:00 Sustainable Development in Context - The Nexus to Technologies & Materials. Part 1: Introduction, Scope and Aims (Reinhold Lang)

17:30 – 17:00

Coffee break

17:00 -18:30 Raising awareness on sustainable energies through performing arts ( Emelda Samba)

20:00-21.00 Dinner

21.00-22.00 working on energy scenario 2050 and theater projects

Tuesday, 28th February 2017

08:30 – 10:00

Sustainable Development in Context - The Nexus to Technologies & Materials. Part 2: Sustainable Development and the Nexus to Technologies & (Engineering) Education (Reinhold Lang)

10:00-11:00 Biomass and Bioenergy: issues and prospects for Africa (Marie SAWADOGO)

11:00 - 11:30 Coffee break

11:30 - 12:30 Which Solar PV Technology is Appropriate for West Africa? (Moussa SORO)

12:30 – 14:00

Lunch Break and visit of demonstration sites

14:00 – 15:30

Integral Development in the frame of the Sustainable Communities Project (Angeles López Agüera),

15:30 – 16:30

Thermal comfort in tropical regions (Yezouma COULIBALY)


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16:30 – 17:30

Potable water for all: The role of renewable energy (Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA

19:00- 20.30 Dinner

Wednesday, 1st March 2017

Sustainable Energy Technologies

08:30 - 10:00 Renewable Energy Systems for Rural Electrification: Case Studies from Cameroon (Emmanuel Tanyi)

10:00 – 11:30

Interests of energy efficiency in African countries (Anne Riahle)

11:30 – 12:30

Concentrated solar power for Africa (Kokouvi Edem N TSOUKPOE)

12:30-14.00 Lunch

14:00- 15:30 World Risk Society. Environmental Risks: a driving force for cosmopolitanism (Veronika Wittmann)

15:30-16:30 Energy Efficient Buildings+ Building Integrated Photovoltaics (Nolween HUREL)

16:30-18:00 From Past to Present: An Overview on Organic Photovoltaics (Harald Hoppe)

19:00-20:00 Dinner

20:00- 22:00 Energy scenario and theater projects continue…

Thursday, 2nd March 2017

08:30 - 10:00 Sustainable Development Goals: Sustainable Solutions for Global Problems (Veronika Wittmann)

10:00 - 12:00 Fondamentals of Project Cycle Management and Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning: how to shape up ex ante successful proposal in the field of sustainable energy (Emanuela Colombo)

12.30 – 14.00

Lunch

14:00 – 16:00

Performance and Impact Evaluation Framework: how to measure in-itinere and ex-post a project in the field of sustainable energy (Emanuela Colombo)

16:00-16:30 Coffee Break

16:30- 18:00 Problem-based learning approach for teaching photovoltaic technologies from device technology to system design ( Arouna Darga)

20:00-21:00 Dinner

Friday, 3rd March 2017

08:30 – 10:00

ELearning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa (Erick Tambo)

10:00-11:30 Materials Design in Organic Electronics (Daniel A. M. Egbe)

11:30-13:00 Coffee break + Poster presentations (3 minutes presentation each): selection of best 3 posters by a jury of 4 lecturers (2 males and 2 females)

13:00-14:30 Lunch break

14:30-19:00 Free time/rehearsals of TfD

19:00 – 23:00

Summer school dinner: closing remarks by the organisers, award of the certificates of participation, award of poster prizes and performance of theater, dancing, etc.

Departure as from Saturday 4th of November 2017


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Abstract and Biography of Lecturers


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Solar Cookers Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE

Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria & African Network for Solar Energy e.V. (ANSOLE e.V.), Ebertstr. 14, 07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected] Abstract Solar cooking is a means to alleviate energy poverty and deforestation caused by wood burning for cooking, especially in developing countries in Africa and Asia. It can also eradicate the several million of premature deaths every year caused by inhalation of smoke.1

Based on the lectures held during CONSOLFOOD 2016 in Faro, Portugal,1 this presentation depicts the various types of solar cookers and show the advantages and disadvantages of using them in the African context. Reference

1) Neumann, A. L. et al, Proceedings of CONSOLFOOD 2016 − International Conference on Advances in Solar Thermal Food Processing Faro-Portugal, 22-23 January, 2016

Materials Design in Organic Electronics Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE

Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz,

Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]

Abstract Since the discovery of electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene by Shirakawa et al.,1 enormous progress has been achieved in the design, synthesis and detailed studies of the

properties and applications of -conjugated polymers. 2

In the first part of the lecture, the materials design principles will be presented with main focus on how to tune the bandgap of conjugated materials and adjust their HOMO and LUMO energy levels for different applications.2

The second part of the lecture will look into the type of polymeric materials called poly(arylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(arylene-vinylene)s (PAE–PAVs) which constitute a class of conjugated compounds combining the intrinsic properties of both poly(arylene-ethynylene) (PAE) and poly(arylene-vinylene) (PAV) into a single polymeric backbone with additional structure-specific properties. New insights gained from this class of materials since 2000 through systematic study of the effect of alkoxy side chains will be presented.4 This is based on so-called conservative research approach. Acknowledgement: FWF is acknowledged for financial support through grant N° I 1703-N20 References

1. Shirakawa, H et al. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1977, 578-580


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2. a) Cheng Y.-J et al. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5868. b) H. Zhou et al. Macromolecules 2012, 45, 607-632, c) Chochos, C. L. et al. Prog. Polym Sci. 2011, 36, 1326-1414.

3. a) Egbe, D. A. M. et al. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 34, 1023-1067. b) Egbe, D. A. M et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 1338 – 1349.

4. a) Bouguerra, N. et al. Macromolecules 2016, 49, 455-464. b) Boudiba, S et al.

Journal Polym. Sci: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 129–143.

Biography: Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe

Prof. Daniel A. M. Egbe was born in Mambanda Cameroon on May 20, 1966. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics and Chemistry in 1991 from the University of Yaoundé, Cameroon. In 1992, he moved to Germany where he obtained a Master of Science degree and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry in 1995 and 1999, respectively, from the Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena. He completed his Habilitation in organic chemistry at the same institution in 2006. From 2006 to 2008, he spent postdoctoral stays at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, the Technical University of Eindhoven in Holland, and at the Technical University of Chemnitz, Germany. Since 2009, he researches and lectures at the Johannes Kepler University Linz. Egbe’s main research interest is the design of semiconducting materials for

optoelectronic applications. He is a member of the German Chemical Society (GDCh), Organic Electronics Association (OE-A), and a board member of the World University Service (WUS). Egbe is the initiator of the German-Cameroonian Coordination Office, initiator and international coordinator of the African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE), initiator and chairperson of ANSOLE e.V., an institution legally representing ANSOLE, and initiator of the Cameroon Renewable Energy Network (CAMREN). In May 2015, he initiated the research platform BALEWARE (Bridging Africa, Latin America and Europe on Water and Renewable Energies Applications), which was officially launched on the 12th of December 2016 at the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania. . In 2015 he was an independent evaluator for the World Bank Group in higher education issues and was appointed member of the scientific council of the newly created “Ecole Supérieure des Métiers des Energies Renouvelables (ESMER), in Benin. He is part of the team developing research programs at the Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences and Climate Change (PAUWES) in Tlemcen, Algeria. He also acted as an independent evaluator of the Association of African Universities in 2016. In the same year, he was appointed the first Distinguished Brian O´Connell Visiting Fellow of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. He is the initiator and director of the VolkswagenStiftung-sponsored “Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)” schools. He has published more than 110 peer-reviewed articles and coauthored a book on renewable energy in Sub-Saharan Africa. He speaks more than 5 languages, is married, and is father of 4 children. Email: [email protected]/ [email protected], sykpe: danielegbe1

mailto:[email protected]/


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African Potential and Policies in Renewable Energy

Daniel YAMEGUEU

Assistant professor in Energy Engineering, Head of the Laboratory for Solar Energy and

Energy Savings (LESEE), International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering

(2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. [email protected]

Abstract

Promoting Renewable Energies is a key pillar for achieving the Sustainable

Development Goals SDG), especially in the domain of energy. In fact, renewable

energy solutions can expand electricity access, increase productivity, create jobs,

improve water security and bolster poverty alleviation efforts, in particular in Africa

where the energy access rate remains the lowest in the world. However, setting

renewable energy targets and formulating dedicated policies to implement them is

not yet a reality in many African countries.

The African Renewable Energy potential and Renewable Energy Policies are

assessed in this presentation. First a review on the renewable energy potentials in

the different regions of Africa is exposed with a focus on the main technologies that

could be implemented in each region. Then, a review on the renewable policies

adopted in some regions of the Africa is presented with their impacts on the installed

renewable-based power capacities. Finally, some suggestions for accelerating

renewable energy development in Africa are made.

Biography: Dr. Daniel Yamegueu

Dr. Daniel YAMEGUEU has a MSc and a Ph.D in energy Engineering. He is Assistant Professor in Energy Engineering at the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso. He has been the adjunct director of Education in charge of the Bachelor Degree and is actually the head of Laboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings (LESEE) at 2iE. Dr. YAMEGUEU is also the national representative of the African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE) in Burkina Faso and is member of many scientific networks in the energy area.

Dr. YAMEGUEU's research is actually focused on solar PV and hybrid energy systems. Contact: [email protected] / [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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Fundamentals on Energy and Teaching Sustainable Energetics

Dieter MEISSNER

Faculty of Chemical and Materials Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia. [email protected]

Abstract Whereas it took decades to even establish some principles of sustainability in Western economics there is not enough time to follow this path for developing countries. Here industrialization has to happen already in a sustainable way. Therefore engineers, playing a central role in this process, have to be educated on the most advanced level possible. Since until 2050 power supply based on fossil energy carriers has to be replaced by CO2-free means, which means basically by solar energy. So, energetics, the "the study of energy under transformation" (Wikipedia), plays a key role. However, a profound understanding of energy and its sustainable use is still rudimentary in science and engineering. Whereas individual energy conversion devices such as solar cells, wind energy converters or pumps are highly efficient, energy utilization systems such as hydraulic systems installed in industry allow reduction of energy input by 80 to 90 % when optimized [1]. But the problem starts even earlier when trying to define "energy" itself or to explain, why electricity production from thermal energy reaches far less than 50 % efficiency while electricity generation in hydro power plants is at least twice as efficient. A profound understanding of the theoretical basics of energetics as well as system thinking and analysis are needed to really understand and handle energy in an optimized way. Additionally, environmental, social and institutional knowledge is needed to design "sustainable" energy systems. Here a new "breed" of engineers is needed, generalists rather than specialists, but at the same time understanding the fundamentals of engineering to really talk to the specialists and use their knowledge to optimize systems. In order to further develop these ideas a new curriculum fit for a University of Applied Sciences in Austria was developed and then it was designed a University curriculum specializing on materials science for energetics for both Estonian Universities, Tartu University and Tallinn University of Technology [2]. After a few year of experience, an analysis of our achievements is given together with ideas how to implement corresponding curricula in developing countries in order to create the knowledge base for a sustainable development of industry and society worldwide. Key words: Sustainability, Energy, Energetics, Education References

1. P. Hawken, A. B. Lovins, L. H. Lovins: "Natural capitalism", Little, Brown & Company, 1999

2. Dieter Meissner, Enn Mellikov, Andres Öpik, Ilmar Koppel, E. Lust; J. Mat. Education 2009, 31,23-32



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Biography: Prof. Dieter Meissner

Prof. Dieter Meissner obtained his PhD at the University of Hamburg in Germany. He is a Professor of Sustainable Energetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia. He is also a FH-Professor of eco-energy technology at the University of Applied Sciences in Wels, Austria; Chief Scientist at Crystalsol GmbH, Austria and Crystalsol OÜ, Estonia. Meissner's main research interests are photoelectrochemistry, photovoltaics, and materials research and development. Meissner published more than 170 papers in top refereed scientific journals, and 150 papers in proceedings volumes. He has more than 150 patents. He edited and co-edited two

books. During his academic career, Meissner developed two universities curricula: the eco-energy engineering curricula at the University of Applied Sciences, Austria, and the sustainable energetics curricula of the international master course of both Estonian universities, Tartu University, and Tallinn University of Technology. He taught at many universities, including: the University of Hamburg, Germany, Osaka University, Japan, University Buenos Aires, Argentina, Technion Haifa, Israel, Linz University, Austria, and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia. Meissner is the initiator, founder and co-founder of five universities spin-out companies, namely AQR consulting, Wels, Austria, ALPPS Fuel Cell Systems GmbH (fuel cells), Graz, Austria, Solar Surface (Selective Absorbers), Linz, Austria, crystalsol OÜ (PV solar cell powders), Tallinn, Estonia, crystalsol GmbH (PV modules), Vienna, Austria.

Sustainable Development in Context – The Nexus to Technologies & Materials

Part 1: Introduction, Scope and Aims Part 2: The Key Role of Technologies & (Engineering) Education

Reinhold W. LANG

University Professor and Director of the Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing,

Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria. [email protected]

Abstract

To identify some of the key technological challenges from a global perspective, reference is

made to the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs), adopted by the UN General

Assembly in September 2015. Thus, it is generally accepted that eradicating the global

disparity in welfare and meeting the desire of the growing global population for prosperity,

adequate technologies along with proper choices of materials are needed as key element of

any Sustainable Development scenario. Indeed, among the total of 17 SDGs, numerous may

be linked directly to technologies and materials (e.g., SDGs 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13), others perhaps

more indirectly (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 11, 14, 15). As technologies and materials pervade all aspects of



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human life, in a broader sense, they may be considered to also pervade and touch upon all

SDGs, at least to some extent. The present lecture series, consisting of two lecture units (Part

1 and Part 2), aims at highlighting the important role of technologies and materials along with

needed innovations in achieving the SDGs 2030. Special attention will be given also to

aspects related to engineering education.

Part 1 (lecture 1) will cover the overall scope of this lecture series in an interactive teaching

mode, simultaneously pursuing the following aims:

To enhance and deepen the knowledge and awareness towards the grand global

challenges, crucial to the near-future development of human society (next 40-50 years).

based on an evolutionary and historic perspective along with recent scientific findings.

To foster a better understanding for the potential role of technologies and materials (in

particular polymeric materials based technologies) in helping to resolve some of these

grand global challenges of human society.

Considering the overall topical scheme of the Summer School, in Part 2 (lecture 2) a special

focus will be given to the key role of the transformation of the energy system. As to the case of

energy, it is now increasingly acknowledged that the transformation of the current fossil fuel

and nuclear based energy system to an energy system substantially-to-fully based on

renewable resources within the next decades is at the core of any future Sustainable

Development path. Here it is quite obvious that the selection of adequate materials is of prime

importance for the entire energy transformation chain in general, and for the primary

conversion of solar energy into electricity or heat in particular. Following the trends in other

fields of technology and application (i.e., packaging, buildings and construction, automotive,

electrical and electronics industry), there are strong indications that polymeric materials

(plastics, elastomers, composites, hybrid materials) will also be the key motor for

technological advances and innovations in future solar energy technologies.

Biography: o.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.mont. Reinhold W. Lang

Professor Lang graduated in 1978 at the University of

Leoben (A) with a Dipl.-Ing. degree in Polymer

Engineering and Science, and he obtained a PhD degree

in 1984 at Lehigh University (USA). He then joined BASF

AG (D) from 1984 to 1991, holding a research and group

leader position in the field of advanced composites. In

1991 he became Full Professor at the University of

Leoben (A). Acting also as Director of the Polymer

Competence Center Leoben (PCCL) from 2002 to 2008,


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he had a leading role in establishing and developing the PCCL to about 100 employees.

Since September 2009 he holds the Chair of Polymeric Materials and Testing at the

Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Linz (A), also heading the institute with the same name.

The research focus of Professor Lang is in the fields of “Mechanics , Fracture and Fatigue of

Plastics and Polymer Composites” and “Polymeric Materials & Sustainable Development”.

He is author and co-author, respectively, of more than 230 papers. In his role as initiator and

coordinator of large, multi-partner collaborative research projects (science and industry), he

has successfully applied for and directed a publically funded research budget of about EURO

65 Mio. over the past 15 years. Thus he currently acts as Project Director of the Austrian

research project platform SolPol, focusing on polymer related innovations for solar

technologies. Contact: [email protected]. Websites: www.jku.at/ipmt, www.solpol.at

Theatre for Development

Emelda Ngufor SAMBAa & Mercy Mafor Ngekwih NEBAb

aDepartment of Arts and Archaeology, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon bWomen of Tomorrow Association (W.O.T.A) in Limbe, Cameroon

[email protected]

Theatre for development, variously known as theatre for social change, theatre for

conscientisation, and theatre for awareness-creation, etc. is a form of theatre that emanates

from community participation. As opposed to mainstream theatre where a theatre troupe

rehearses a play and performs it to a passive audience, it lends itself to Paulo Freire’s

progressive education that sees both the student and the teacher as learners. Also known as

process theatre, Theatre for Development creates opportunities for communities to reflect on

some pressing challenges and to seek alternative ways of doing things. Community

members cease to be passive executors of decisions taken in high offices and become

decision makers in the re-writing of their history. The revolution is rehearsed in the theatre

creation process and the real revolution is carried out when faced with the same or similar

situation in real life.

The workshop/lecture on Theatre for development will provide an alternative perspective of

communication. Moving away from the traditional lectures in the classroom, the course will

take student participants into a world of dialogue, reflection, and action, what Paolo Freire, in

his book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed has termed praxis. Students will have the opportunity

to reflect on the various concepts and theories that have so far guided this flexible theatre

form

The lecture/workshop shall be divided into two main phases. In Phase I students shall be

introduced to concepts and theories on which theatre for development, especially in Africa,

are founded. These include applied theatre, pedagogy of the oppressed and hope,

appreciative inquiry, and theatre of the oppressed. Part two shall focus on practical work

where students will have hands-on experience on the use of theatre for development as a

tool to create awareness on the benefits and challenges of renewable energy. The play

created (of an open-ended nature) shall be presented to an audience, who, following Agusto



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Boal’s precept of forum theatre shall be able to invade the stage and determine the outcome

of the story. Finally, there shall be room for discussions between performers and spec-actors

for more reflections and a better understanding of renewable energy.

Biography: Dr. Emelda Ngufor SAMBA

Emelda Ngufor Samba is senior Lecturer and Head of the

Performing Arts and Cinematography Section of the

University of Yaounde I, Cameroon where she offers

courses in Performing Arts. She has facilitated and co-

facilitated several workshops in and out of Cameroon.

Her interest and participation in Theatre for development

as a tool for bringing about transformational change in

society dates back to 1997 when she first assisted in

running a TFD workshop on early pregnancies, forced

marriages, and the education of the girl child. Since then

this interest has taken her to rural communities, centres

for the disabled, rehabilitation centres for juveniles,

prisons, secondary schools and universities where she

has challenged workshop participants and later on

audiences to rethink their present situations and dare

alternative approaches to resolve existing problems. She has written numerous research

papers on Theatre for development and her book, Women in Theatre for Development in

Cameroon, Participation, Contributions and Limitations, highlights her interest in

different societal issues and how she has used TFD to address them. Presently she is

researching on David Cooperrider’s Appreciative Inquiry as an alternative approach to

Theatre/cinema for Development as opposed to the problem-posing approach that TFD

practitioners have adapted from Paulo Freire. No Bills with the Sun a play on solar energy

was the outcome of her first TFD workshop on renewable energy, a workshop that took place

at the University of Yaounde I during ANSOLE DAYS, 2010. Her interest has also extended

in developing a concept for Cinema for Development practice in Cameroon. Contact: Tel:

(+237) 677975249), Email: [email protected]

Biography: Mercy Mafor Ngekwik Neba

Mercy Mafor Ngekwih NEBA is a holder of a Post

Graduate Diploma in Education from the National

Teachers’ Institute Kaduna, Nigeria after completing her

Bachelor’s degree in Performing Arts and Cinematography

from the University of Yaoundé 1. Her Passion in

transforming the lives of vulnerable people dates as far

back as 2003 when she founded the Women of Tomorrow

Association (W.O.T.A) in Limbe, Cameroon, for the

empowerment and emancipation of the girl child. Mercy

has co-facilitated and facilitated a number of T.F.D

workshops on HIV/AIDS and Adolescent Girl Crisis in 2004

and 2005 and is in the process of sharpening her skills as

a Theatre for Development facilitator. Her interest in these

workshops has encouraged and taken her to rural

communities where she is currently working with minors



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who are prostitutes, teenage mothers and victims of domestic violence to name but these

few. She is a peer support provider to victims of gender based violence trained by LUKMEF

under U.N Women Project of “Ending Violence against Women in Anglophone Cameroon”.

Her Commitment in Community Development Activities earned her the position of

coordinator of a Community Mediation Association known as Community Initiative

Development Association “C.O.M.I.N.D.A” in 2016. She is one of the pioneer recently trained

Community Mediators under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Civic Education. Contact:

Email address: [email protected], Tel : (+237) 671542682

Biomass and Bioenergy: issues and prospects for Africa

Marie SAWADOGO

International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina

Faso. [email protected]

Abstract

Biomass is one the feedstock available for energy production in Africa. The energy situation

in Africa is characterized by low rates of access to energy and a high dependence on

traditional biomass for cooking. The region's energy balance shows that almost 78% of total

energy demand comes from traditional biomass, i.e. wood and charcoal, which are used by

more than 90% of the population for domestic cooking. Furthermore, there is a large amount

of industrial wastes as well agricultural residues that can be converted to energy. Moreover,

since recent years, African countries are developing policies for biofuel production from

jatropha, balanites aegyptiaca, sweet sorghum…

One of the issues of biomass to energy in Africa is to collect this biomass, to transform it and

make it accessible for people when ensuring a sustainable development. Each country has

its particularity in term of biomass availability and policy for bioenergy development.

The goal of the present contribution is to present the different sources of biomass available

for energy production in Africa. Biomass conversion to energy by combustion, gasification,

transesterification, pyrolysis, and briquetting…will be presented.

Then, challenges of bioenergy development in Africa in terms of sustainability, cost

efficiency, food security, and land occupancy will also be addressed.

Biography: Dr Marie Sawadogo

Dr. Marie SAWADOGO is an assistant professor in Industrial

Engineering at 2iE (International Institute for Water and

Environmental Engineering). She has a Ph.D. in process

control obtained at “Université de Lorraine” in France. After a

post-doctoral position at “Ecole des Mines de Nantes”, she

joined the Biomass Energy & Biofuel Laboratory (LBEB) of 2iE

since 2012.

Her research field is biomass and bioenergy sector

development, industrial integration of waste as energy,

biomass supply chain assessment and optimization,



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sustainability of bioenergy sectors regarding the context of Africa. Contact:

[email protected]

Which Solar PV Technology is Appropriate for West Africa?

Moussa SORO, Alain TOSSA, Daniel YAMEGUEU

LESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International

d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina

[email protected]

Abstract

The performances of photovoltaic modules strongly depend on the environmental

conditions where the modules are installed. For example, the electrical power is

reduced when the temperature of the PV cells is high. Furthermore, a high level of

solar radiation enhances the energy yield, but the aging of the modules can be

unfortunately accelerated depending on the semiconductor material. However, the

manufacturers provide in their datasheets PV performances measured in lab under

optimum conditions (STC conditions: AM 1.5; Solar radiation of 1000 W/m² and cell

temperature equal to 25 °C) that cannot be met in real operation conditions of

photovoltaic systems. When one need to obtain the real performance of a given PV

technology installed in a certain climatic zone, three approaches can be used. First,

the module can be characterized on-site under the real conditions through an outdoor

measurement facilities. Secondly, the module can be characterized by creating the

climatic conditions of the site in a climate simulation chamber. Thirdly, the behavior of

the module can be numerically modeled from the solar irradiance and climatic

parameters (temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity). In the present lecture

session we propose an approach that combine the first and third methods for three

PV silicon technologies (monocrystalline, polycrystalline and micromorph thin films).

Indeed, an I-V bench facility is installed at 2iE in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) for the

outdoor characterization of PV modules. The performance ratio (PR) is calculated

form I-V data measured under real operating climate conditions. The real

performance obtain can then, be used to validate the numerical models we proposed

for the calculation of the performance ratio in a climate areas where outdoor

characterization facilities are not available. Two simulation methods based on PV cell

equivalent electrical circuits and artificial neural networks respectively have been

analyzed. As the last method gives the most accurate results we use it to determine

the performance ratio of the modules in the other regions of West Africa when

weather data are available. Thus, for each PV technology considered, performance

ratio mapping can be built by means of modeling for West Africa region.

Biography: Dr. Y. Moussa Soro


16

Dr. Y. Moussa Soro is a specialist in solar photovoltaic

energy, renewable energy and energy policy. He is

now associate professor at 2iE where he is also the

Head of the department of electrical, energy and

industrial engineering. He studied physics, electrical

and electronic systems before taking his PhD diploma

on photovoltaic solar cells characterization at

University of Paris Sud XI. Before join 2iE he has

worked at IRDEP, a joined lab of EDF (Electricité de

France) in Paris area as junior researcher. His

research issues were focused on chalcopyrite solar

cells (CIS and CIGS) deposition and characterization

for the enhancement of their performance by reducing the recombination in the buffer layer.

Now, his research activities at 2iE address the impacts of the weather and environmental

parameters on the photovoltaic generators performance in hot countries. The purpose is to

achieve accurate results on different photovoltaic technologies in order to determine the most

suitable photovoltaic technologies to hot and harsh climates. Moreover, in so far as the

electrification rate is very low in African countries, especially in rural areas, his research

combine technical and political aspects in order to offer low cost energy services to African

rural and peri-urban populations. Contact: [email protected]

Integral Development in the frame of the Sustainable Communities Project

Angeles López AGÜERA

Physics Faculty. Campus Vida.University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de

Compostela. Spain. [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of the Sustainable Communities Project (SCP) is take the lead in the achieving of

UN´s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by contributing to design future sustainable

development. SCP is being carried out since 2014 by the Special Committee for Local and

Regional Leaders Appointment (CLRLA) sponsored by UNESCO.

During last years, initiatives as the Climate, Land, Energy and Water systems (CLEWs)

approach which integrate the resource assessments into one framework demonstrates how

are a positive factor on the eradication of poverty but clearly insufficient. The people suffering

poverty, in a multidimensional sense, continue to rise, the global electricity access levels

remain low, water access is sometime rudimentary and land and malnourishment issues

persist.

In this context, a more ambitious approach born: the Sustainable Communities Project

(SCP). As a distinctive feature to any previous initiative, the SCP handles the concept of

integral development in their actions, establishing seven interdependent intervention areas,

ranging from socio economic development to education, the access to safe food, health

services and, of course, access to clean water and energy .



17

The sustainable communities Project (SCP) focuses on the assessment of the effects of Low

External Dependence Distributed Model (LEDD) implementation by Development

Cooperation in isolated communities, independently on their idiosyncrasies (ethnic,

geographic, economic and otters).The global objective is ensure the fulfilment of the needs

and expectations through responsible and self managed value of their own resources,

ensuring their sustainable development, increasing their resilience and stimulating

reproducibility in adjacent communities.

SCP is mostly about the design and development of a widely applicable LEDD that will be

validated experimentally in a total of 200 SCP carried out in six different regions of the globe

(Central America and Caribbean, South America, Central Asia, the Horn of Africa, Southern

Africa and Palestine). Each initiative will be implemented in communities smaller than 20000

inhabitants constituted by a set of residential structures (villages, nomadic populations, etc.)

independently of their cultural, climatic and socio-economic context.

Biography: Professor Angeles López Agüera

Actual professional situation:

Doctor in Physics 1986, Full Professor at the University of Santiago de

Compostela (Spain), Chairman of the CLRLA-Unesco for Sustainable

Communities Development. Member of the International Panel for

Climate Changes, Coordinator of the Sustainable Energy Application

Group (SEAG) at the Santiago de Compostela University (Spain).

Previous Experience

Dean of the Physics Faculty at USC, Associated Research at CERN

(European Centre for Nuclear Research, Geneva), Coordinator of

Master on Renewable Energies and Sustainability USC, Associated

Professor at the Padova University (Italy).

Research main results

More than 290 international publications, 32 international financed projects, 12 Doctoral

Thesis, 45 graduated-thesis. Actually is leading the Sustainable Energy Application Group

(SEAG) at USC a multidisciplinary team formed now by 16 members coming from 8 different

nationalities developing work on 3 research lines:

•Photovoltaic Solar Energy, in particular in the field of characterization of both solar panels

and batteries. The main activity is centred on the development of algorithms focused on the

control of ageing effects. The SEAG, in the figure of the IP is responsible for the monitoring

and Control of the Photovoltaic Power System of the Pierre Auger Observatory, an

International Collaboration dedicated to basic research in the field of Astroparticle Physics.

Moreover, from 2012, the SEAG has a Characterization Laboratory (LACEM) which offers

service to the University and the Industry.

•Development of Adequate Technologies in the field of solar energy. In particular, solar

dryer, thermal solar panels, water disinfection systems and others.

•Design and implementation of Sustainable Community Project (SCP). This lines is

being developed in the framework of a Mundial UNESCO initiative. The IP of the SEAG

group, take the responsibility of the SCP as Chairman on 2015. At this moment, the SEAG

leads 43 SCP in Latin America, financed by UNESCO. In the same frame, the group has

participated in a European Project financed by the European Social Fund (Symbios Project).

Contact: [email protected], [email protected],


18

Thermal Comfort in Tropical Regions

Yezouma COULIBALY


Faso. [email protected]

Abstract

Thermal comfort is the situation in which an individual feels neither hot nor cold. It depends on subjective parameters such as age, health status, geographical origin, and clothing. It also depends on objective parameters such as air temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In Africa and tropical areas in general the objective parameters are such that individuals require air conditioning to be comfortable. Air conditioning can be achieved by passive air conditioning and/or active air conditioning. This leads to a more or less high energy consumption depending on cases. This course describes thermal comfort and different methods to achieve it, with minimum energy consumed. It consists of the following parts: Thermal comfort, comfort zones, assessment and comfort index, building materials and thermal comfort, habitat response to external climate stress, and design of bioclimatic habitat.

Biography: Professor Yezouma Coulibaly

Prof Yezouma Coulibaly: Scientific advisor to the

General Director of 2ie, and co-director of the joint

centre 2iE/Penn State, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Prof Yezouma Coulibaly devoted his professional career

to training and research at the International Institute for

Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE) where he

started as a lecturer and researcher since 1985. Since

then he has been successively appointed: “Study

Inspector”, Head of the department of Energy for Rural

Development, Head of the department Infrastructure of

Energy and Sanitation Engineering, head of the Training and Research Thematic Unit

“Energy and Industrial Engineering” at 2iE. Currently he is the scientific advisor to the

General Director of 2ie since June 2014. Contact: [email protected]

Potable Water for All: The role of Renewable Energy

Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA

Department of Water and Sanitary Engineering - Laboratory of Water, Depollution,

Ecosystem and Health, International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering,

Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. [email protected]

Abstract

The course entitled “(Potable) Water for All: The role of Renewable Energy” will first

introduce the processing of potable water from the source to the consumer. Because,

potable water is always linked with the wastewater after use, the second part will introduce

the wastewater processing, from the household to the disposal or reuse after transport and


19

treatment. Then, the energy need through these processes will be discussed before ending

the presentation with the possible role of renewable energy.

Biography: Dr Harínaivo Anderson Andrianisa

Dr Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA is an Assistant-

Professor of Water and Environmental Engineering at

2iE since April 2012. He is Responsible of the

Sanitation course of study at the Department of Water

and Sanitation and Lecturer of several water supply

and sanitation systems-related courses. He is actively

involved in the supervision of MSc researches on the

design of water supply, pumping stations, sewer and

drainage systems for urban African municipalities. His

other research interests are focused on low-cost

wastewater treatment systems, cyanide pollution in artisanal gold mining affected areas and

in the role of the informal sector in solid waste management in sub-Saharan Africa.

Prior to being at 2iE, Dr ANDRIANISA was in Madagascar to managing a consulting firm

specialised in water and environmental engineering for 4 years and Project Manager of

Environmental Education for an environmental training center for 2 years.

Dr ANDRIANISA his owner of a PhD a Master of Engineering from Japan and a Hydraulic

Engineer Degree from Madagascar.

Dr ANDRIANISA’s presentation entitled “(Potable) Water for All: The role of Renewable

Energy” will first introduce the processing of potable water from the source to the consumer.

Because, potable water is always linked with the wastewater after use, the second part will

introduce the wastewater processing, from the household to the disposal or reuse after

transport and treatment. Then, the energy need through these processes will be discussed

before ending the presentation with the possible role of renewable energy.

Renewable Energy for Rural Electrification: Case Studies from Cameroon

Emmanuel TANYI

Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, Cameroon

[email protected]

Abstract :

Rural electrification is the most urgent developmental problem in Cameroon. The national electricity grid is limited to the urban centers, to the almost total exclusion of the rural areas. The rural areas, which cover 70% of the surface area of the country and account for over 60% of the population, have no access to electricity. This is a decelerator of rural development and an impediment to the attainment of the millennium development goals.

Renewable energy, especially Solar Energy, has a huge potential to accelerate the rural electrification of Cameroon. The translation of this potential into tangible and sustainable rural electrification systems requires a multi-stakeholder approach combining the efforts of universities, industries, governments and organizations like ANSOLE.


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This paper highlights the author’s experiences as a major stakeholder in the deployment of renewable energy systems in Cameroon. Four experiences are reported in the paper:

The development of a Renewable Energy Map for Cameroon. Establishment of a partnership for Renewable Energy between the University of Buea

and thirty-one Local Authorities in Cameroon. Experimentation with alternative micro-grids for stand-alone solar systems. Case Studies of Renewable Energy Systems, designed and built by the author.

The Renewable Energy Map identifies the various Renewable Energy resources in different parts of the country. These include Waterfalls, for mini-hydro stations, Wind Energy on highland areas; sustainable biomass in the equatorial rainforest regions of the country and Solar Energy-everywhere!

The partnership for renewable energy between the university of Buea and thirty-one Local Authorities is a typical example of the multi-stakeholder approach needed to accelerate rural electrification.

Micro-grids based on Direct Current (DC) transmission have been developed as an alternative to AC transmission to get round the cos(phi) problem and to reduce systems cost through the elimination of inverters or a significant reduction in the number of inverters used.

The case studies show some of the practical Renewable Energy Systems already designed and deployed.

Biography: Professor Emmanuel Tanyi

Professor Emmanuel Tanyi is the Dean of The Faculty of

Engineering Technology at the University of Buea, in Cameroon.

He has been active in technological education in Cameroon for

thirty years during which time he has occupied several

administrative positions, including Head of Department of

Electrical Engineering at the National Advanced School of

Engineering (Polytechnic), in Yaounde, Deputy Director of the

College of Technology in Bandjoun, University of Dschang and

Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology at the

University of Buea.

He carried out his university studies in Britain: Bachelor of

Engineering at the University of Liverpool; Master of Engineering at the University of

Sheffield; PHD at the University of Sheffield.

His current research interests include Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Micro-Grid

Design. Contact: [email protected]

Interests of Energy Efficiency in African Countries

Anne RIAHLE

Alternatives pour l’énergie, les énergies renouvelables et l’environnement (AERE), 3

impasse de la Retourde - 73100 Aix les Bains, France. [email protected]

Abstract




21

Introduction will insist on the role of energy efficiency, as energy efficiency is one of the key

sofar renewable energy sources development, of climate change mitigation. Energy

efficiency has numerous positive impacts, for the countries, for the electricity utilities, for the

inhabitants, for the companies. Energy efficiency is also a support for adaptation to climate

change, as one of its consequences is a broader access to energy, for all users.

Projects and experiments in several countries demonstrate that public effort, put together to

promote energy savings, success to offer better services using less energy. Measures with a

return on investment of less than 3 years are saving on average up to 30% of the energy

consumption. The Conseil Mondial de l’Energie and ADEME, the French energy for energy

savings and RES, estimate that global savings in West Africa can even be higher, up to 40%

of the current consumption of the energy.

Examples of different actions in different energy usages will be described. We will first

present state of the art on West Africa on this topic. Then we will present different actions,

already implemented, or on going, actions for energy savings for buildings, appliances,

cooking, etc.

Then the question of implementation and follow up of actions will be questioned and a

method will be suggested, the aea®, African energy award®, to be discussed with students.

The lecture will include a discussion on how to push energy efficiency, considering that

despite its huge benefits, it is not yet really implemented. Barriers and solutions will be

discussed.

Biography: Dr Anne Riahle

Dr. A. RIALHE has a PhD in Energy (Ecole des Mines de Paris,

France, 1991) and an engineer diploma at the Ecole Supérieure de

l'Energie et des Matériaux (Orléans, France, 1988). In 2001, she

has created the company AERE, “Alternatives pour l’énergie, les

énergies renouvelables et l’environnement”.

She has more than 25 years experience on sustainable

development, rational use of energy (RUE) and renewable energy

sources (RES) development in Europe (Western and Eastern), in

China and Northern, West and East Africa. The projects realised

are analysing the technical and institutional aspects (the resources

and the technologies available in a specific context) as well as the economic, behavioural

and cultural aspects, in order to develop the promotion and dissemination of RUE and RES

projects.

She has executed and coordinated studies in the field of energy efficiency, in the housing

sector, services, and transports, as well as in the field of energy production based on the use

of renewable energy sources in the perspective of environmental sustainability. These

projects are research projects (simulation exercises for consumption and energy production,

for an electrical equipment, or for a country), infield applications, like the co-ordination and

the funding of thermal rehabilitation of dwellings in Ostrava, in the Czech Republic. She has

worked on implementation plan for RUE and RES based projects, on local and national

(French, Tunisian, Baltic countries) level. For these projects, she proposed strategies and

action plans to promote RUE and RES to specific actors (institutional, industrial, etc.) and

general public.


22

She has been a partner in the Seea-WA project, with ECREEE (ECOWAS countries), for the

Facility Energy of the European Union. The SEEA-WA project is contributing to access to

energy services in West Africa, through a regional programme to improve energy efficiency.

The project aims to overcome the technical, financial, legal, institutional, social, gender and

capacity related barriers that hinder the implementation of cost effective energy efficiency

(EE) measures and systems. SEEA-WA is developing initiatives for Standards and Labeling,

Lighting. Contact: [email protected]

Concentrated Solar Power for Africa

Kokouvi Edem N’TSOUKPOE

Assistant Professor, Laboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings (LESEE)


Faso, [email protected] / [email protected]

Abstract

Concentrating solar power technology is one of the emerging sustainable technologies

for electricity generation. The first part of this lecture introduces the participants to the

fundamentals of concentrating solar power (CSP) and provides an overview of the four

majors corresponding technologies, which are parabolic through, power tower, linear Fresnel

and parabolic dish systems. Because thermal energy storage is one of the most significant

advantages of CSP technologies compared to photovoltaic, the topic of thermal energy

storage integration to CSP is briefly covered with the presentation of the three main options:

sensible, latent and thermochemical heat storage.

Many African countries, especially in the Sahelian region, which currently exhibits a very

low electricity access rate, show high potential for CSP plants because of high direct solar

irradiation: Africa is located in the heart of the solar belt. The currently installed plants

worldwide have capacities in the order of hundreds of megawatts and are not suitable to

small communities’ electrification, where the required capacities are in the range of a few

hundred or even a few tens of kilowatts. The initial capital cost, combined to the technology

is considered as the two main barriers to CSP development in developing countries. The

second part of this lecture focuses on through the presentation of the challenges faced and

lessons learned in the framework of the CSP4Africa project. The objective of the CSPAfrica

project is the development of a cost effective micro-CSP plant for mini-grid electricity

generation by designing and experimenting their components using local low cost materials.

The project is specifically designed to address energy access challenges in rural areas in the

Sub-Saharan region. A solar tower technology has been retained in order to use locally

available mirrors for the heliostats and gain experience with small scale solar tower

technology. The solar field is made of 20 small scale multifaceted heliostats. We have

designed and built “human scale heliostats”, which are easy to be handled and do not

necessitate work at high, as it is the case with common heliostats. The power block is an

ORC generating 8.6 kWe, coupled with a dry-cooler. Jatropha curcas vegetable oil, a locally

produced oil, has been demonstrated as a promising heat transfer fluid and storage medium.

It offers significant environmental benefits, biodegradability, and economy and has excellent

thermal storage properties, compared to the current most cost-effective and practical

commonly used organic oils in CSP plants. The solar receiver is a coil heat exchanger, made



23

of galvanised steel. These design simplifications have made possible the manufacturing of

most of the components by local mankind using locally available materials and, therefore,

have increased local contents.

A field visit of the CSP4Africa plant at 2iE-Kamboinsé will conclude the presentation.

Reference

K.E. N’Tsoukpoe, K.Y. Azoumah, E. Ramde, A.K.Y. Fiagbe, P. Neveu, X. Py, M. Gaye, A.

Jourdan. Integrated design and construction of a micro central tower power plant. Energy for

Sustainable Development 20

Short Biography: Dr.-Ing. N’TSOUKPOE Kokouvi Edem

N’TSOUKPOE Kokouvi Edem is an Assistant Professor in Thermal Engineering at the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE). He is the Training Manager for Energy Engineering Sciences and Techniques, which is coordination of training matters including curricula, examination and marks at the Department of Electrical, Industrial and Energy Engineering of 2iE.

Dr. N’TSOUKPOE, who is a member of the African Network of Solar Energy, earned his Diploma of High-level Technician and a Master of

Engineering in Water Sanitation, Energy and Civil Engineering at two undergraduate and graduate schools which were amalgamated to form 2iE. After completing his PhD in Energy and Process Engineering at Université de Grenoble (France), he has spent two years in Germany as a Research Associate at the Innovations Incubator of Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, prior to returning to 2iE in 2013.

His lectures include Thermodynamics, Refrigeration, Solar Thermal Energy, Thermal Storage and Materials for Thermal Energy Engineering, some of which have been developed by him.

His primary research interests are in the field of Solar Thermal Engineering and Thermal sorption processes. Specifically, he is interested in Thermochemical energy storage, Solar cooling and Concentrated solar power.

Edem lives with his wife and three children in Ouagadougou. Although he has neither smartphone nor TV at home, he manages to regularly watch movies in German. Furthermore, he has to live with two alternative surnames because no judge makes difference between N’TSOUKPOE and N'TSOUKPOE.

World Risk Society. Environmental Risks: A Driving Force for

Cosmopolitanism?

Veronika WITTMANN

Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]

Abstract

Risk society today means world risk society. Its essential features are man-made risks, which have no social, space or time limits. World risk society identifies three main global risks: transnational terrorism, financial hazards and environmental risks Environmental issues in that framework cannot be seen as problems in the environment of society, but they have to be considered as inner world problems of society itself.


24

The interpretational framework of a world risk society can be subdivided in three levels: First, global threats cause global commonalities; the contours of a (virtual) world public are emerging. Secondly, the perception of the global self-hazards releases a politically tailored impulse for the revitalization of national policy as well as for the training and design of cooperative international institutions. Thirdly, the delimitation of the political has to be researched: the perceived needs of the world risk society give way to a world civil society.

Henceforth, in a world risk society environmental risks can be interpreted as a driving force for cosmopolitanism, global environmental risks and their practical and discursive treatment create transnational communities.

Sustainable Development Goals: Sustainable Solutions for Global Problems?

Veronika WITTMANN

Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]

Abstract

At the turn of the millennium all representatives of the UN member states signed the Millennium Development Goals. They were a sign of commitment that all states put an effort to reduce world poverty by half by 2015, among other objectives. Environmental issues and aspects of sustainability were only mentioned in one of the eight goals: in MDG 7. In 2015, all countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the new Development Agenda titled »Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development«. The post 2015 development process formulated the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of seventeen aspirational global goals with 169 targets.

As the name of this international agenda already indicates: sustainability gained a lot more attention than it had in the Millennium Development Goals. Another difference between these and the Sustainable Development Goals, besides the strengthening of environmental issues, is that the latter are ment to create a global partnership, where all UN member states will be rated according to their performance of achieving the targets. Whereas the Millennium Development Goals were aimed to the so-called developing regions of the world, now the industrialized parts of the globe are also addressed.

The Sustainable Development Goals can be seen as a strong rhetoric agenda of the international community, but at the end of the day: we all know that paper is patient. The environment is not. The difficulty is the implementation of the goals. And this is eventually a question of political will. States are the main political players in the process of implementation. So far the Sustainable Development Goals are at the level of political rhetoric extraordinary and ambitious; time will tell, if they will be implemented with far-reaching results on a worldwide scale. Only then, they also can be labelled as sustainable solutions for global problems.



25

Biography: Associate Professor Veronika Wittmann

Veronika Wittmann works as an Associate Professor for

Global Studies at the Department of Modern and

Contemporary History at Johannes Kepler University Linz,

Austria.

She was enrolled in the PhD Programme of the Austrian

Academy of Science 2000-2001 and was a Junior Visiting

Fellow at the Institut for Human Sciences in Vienna 2000-

2001. She also worked at the United Nations (UNDP) in

Ecuador in 2002. She has undertaken several field

research works in Sub-Saharan Africa, e.g. Zimbabwe

1997 and South Africa 1999-2000. She received her venia

legendi for Sociology at Johannes Kepler University Linz in

2013.

Her research areas include World Society and

Globalization, Gender and Development Studies (focus on

Sub-Saharan Africa). Contact: [email protected]

Reducing buildings’ environmental impact through energy efficiency and

building-integrated photovoltaics

Nolwenn HUREL

University of Grenoble Alpes (France). [email protected]

Abstract

In the context of a scarcity of resources, we are facing a major challenge to rethink our

relationship with energy, to rely more on renewable resources but also to decrease our

global energy consumption.

The energy demand in the building field is steadily increasing with the world population, the

level of desired indoor comfort and the time spent inside buildings, reaching between 20%

and 50% of energy consumption depending on the country. This sector has therefore an

active role to play in the efforts towards a reduction of the global energy demand and carbon

dioxide emissions. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEB) are emerging around the world with an

energy production meeting the needs over the course of a year.

We will see which strategies can be implemented to minimize energy requirements (for

space heating, cooling, ventilation, water heating, cooking, etc.) with a special focus on the

experimental methods for the airtightness characterization.

We will also discuss the possibility of integrating renewable energy production into the

buildings’ design process with the use of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) modules

which are replacing conventional building materials in the building envelope.



26

Biography: Dr. Nolwenn HUREL

Nolwenn Hurel has a Master of Engineering in Energy and Propulsion

from INSA Rouen (French National Institute of Applied Sciences) with a

specialization in Renewable Energies from the Lulea University of

Technology (Sweden).

She also has a PhD in Buildings Physics from the University of

Grenoble Alpes (France) where she studied the impact of air infiltration

on buildings’ performance with a focus on the experimental study within

timber-frame walls. Poor airtightness in buildings can indeed lead to an

over-consumption of energy and to many issues such as moisture

damage and poor indoor climate.

She has built-up experimental set-ups in the LOCIE laboratory (Optimization Laboratory of

Design and Environmental Engineering) for wall scale-studies, developed a new

experimental method for the air path study within wall assemblies based on fluorescein

micro-particles, and a model for numerical applications. She has also worked at the

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) to develop simplified models for the inclusion

of natural infiltration in buildings’ total ventilation rate calculation.

She is now going to join the Kya-Energy group to develop electricity production systems with

photovoltaic panels in Lomé (Togo), and will occasionally give lectures at the ESMER (High

school of renewable energy professions) in Abomey-Calavi (Bénin).

From Past to Present: Overview of Organic Photovoltaics

Harald HOPPE

Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-

Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this lecture is provide a general overview about the historical development of

organic photovoltaics and the major step stones causing its progress over the years. Thereby

we will look into basic working principles and the limiting factors for solar cell performance.[1,

2].

Fundamentals of structure-property-relationships will be reviewed briefly in order to develop

an understanding about the impact of bulk heterojunction morphology and how it can be

tuned or even controlled.[3]

Furthermore, latest developments pushing the efficiency targets, specifically those with

respect to the introduction of novel electron acceptors, will be reported. Finally some light will

be shed on OPV products and principle requirements for a successful commercialization.

Reference

[1] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Organic solar cells: An overview. Journal of Materials Research 19(7), p. 1924-1945, (2004). [2] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Polymer Solar Cells, in Photoresponsive Polymers II, S.R. Marder and K.S. Lee, Editors. 2008. p. 1-86.



27

[3] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry 16(1), p. 45-61, (2006). Biography: Associate Professor Harald Hoppe Harald Hoppe obtained a diploma degree in Physics at the University of Konstanz (Germany) in 2000. He conducted his first scientific studies in Polymer Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Materials and Interfaces (Rehovot, Israel) under the supervision of Prof. Jacob Klein and Prof. Günter Schatz (University of Konstanz). He completed his PhD in Physical Chemistry by revealing the nanoscale morphology present within polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells and its implications on device properties in 2004 under the supervision of Prof. N. Serdar Sariciftci at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz at the Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (Linz, Austria). He returned to Germany in 2005, by starting a research group on Polymer Solar Cells at the Technische

Universität Ilmenau and completed his habilitation (Technical Physics – Physical Chemistry) in early 2015. Harald Hoppe recently joined the “Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena” (CEEC Jena) under the chairman Prof. Dr. Ulrich S. Schubert at the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, thereby merging competences in organic photovoltaics and organic batteries, where he is currently leading a research group as a research associate.

During the last years he has conducted fundamental and applied research in the field of Organic Semiconductors and Photovoltaics. His expertise covers fundamental structure-

property-relations with respect to solution processed organic semiconductors, upscaling of polymer solar cells to modules, modelling of solar cells and modules in device simulations as well as their investigation concerning degradation phenomena and their constructive stabilization for improved operational lifetimes. Another major focus is on the application of imaging-based advanced qualitative and quantitative characterization of photovoltaic devices, thus fostering efforts for commercialization of Organic Solar Cells. He has supervised ~15 undergraduate, and about 10 PhD-students. Harald Hoppe has published over 100 peer reviewed papers and more than 5 book chapters. Contact: [email protected]

Performance and Impact Evaluation Framework: how to measure in-itinere and ex-post a project in the field of sustainable

energy

Emanuela COLOMBO Politecnico di Milano, Italy [email protected]

Over the last decades, the interest of the international community for sustainable development

and the multiple interconnections among energy, environment and society has widely

increased. This holistic approach of sustainable development has been clearly remarked in the

2030 Agenda. The centrality of energy within sustainable development (with special reference

to GOAL7) is definitely marked: energy has started to be considered as a key means for

unleashing development, supporting local enterprises and creating new jobs, improving health

and education, in addition to assure sustainable and equitable access to basic needs. Despite

the relevance of energy in the development framework, 1.3 billion people today still do not


28

have access to electricity, 2.7 billion depend on traditional biomass for their own domestic use

and around a billion do not have access to a reliable electricity grid. These numbers are not

likely to change significantly in the near future, even under the most optimistic scenarios.

Given this framework, a proper evaluation metric able to assess the effects of energy

projects on the changes of community livelihoods and the positive effects on social,

economic and environmental levels is strongly needed to assess future strategies and

policies

Relying on the most recognized and utilized evaluation frameworks, as the DAC-OECD

criteria (Relevance, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Sustainability and Impact), the Results Chain,

this study proposes a Performance and Impact Assessment Model (PIA). This model

provides information and quantitative results for comparative analyses among projects and

feedback for decision making, in order to orient policies and strategies. It is structured in

two phases:

1. an internal, project-based step, which assesses projects in terms of performance,.

In the first phase, four DAC-OECD criteria are calculated with a common metric, adopting

exergy-based technique and recent Life Cycle extensions. In this way, exergy becomes a

‘proxy’ of the primary resources total consumption undertaken during the project.

This homogeneous unit measures the different input flows, all expressed in terms of resource

consumption, leading to a quantification of four criteria through dimensionless indexes. The

application of this analysis to several projects allows the creation of a benchmark useful for

comparing the results from different projects – especially in terms of resources consumption –

and identifying the most effective strategies.

2) an external one, people-based, which assesses the project impact on the beneficiary

communities shifting the attention from the project itself to the local context

The second phase is dedicated to the fifth criterion, the impact, which aims at measuring the

effects that the project has on the local livelihoods, assessed in terms of target community’s

five capitals: natural, physical, human, social and financial. The model is an original re-

elaboration of the "Sustainable Livelihoods Framework”. A schematization of the proposed

methodology for the impact assessment requires: (i) an application procedure structured into

three steps, customization, development and results analysis, (ii) an evaluation hierarchy,

made of five capitals, representing community livelihoods, and dimensions where dimensions

and indicators are provided.

This PIA Model takes its rationale from the literature, results obtained are suitable for

comparisons among projects and its framework may divulgate results to donors or

stakeholders and indications to address future interventions and strategies.

Application has been conducted on real case studies by private players, public institution and

NGOs in Malawi, Ethiopia and Chile. Currently POLIMI is working with ESMAP (World

Bank) and Enel Foundation to evaluate synergies between PIA and the Multitier framework

Fundamentals of Project Cycle Management and Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning: how to shape up ex ante successful proposal in the field of

sustainable energy

Emanuela COLOMBO, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. [email protected]


29

To achieve benefits over time, energy development projects should take into account social aspects that influence their long term sustainability and success. This element need to be considered since the early stage of project planning. Moreover, to evaluate this success, project monitoring and evaluation (M&E) should not only assess the achievement of expected objectives, but also monitor recipients’ roles within the various steps of the project. With regard to this issue, the lesson will focus on two crucial tools that need to be considered in project planning. Project cycle management The project cycle management and the logical framework approach as an analytical process developed to assist international development agencies in improving their project planning, management, and evaluation systems. The European Commission has adopted the LFA as part of its Project Cycle Management (PCM) system. Within the PCM, a set of interlocking concepts have been proposed as part of an overall process which helps structured and systematic analysis of a project idea, so that relevant issues can be considered, criticalities identified, and the objectives reached. Within the analytical process proposed by the LFA, the key operational tool is the logical framework matrix (LFM), which summarizes the key elements of the project plan: • The project’s hierarchy of objectives and results (project description); • How the project’s achievements are monitored and evaluated (indicators and sources of verification); and • The key external factors critical to the project’s success (assumptions). The project description has to be presented according to the overall objective(s), the specific goal(s), the results, and the activities. Objectively verifiable indicators (OVIs) have to be developed for the M&E of the project’s achievement and have to be coupled with related sources of verification. Such indicators have also to be SMART, i.e., specific, measurable, available, relevant, and time-bound. Lastly, external assumptions are also considered, i.e., those specific conditions and factors outside of the project management’s control. The LFA provides logical links between the four levels of the so-called project results chain—i.e., activities, output(s), outcome(s), and impact(s)—which help in the development of the SMART M&E indicators. In this way, the LFA places the project within a broader development context through the distinction between specific goal(s) and overall objective(s) (closer to the long-term impact concept). Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning. International organizations and institutions have set clear objectives for ensuring sustainable access to energy for all by the next fifteen years. According to the World Bank, 2.6 billion people should be electrified within 2030 (WB, 2015. SE4All - Global Tracking Framework). In this context, the need to develop sustainable energy planning approaches emerge as a priority to tackle this challenge. The Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning is a multistage planning methodologies to address the phases and issues related to the energising remote areas of the world through off-grid technological solutions. The CESP consists of phases among which: setting priorities and needs; performing diagnosis; analysing the potential strategies; identifying and optimising the technical solution; provide business models; evaluating the Impact are the most crucial. The students will deepening the understating and the relevance of using such methodologies.


30

Biography: Professor Emmanuel Colombo

Emanuela Colombo was born on 6 May 1970 in

Legnano, Italy. She has achieved both a PhD in

Energetic and a Nuclear Engineering MSc at

Politecnico di Milano in Italy where she is currently

Associate Professor in “Engineering for

Cooperation and Development” and “Advanced

Thermodinamics and Thermoeconomics” and

serve at the Department of Energy . She has also

been covering the role of Rector’s Delegate to

Cooperation and Development at Politecnico di

Milano since 2005

She gained a considerable working experience in

different industrial energy sectors:

In 1995 was project engineer for “Ansaldo Energia” and “ABB Research”

In 1997 jointed Fluent France in Paris, a branch of Fluent Inc. (now ANSYS-FLUENT), working

in the field of computational fluid dynamic and contributed to the opening of the Italian office

In 1998 named technical team manager of the new born Fluent Italy In 2001 she has moved to an academic career where her interest were originally focused

on heat transfer devices and processes for power generation, turbulence phenomenology

and modelling.

Over the last decade she has been developing a strong interest in the interrelations

between Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, access to energy in

developing countries and advanced exergy methodologies for performance and impact

evaluation of energy systems are other topics of high interest.

She is currently the scientific coordinator of four European projects and one international

tender on Green Innovation (Egypt), Sustainable Energy Engineering (Kenya, Tanzania

and Ethiopia), Water Energy and Food nexus (Egypt), Modern Energy services in refugee

camps (Lebanon, Somalia, RCA and Colombia) and Capacity Building in Engineering

(Tanzania). She is also working on consultancy and advocacy projects on access to energy

for different Italian private players and NGOs active in Mozambique, Malawi, Congo,

Angola. She is author of more than 120 scientific papers (53 of them are in Scopus)

presented in national and international conferences and published in international journals

and co-author of the book “Renewable Energy for Unleashing Sustainable Development” by

Springer

In line with this interest in 2004 she was one of the founders of Engineers Without Border

in Milan a volunteers organization which aims at promoting sustainable development and

cooperation among countries. For her personal and professional interest, in 2005 she was

named Rector’s Delegate to Cooperation and Development at Politecnico di Milano

where she is still working for promoting the role of the academic education and research in

coping the complex challenges of global development and human promotion.


31

Since 2007 she is coordinator of a Network of Universities focus on Cooperation and

Development (CUCS) which includes 29 Universities. In 2009 she has been awarded by the

Club Mille Miglia Foundation in Italy as “courageous intelligence” for her research interest

and social commitment in developing country.

For her experience on energy for sustainable development, she worked as international

expert for the United Nation Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and for the Africa

Europe energy Partnership (AEEP). In 2011 She introduced a new path in the MSd in

Energy Engineering focus on “Energy for Development” at Politecnico di Milano and she

promoted an honours programme for the Schools of Engineering focus on “Engineering for

Sustainable development” to promote global dimensions within engineering education

which will be launched in 2015. In 2012 she has been named Chair holder of the UNESCO

CHAIR on Energy for Sustainable Development assigned to the Department of Energy. In

2014 within the new platform of dialogue established by the Direction General for

Cooperation and Development of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International

Cooperation and the Italian Conference of the Rector (CRUI) she is also covering the role of

co-coordinator of the working group on impact evaluation. She was member of the

Sustainable Development panel of Electricité De France (EDF) until the closure of the

panel in 2016 and she is adjunct professor at the Nelson Mandela African Institute of

Science and Technology in Arusha. In 2016 She has been appointed by the Italian

Conference of the Rector (CRUI) as representative of the academic system within the

“National Council for Cooperation and Development”.

Problem-based learning approach for teaching photovoltaic technologies from device technology to system design

Arouna DARGA

Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8507, Laboratoire Génie Electronique et Electrique de Paris, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France. [email protected] In this lecture, we will show how to use a problem-based learning approach combined with free and open source tools to promote deep learning and to increase students’ interest in photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Example of scenario and problem: With a growing demand for electricity, especially in rural areas, plans to improve access to electricity across the African continent abound. Due to the exceptional solar resource in Africa, solar energy is the best source of energy generation. With a continually decreasing cost and improvement of technology, solar photovoltaics (PV) technologies, are actually allowing the strengthening of the energy security and the support of the rapid economic growth in a sustainable manner in Africa. Thus, Africa continent is actually very attractive for photovoltaic business players. However, there are still some few technical challenges to overcome in order to produce a safety and reliable electricity from photovoltaic technology. Temperature impacts on PV power output is the one of the most important for hot climate countries. The temperature effects depend on: PV cell technology (thin film, crystalline Silicon) and conversion efficiency, PV plant design (mounting structure of the module), PV module architecture and material… After a call of interest for the electrification with off-grid photovoltaic systems, of the Goupana village, the energy department of Burkina have been


32

contacted by many national and international companies. Each company offers photovoltaic technology and boasts it as the most suitable for the village.

In this context, the minister of energy of Burkina Faso submit us an urgent request: what is/are the most appropriate PV technology for this village?”

With this scenario, different topics will be presented: (i) modelling of photovoltaic from device level to system, (ii) study of different technologies of solar cell including crystalline silicon (mono-junction and heterojunction) solar cells, and thin film (amorphous silicon, CIGSe, CdTe) Biography: Dr Arouna Darga

Arouna DARGA was born in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, where he studies until the Master's degree. He received the master of sciences in fundamental physics from the University Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in 2002, and has been awarded with a scholarship from the general Council of Vienne (France) for studying thermal and fluid mechanic at University of Poitiers (France). He received Master’s degree in thermal and fluid mechanic from the University of Poitiers, France, and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris,

France, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. Since 2008, he is an associate professor of the University of Pierre and Marie Curie. His current research is focused on characterization and modelling semiconductor materials and devices electronic and optical properties for photovoltaic applications. This allow him to deeply characterize electrically several different technologies of solar cell including crystalline silicon (mono-junction and heterojunction) solar cells, and thin film (amorphous silicon, CIGSe, CdTe, organic, perovskites, Sb2S3…) solar cells. Since 2015, He is ANSOLE national representative in France. At Polytech-Paris-UPMC (UPMC engineering school), he gives courses and lectures in: PV system applications, embedded systems design and power management. He passionate on renewable energies and their application in Africa, information and communication technologies, and new pedagogies and learning methods.

E-Learning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa: Challenges, Potential and Outlook

Erick Gankam TAMBO Associate Academic Officer United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) eMail: [email protected] | Tel: ++49-228-815-0259 Abstract Renewable energy markets in Africa are still in their early stages. In order to enter the job market, for example as renewable energy entrepreneurs or policy makers, graduates of renewable energy higher education programmes have to be highly flexible and innovative. Therefore, renewable energy programmes need to offer a broad curriculum, straining the universities’ human and financial resources. At the same time, distance education has gained significant relevance in Africa, due to decreasing costs of mobile devices, increasing connectivity and a fast developing ICT market. In this light, distance education approaches promise to be low cost, and high impact opportunities for university education. By complementing university programmes with eLearning, human and financial resources can



33

be used more efficiently, while students are provided with modern teaching methods and up-to-date knowledge to successfully enter the job market. The contribution will present results of an assessment study on “E-Learning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa: Challenges, Potential and Outlook” conducted within the context of the Africa-EU Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme (RECP). The study focuses on the role of educational technology and its potential to enhance and strengthen higher education in the field of renewable energy in Africa. The study target education lecturers and managers who seek to use eLearning technologies to enhance educational programmes and courses, and to address managers who aim to implement eLearning supported renewable energy programmes and curricula in their institutions with a focus on Africa. The contribution will:

provide an overview of eLearning and distance education in Africa, as well as of main actors and initiatives with regards to renewable energy Higher education in Africa ;

sketch eLearning programmes and educational technologies related to renewable energy higher education in Europe and lessons learned;

Discuss potentials of renewable energy and distance learning in Africa and present recommendations respectively short term and long term activities to enhance and strengthen renewable energy higher education and induce a way forward.

Biographical Statement: Dr Erick Tambo

Dr. Erick Gankam Tambo graduated in computer science

at the Technical University of Dortmund –Germany and

holds a PhD. in computer science from the FernUniversität

in Hagen-Germany (Distance Learning Open University –

Germany). He is an Associate Academic Officer at UNU-

EHS, where he is in charge of the conceptualization,

organization and management of e-learning activities

notably eLearning modules related to the core competency

of UNU-EHS. He further contributes to the development

of up to date knowledge management, dissemination

systems, curricula and syllabi. Dr. Gankam Tambo leads and coordinates UNU-EHS

contributions for the implementation of the Higher Education Cooperation with the Pan

African University Institute for Water and Energy (incl. Climate Change) of the African

Union. Dr. Gankam Tambo is also developing IT based solutions to support the contribution

of the scientific and academic Diaspora (particularly African) to the development of their

country of origin respectively continent at UNU-EHS. He trains lecturers in African

Universities in the design of eCourses and advises universities manager on eLearning

strategies.

Dr. Gankam Tambo is a Lecturer at the WASCAL (West African Science Service Center on

Climate Change and Adapted Land Use) Graduate School on climate change and Education at

the University of Gambia and a Guest Lecturer at the Department for Mathematics and

Computer Science at the FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany.

Prior to joining UNU-EHS, he was a Researcher at the FernUniversität in Hagen and led the

working group on Information and Communication Technologies for development (ICT4D) at

the chair of cooperative systems. The working group designed and developed socio-technical

systems to support the development processes of southern countries. He has a broad expertise

in educational technologies and computer supported teaching/learning systems for developing


34

countries, socio-technical systems to support the North-South knowledge transfer,

endogenous/appropriated technologies and local innovation, migration and development

(braindrain-braingain), Diaspora and ICT (Diaspora Computer Supported Collaborative

Working and Learning); knowledge and innovation management in distributed organization

and social software, Open Content and Open Educational Resources, e-Participation and e-

Inclusion.

During his PhD thesis, Dr. Gankam Tambo developed a framework to support the transfer of

knowhow from experts in the Diaspora to students in African Universities. As researcher at

the FernUniversität Hagen, he designs and develops digital learning environment to improve

the access and quality of education in Afghanistan in collaboration with IBM, designs and

develops payment components for e-Government applications in collaboration with SAP.

Contact: eMail: [email protected] | Tel: ++49-228-815-0259



35

Abstracts for Posters


36

No1

Side Chain Engineering of Anthracene-Based Polymers: Applications in Photovoltaics

Suru V. John,a,b Patrick Denk,b Christoph Ulbricht,b,c Emmanuel Iwuoha,a Daniel A.M.

Egbe*,b,c aSensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road,

P. Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa. bLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040

Linz, Austria. c Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69,

4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]; [email protected]

Anthracene is very appealing as building unit leading to high thermal and device stability.1 The rigid structure can be easily functionalized at its 9 and 10 positions. The resulting polymers possess high fluorescence quantum yield and their emission can be tuned during polymerization by the incorporation of other arylene-building blocks.2 The good photoconductive behavior, high fluorescence quantum yields in thin films and high absorption coefficients around 100 000 M-1 cm-1 of anthracene based polymers make them ideal for design of organic electronic devices.3 We have synthesized a series of anthracene-containing polymers with steady increase in side chain length (figure below) to investigate the effect of this variation on the semi-crystalline nature of the polymers and on resulting photovoltaic cells. The preliminary photovoltaic result shows a trend with a steady increase in efficiency to a maximum in SV3 and then a downward slope from SV4 to SV6. This same trend is observed in the Jsc, and the efficiency of the polymers was largely dependent on the Jsc as all polymers in the series show a relatively high Voc above 0.9 V. The result shows that light absorption and flow of charges in polymers with longer side chain is possibly hindered thereby lowering the efficiency.

Acknowledgements: S.V. John acknowledges the financial support from UWC and from ICTP-ANSOLE ANEX fellowship. D. A: M. Egbe is grateful to FWF for grant No: I 1703-N20. References: [1] Park, J.-W.; Kang, P.; Park, H.; Oh, H.-Y.; Yang, J.-H.; Kim, Y.-H.; Kwon, S.-K. Dyes Pigment 2010, 85, 93. [2] Sun, J.; Chen, J.; Zou, J.; Ren, S.; Zhong, H.; Zeng, D.; Du, J.; Xu, E.; Fang, Q. Polymer 2008, 49, 2282. [3] Egbe, D. A. M.; Bader, C.; Nowotny, J.; Gunther, W.; Klemm, E. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 5459.


37

No2

Sustainability of Solar Mini-Grids in Nigeria

Adedoyin Adeleke,a* Chuks Diji,b Debora Ley,c

aCentre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. bUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

cCentral America Regional Clean Energy Initiative, Guatemala City, Guatemala. [email protected]

Threat of climate change and the imbalance between energy demand and supply are two major drivers of the uptake of renewable energy globally. While most developed countries harness renewable energy as a climate change mitigation strategy, developing countries deploy the technologies primarily to improve energy access (FOP, 2015) especially in the off-grid rural communities. One of such developing countries is Nigeria.

Despite the abundant clean energy resources in Nigeria vis-a-vis its high deficiency energy, the uptake of renewable energy in Nigeria is abysmally low. With an estimated 28MW total

installed capacity (ODI et al.,2016), photovoltaic (PV) technology is the most adopted

renewable energy technology in the country. However, while the average lifespan expected of solar photovoltaic project is 20-25years, many PV systems in Nigeria fail within 2-3years of operation. This has been identified with solar mini-grids alongside other applications for which solar PV technology has been deployed in the country.

To identify the factors responsible for the success and failure of mini-grids in Nigeria, the study assessed the sustainability of solar mini-grids from five perspectives of sustainability, namely; technical, economic, social, institutional and environmental. Facility assessment, focus group discussions and interviews with key informants were the methodologies of data collection employed in the two case studies selected from the northern and southern Nigeria. As such, the study covered the two major climate zones in the country.

Findings from the study reveal that the sustainability of solar mini-grid projects is multi-dimensional. A project could fail due to a failure in one or a combination of the multi-dimensional factors. The study shows that the sustainability of a solar mini-grid project does not only depend on its technical viability but also on its sustainability based on the economic,


38

social, institutional and environmental dimensions of the project. Furthermore, technical failure could result from the failure in other dimension(s) of the project.

Based on the multidimensional factors identified to be responsible for the failure of solar mini-grids in Nigeria, the study recommends the adoption of standards for PV system components imported into the country, and development of a national curriculum for training of installers. High level of stakeholder engagement and community participation, operation of mini-grids with business models, strategic planning for productive use of energy and adequate institutional framework for monitoring and maintenance, among others, were also recommended for sustainable planning and implementation of solar mini-grid projects in Nigeria.

Keywords: solar, photovoltaic, mini-grid, sustainability, failure References: [1] Andrew Scott, Johanna Diecker, Kat Harrison, Charlie Miller, R. H. and S. W. (2016). Accelerating access to electricity in Africa with off - grid solar Off - grid solar country briefing : Nigeria. London. Retrieved from http://www.odi.org/publications/10200-accelerating-access-electricity-off-grid-solar [2] FOP. (2015). National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (1st ed.). Abuja: Federal Ministry of Power (FOP).

No3

Potential Assessment for Concentrating Solar Power in the Sahel, case of Mauritania

Sidi BOUHAMADI*,a, El bah MENNYb

a,bFaculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. [email protected]; [email protected]

Access to electricity in Mauritania is low (37.5%). Yet Mauritania has significant solar potential. The present work evaluates the potential of solar technology CSP in Mauritania, shows also favorable areas for the implementation of micro-CSP plants. The assessment of the normal solar resource shows that 34% (348545.89 km2) of this area has an average annual DNI ranging from 1500 to 1800 kWh.m-2.year-1 and 20%, (206637.93 km2) has an annual average DNI ranging from 1800 - 2000 kWh.m-2.year-1 and 46% (475516.18 km2) has an average DNI ranging from 2000 to 2642 kWh.m-2.year-1. The study also found a slope lower than 1% over the entire area except for belts whose slopes vary between 2 to 3%.


39

Water resources are presented as a factor limiting the development of CSP technology. It notes that only 3% of the area of Mauritania satisfies all the criteria. The concentrating solar power (CSP) offers better opportunities to enhance such access and especially in northern Mauritania where the potential of this technology is important and electricity demand is very high.

Fig.1. Map of annual average DNI Mauritania Fig.2. Regions benefiting to DNI> 1800 kWh.m2.year-1

Fig.4.Map of the hydrographic network Mauritania

Fig5. Land slope map for Mauritania Fig.6. Extreme wind speeds map


40

No4

Exergetic optimization of absorption chiller single stage H2O-NH3 by experiments design method

Mohamed ADJIBADE* a, Kokouvi Edem N’TSOUKPOEb, Ababacar THIAMa, Christophe

AWANTOb, Dorothé AZILINON*a aLaboratory of Applied Energetics, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

bLaboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings, International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso

cLaboratory of Applied Mechanics and Energetics, Abomey-Calavi University, Benin [email protected]

Single stage absorption chillers using H2O-NH3 (fig.1) have received increasing research interest in recent years, in order to make them competitive with conventional refrigeration machines [1-3]. This work presents a study on the performance of such tri-thermal machines, used for negative temperature refrigeration. The objective is to determine the values of significant parameters of the system that minimize the irreversible losses in the various heat exchangers. To do this, the overall exergy efficiency of the system has been expressed as a function of the various operating temperatures. This objective function is to be maximized with experimental design method. The results show that the cycle is more thermodynamically efficient when the absorption cooling system is operated at a low evaporation temperature (lower than 0 °C). The normal probability plot of the residual indicates that the random errors for the process are drawn from approximately normal distributions. Thus, with Exergy efficiency greater than 0.4 two operating modes are presented which can be with condensation temperatures below 32 °C and above 38 °C. In order to delineate optimal areas operating, Fig. 2 shows a three-dimensional plot of the relationship between the three internal temperatures of the system. The analyze shows that the internal temperatures of the system have a strong interaction on the Exergy efficiency. So, the choice of these temperatures depends on the application to be realized.


41

Heat supply

Condenser

Evaporator Absorber

Desorber

Temperature

Pressure

Solution

heat exchanger

1

2

6

5

4

9

10

11

12

3

Rectifier

7

8

Fig.1. Absorption chiller single-stage

Condensation temparature

Heat source temperature

Ev

ap

ora

tio

n t

em

pe

ratu

re

Exergetic efficiency0,010,060,110,160,210,260,31

0,360,410,460,51

Contours of Estimated Response Surfacetemp_évaporation=0,0

30 32 34 36 38 40 90110

130150

170190

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

Fig.2. Estimated response surface of exergetic efficiency

Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the ICTP (The International Centre for Theoretical Physics) and ANSOLE (African Network for Solar Energy) for financial support in the frame of the ANSOLE SUR-PLACE Fellowship Program (ANSUP). References: Aman, J.; Ting, D. S. K.; Henshaw, P., Applied Thermal Engineering 2014, 62, 424. Gomri, R., Energy Conversion and Management 2010, 51, 1629. N’Tsoukpoe, K. E.; Yamegueu, D.; Bassole, J., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2014, 35, 318.

No5

Natural thermal energy storage material from laterite stone for concentrated solar thermal power plan in West Africa

Eric S. Kendaa,b,*, X. Pyb, N. Sadikib, Kokouvi E. N’Tsoukpoea, Y. Coulibalya

aLaboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d'Energie (LESEE), Institut International

d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso bPROMES-CNRS, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies are under extensive development in Africa but

still suffer of lack of adapted thermal energy storage materials (TESM). According to today

constraints, the storage approaches developed during the eighties do not mach all the

current environmental, technical and regulation standards. In this context, only natural or


42

recycled materials could be really considered as a long term sustainable solution without

conflict of use for African countries [1]. Under those constrains, local natural material as

laterite stone, which is widely available in Burkina Faso and in half of the continent have

been identify and select as potential TESM for CSP application in the WAC. In the present

paper, the potential of laterite to be used as a thermal storage material in concentrating solar

power plants is investigated and experimental results are presented. Changes in phase

composition and morphology caused by heat treatment were exanimated using X-ray

diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) associated of energy dispersion

spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. Thermal behaviours were also study by using coupled

thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The minerals

phases detected by XRD in the originals ores include kaolinite, goethite, hematite and quartz.

Fe-spinel (MgAl.79

Fe1.21

O4) with inclusion of repetitive structure of dendrites of magnetite

(Fe3O

4) was observed with EDS for the melt samples (LADA1 and LADA2) after heat

treatment at 1100 °C. Mullite (3Al2O3, 2SiO2) and hematite (Fe2O

3) were found in all the

samples (LADA1, LADA2, LADA3, LADA4) sintering at 1200 °C contains. The TG/DSC

analysis shows that the materials are very stable under heat treatment up to 900 °C.

Transformation of all goethite (FeOOH) to Hematite could help to enhances thermal

conductivity the elaborated materials. Mullite and spinel phases have demonstrated

elsewhere to lead to refractory ceramics relevant for high temperature thermal energy

system applications [2]. A new way for manufacturing a low cost dense ceramic which can

compete with industrial ceramic (cost between 4500 and 8000 euro per ton) is performed at

small scale. The obtained material can be used as sensible TESM for many kinds of the CSP

processes (from low up to high temperature) with properties in the same range than other

available materials nevertheless with lower cost and without conflict of use.

References: [1] Py X, Azoumah Y, Olives R. Concentrated solar power: Current technologies, major innovative issues and applicability to West African countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;18:306–15. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.030. [2] Calvet N, Dejean G, Unamunzaga L, PY X. Waste from metallurgic industry: a sustainable high-temperature thermal energy storage material for concentrated solar power. Proceed. ASME 2013 7th Int Conf Energy Sust July 14-19.


43

No6

SGBF KOUDOUGOU SYSTEM’S

DICKO Fatoumata Université Ouaga I Pr. JOSEPH KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

[email protected]

Human beings are in a permanent search of technologies adapted to our needs. Indeed, they are more and more demanding regarding energy sources that we need for our own use and industrial or commercial performance. Regarding technologies, we want it be reliable, long term use, economically beneficial and at the same time respectful of the environment. In regarding to this important challenge, my thesis is on solar energy systems through an analysis of a photovoltaic system of 10 kWc connected to the network of the SGBF Bank located in Koudougou (Burkina). As a result of this study, I noted that the injection of the energy of this mini-power solar station on the network allows them to reduce efficiently their costs for electricity. Also the environmental aspect of this study shows that this system will have an important impact on the reduction of CO2 gas emissions. As a conclusion point, I noticed that the promotion of this type of system will allow to significantly improve the easy access to energy by population.

No7

Development of a new doping method for silicon solar cells

N. C. Y Fall a*, D Kobora, M. Tinea, M. Touréa & R. Ndioukanea. aUniversity Assane Seck of Ziguinchor, Senegal;

[email protected] This work aims are the improvement of a p-type to n-type silicon doping new method for the realization of a PN junction to manufacture solar cells. For this, it is necessary to diffuse phosphorus on the monocrystalline silicon substrate using a fabricated gel precursor composed basically by Phosphorous Oxide (P2O5): the method was used in an initial work and is based on the combination of thin film deposition by sol-gel method and a thermal annealing for phosphorus diffusion throughout the substrate and in an entirety homogeneous manner on the silicon surface. The results obtained from SIMS analysis, SEM images and the minority carriers lifetime, respectively, showed that phosphorus was diffused on a maximum depth of 350 nm with an


44

initial concentration of about 1020 at/cm3, a surface morphology with craters indicating a possible injection of the dopant and values ranging from 7 µs for the p-type silicon to 97 µs for the n-type doped one. These results are in agreement to those found in the literature (depth from 50 to 500 nm) and confirm the phosphorus throughout the silicon. Keywords: PN Junction, Phosphorus oxide, SIMS, SEM, sol-gel method, monocrystalline.

No8

Investigation on the Utilization of Slaughter Waste Potential towards Energy Self-Sufficiency at Kumasi Abattoir Company Limited in Ghana

Safiatou NANAa, Dr. Elias AKLAKU*b

aPan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences-PAUWES, Tlemcen, Algeria; bKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology- KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

[email protected]; [email protected] Biogas, a sustainable renewable energy form, is at a starting point of market development in Ghana. Due to its economic growth and development of the regulatory environment, the Ghanaian renewable energy sector is attractive for foreign companies from the sector interested in investing in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result of the present day energy situation, characterized by grid instabilities and increasing power prices, commercial and industrial producers from the agricultural industries look for alternative solutions to secure constant energy supply to avoid production loss and to reduce energy costs. The installation of biogas plants on production sites is one of the most attractive solutions. It enables producers to dispose off agricultural waste, generate electricity for self- consumption, use residues as fertilizer and feed-in energy surpluses to the grid at the same time. Currently, large volumes of Ghanaian slaughterhouse solid and liquid waste are disposed off improperly, causing serious environmental pollution problems, as well as energy and fertilizer losses. Using advanced and recent technologies it is feasible to use anaerobic digestion technology to produce methane and valuable agricultural soil nutrients in addition to treatment of waste generated by slaughter houses. This study assesses the energy recovery potential towards energy self-sufficiency, from anaerobic digestion of the organic industrial by-products of livestock slaughtering located at the Kumasi Abattoir Company Limited in Ghana.


45

The investigative approach to data collection was adopted in combination with desk research and other strategies. Waste material generated was estimated based on calculations by Ulrike et al. (2014). The Kumasi abattoir slaughters about 241 cattle, 134 sheep/goats and 26 pigs per day. This leads to a daily consumption of 1,305 kWh of electricity and 386 kg of LPG respectively. The results show that on the average, the quantity of waste produced daily (7.6 ton/day) represents a potential of 200.41 m3 of Methane (CH4) per day, covering the daily demand of 57% of electricity, or 47% of Liquefied Petroleum Gas respectively.

Keywords: Abattoir; Slaughterhouse waste; Biogas; Energy sufficiency.

References: [1] Aidan, W., & Niamh, P. 2016, “Biogas from Cattle Slaughterhouse Waste: Energy Recovery towards an Energyself-sufficient Industry in Ireland”. Renewable Energy (97), 541 - 549. [2] Deublein, D., & Steunhauser, A. 2011, “Biogas from waste and renewable resources: second revised and expanded edition”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. [3] ECREEE. 2012, “Renewable energy in West Africa: Status, Experiences and Trends”, CASA ÁFRICA [4] International Gas Union; UNIDO. 2013, “Access to Sustainable Energy for All with Gas. Gas Training Seminar”, IGU,UNIDO; SEE4ALL; ECOWAS; PETROCI, Abidjan. [5] Rockson, G. N. 2014, “Composting of Abattoir Waste and River Reed: Effect of Feedstock and Aeration Mechanism on Process Efficiency”, PhD Thesis, KNUST, Faculty of Mechanical and Agricultural Engineering; College of Engineering, Kumasi [6] Ulrike, D. et al. 2014, “Biogas in Ghana: Sub-Sector Analysis of Potential and Framework Conditions”, GIZ, German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). Berlin, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. [7] Walter, R., Shermah, R., & Downing, D. 1974, “Reduction in Oxygen demand of abattoir effluent by Precipitation with metal” J. Agric. Fd Chem., 22, 1097-1099.


46

No9

Study of a law power off-grid solar parabolic trough concentrator with Ericsson engine

Awa MAR,*,a Serigne Thiao,a Cheikh MBOW, b Issakha YOUM a

a Center of Studies and Research on Renewable Energies (CERER) BP 476, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal

b Laboratory of Fluid mechanical and Hydraulic, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal

[email protected] In developing countries like Senegal, the low power off-grid electricity generation is a very important issue. Currently the only technological responses to this requirement are the use of generators consuming fossil fuels very expensive and often inaccessible or photovoltaic cells associated with batteries. The objective for this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of a mini solar power system for generating electrical energy based on the coupling of a parabolic trough concentrator with Ericsson engine, which is an external heat supply engine working according to a Joule thermodynamic cycle with recuperator and on the other hand to investigate its relevance for off-grid use [1]. The proposed approach to this work is planned in several phases. The primary objective is to better understand the solar concentration technology in order to know its strengths, limitations and also give the relevant application areas in order to convince it is a reliable and environmentally friendly solution for electricity autonomous production. This less popular technology that solar photovoltaic worth studying. It adds to it a presentation of the solar resource of Senegal and other parameters necessary for the study of thermodynamic solar plants [2]. The key of this study presents the modeling of thermo-solar electric conversion including parametric study and the influence of the Senegal weather. Finally, a thermodynamic mini-plant is sized and compared to the PV system and the generator. [1] Alaphilippe, M.; Bonnet, S.; Stouffs, P.; Low power thermodynamic solar energy conversion: coupling of a parabolic trough concentrator and an Ericsson engine. International Journal of Thermodynamics, 2007, 10, 37-45. [2] Mar, A.; Mbow, C.; Thiao, S.; Youm, I.; Theoretical study of a Parabolic Trough solar collector: Influences of atmospheric parameters. International Journal of Energy, Environment, and Economics, 2014, 22(5), 461-473.


47

No10

Rural Electrification Study of the villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and cold room installation

Donald Déla Komlan AOUKOU

University of Lomé, Togo [email protected]

The Rural Electrification project study of the Villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and cold room installation associated the Project "Marine area Protected" of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar, were entrusted to the Madéole Company specialized in the rural electrification in the north of Madagascar. Indeed, this company carried out several projects of rural electrification in north of Madagascar and works with the international organizations, the ONG, the State and especially the JIRAMA which is the only official electric company of electricity supply. This study required by the International Organization of "Marine area Protected" for bay of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar whose realization is envisaged at the beginning of year 2017, also registers within the framework of the drafting of a Report of MASTER-II in Energy Genius, Renewable Energy option of the Polytechnic Higher School of Antsiranana. The study of Rural Electrification of the Villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and the cold room installation associated the Project "Marine area Protected" of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar are almost finished. The population is happy to have electricity and very favorable for the installation of a cold room. The realization of this project will improve considerably the standard of living and the incomes of the population. It will allow the observation and will support an effective protection of bay of Ambodivahibe.


48

No11

Mohamed Lemine B’Leile/Mauritania/not available

Gaston Berger University, Senegal; [email protected]

No12

Assessment of a Slow Biomass Pyrolysis Technology using the Artificial Neural Network Model

Alex Dubem Tagboa, Alba Dieguez Alonso*,a

aInstitut für Energietechnik (EVUR), TU Berlin, Germany [email protected]; *[email protected]

Motivation: This project describes the application of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model in a technical-scale fixed-bed reactor to analyse the behavioural activities of the combustible effects of temperature and other selected parameters, gas yield and the formation of biochar. Several studies related to this research and other process parameters lead to the conclusion that the complexity of these interactions makes it impossible to predict the final product characteristics. However, the reactor is faced with a highly complex thermochemical process in the thermal decomposition of wood for the conversion of energy. The end results will establish a decision-making process through the ANN model development.

Aim: The objective of the ANN is to predict the behaviour of the system by measuring (a) the mass and energy fractions of pyrolysis products controlled by temperature and (b) the percentage retention of fuel (pyrolysis gas) as well as the char formation. The scientific aim is to find out whether the application of ANN can contribute technically in creating a balanced architecture, equations and algorithms to improve data quality in slow biomass pyrolysis.


49

Methods: The experiment is carried out on the pilot plant as shown above to study the pyrolysis technology and obtain data for evaluation [1]. The ANN analysis involves the training of the network (input-hidden-output layers), optimization of the parameters and error backpropagation [2].

References: [1] Dieguez-Alonso, A.; Anca-Couce, A.; Zobel, N. “On-line tar characterization from pyrolysis of wood particles in a technical-scale fixed-bed reactor by applying Laser-Induced Fluorescence”, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2013, 33-46, 102. [2] Bishop, M. C. “Pattern recognition and machine learning”, Journal of Information Science and Statistics 2006, 225-284, 735.


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No13

Investigation on the use of the cement mortar containing banana fibers as thermal insulator in building

Sibiath O. G. Osséni*,a Clément Ahouannoua, Emile A. Sanyaa, Yves Jannotb

aUniversity of Abomey Calavi (LEMA), Bénin; bUniversity of Lorraine (LEMTA), France [email protected]

Introduction

The use of local materials in construction of buildings is one of the potential ways to support sustainable development in developing countries (Mostafa et al., 2015). World energy consumption is increasing and this growth affects all sectors. This situation is not without environmental impacts due to significant emissions of the greenhouse gas effects. Thus, the new composite materials are developed to serve as natural or not thermal insulators, while maintaining an acceptable mechanical strength [(Meukam et al., 2004), (Belkarchouche et al., 2013), (Toledo, 1999), (Wang et al., 2007)]. This study will allow accessing to the effect of banana trunk fibers incorporation in the mortar from the thermal view. Materials and methods

Fig. 1: a- banana trunk fibers; b- samples (10 × 10 × 3 cm3; W/C = 0.7); c- hot plate device.

The cement CPJ35 is dosed at 250 kg m-3 of mixture and the fibers are in the proportions of

1, 2 and 3% by substitution to the equivalent percentages in mass of cement and sand.

Density : ; Water absorption ( ) : ; the thermal properties,

are determined by the hot plate method with two temperature measurements.

Results

The density, the thermal conductivity and effusivity thermal decreased when the percentage

of fibers increased, giving respective deviations of 25.54%, 56.09% and 65.68% between the

thermal conductivity of the reference sample, which was equal to 1.14 W m-1 K-1. Abs was

substantially linear and increased respectively of about 1.5, 2 and 2.5 times for composites in

relation to the reference.

Conclusion

It was shown a strong relationship between the fibers proportion and the thermal properties

for new composite materials. These results were interesting because in tropical climate, low

heat conductivity and specific heat materials were searched for thermal insulation in building.

These materials could be used, for example, to fill a carrier structure.


51

[1] Marwan, M; Nasim U., Build. 2015, 5, 282-296. [2] Meukam, P.; Jannot, Y.; Noumowe, A; Kofane, T. C., Constr. Build. Mater. 2004, 18, 437-443. [3] Belkarchouche, D.; Chaker, A., Caractérisation thermophysique et mécanique de matériaux de construction: béton de fibre naturelle, paper presented at JITH, Marrakech, Maroc. 2013. [4] Romildo Dias Tolêdo Filho, Kuruvilla Joseph, Khosrow Ghavami, George Leslie England, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agr. Amb. 1999, 3, 245-256. [5] Li Zhijian, Wang Lijing and Wang Xungai, J. Comp. Mater. 2007, 41, 1445-1457.

No14

Yusif Seidu/Ghanaian in Germany/not available

Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; [email protected]

N15

The prediction of PV module performance ratio with artificial neural networks

Alain K. Tossa,*a Y. M. Soroa

, L. Thiawb, D. Yamegueua, Y. Coulibalya, Esidor Ntsoenzokc aLESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International

d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. bEcole Supérieur Polytechnique de Dakar, Sénégal; cCEMHTI-CNRS, 3A, rue de la

Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France [email protected]

Among the normalized and scaled performance metrics, the module performance ratio (PR), is the best indicator to compare different PV module technologies [1]. In this study, the artificial neural networks (ANN) have been used to model the PR of four photovoltaic modules including one monocrystalline, two polycrystallines and one micromorph (a-Si/µc-Si) module. The ANN architecture adopted, is the multilayer perceptron (MLP). The inputs of the MLP models are the solar irradiance and air ambient temperature while the output is the PR. As shown on the figure (a), the optimum number of neurons in the hidden layer of the MLP of each module, is determined by monitoring the root mean-squared error (RMSE) in both the


52

training and validation phases of the MLP design. The optimum number of hidden neurons is obtained at the onset of the increase of RMSE in validation phase.

2 4 6 8 100.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

Module : VIC006 (pc-Si_2)

Number of hidden layer neuron

RM

SE

(M

LP

des

ign

)

Training

Validation

PMC optimal

RMSE = 0.009

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2Module : SHA017 (micromorphe)

Number of sun

Mo

du

le p

erfo

rman

ce r

atio

Measured

MLP

L5P

(a) (b)

Figure: (a) Selection of optimum MLP for pc-Si module (b) Comparison of MLP and L5P

models for micromorph module.

The study shows that only one hidden layer with at most five neurons, accurately models the

PR regardless of PV technology. The results obtained from the MLP model are compared

with those of the five parameters electrical model (L5P). As shown on figure (b), the PR

estimation is better done by the MLP based models. The values of the RMSE are less than

0.02 for MLP models regardless PV technology. This is about three to nine times lower than

the RMSE obtained from L5P. The study also shown that the poor fit of the L5P model is due

to a bad estimation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules.

References: [1] A. Carr and T. Pryor, “A comparison of the performance of different PV module types in temperate climates” Solar Energy 2004, 76, 285–294.


53

No16

The synergetic effect of graphene on Cu2O nanowire arrays as highly efficient hydrogen evolution photocathode in water splitting

Amare Aregahegn Dubale1, Wei-Nien Su2 and Bing-Joe Hwang1,3,*

1Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dilla University, Dilla 419, Ethiopia. 2NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology,

National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan. 3National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]; Presenting author: [email protected] A one dimensional (1D) Cu2O straddled with graphene is proposed as a highly promising and stable photocathode for solar hydrogen production. The Cu2O nanowire arrays modified with optimized concentration of graphene provide much higher improved photocurrent density 4.8 mA cm–2, which is two times that of bare 1D Cu2O (2.3 mA cm–2), at 0 V vs RHE under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm–2) and solar conversion efficiency reaching 3.3% at an applied potential of 0.55 V vs Pt counter electrode. Surprisingly, 1D Cu2O with optimum graphene concentration exhibit inspiring photocurrent density of 2.1 to 1.1 mA cm–2 at a higher positive potential range of 0.20.4 V vs RHE, which is higher compared with bare 1D Cu2O. This is the highest value ever reported for a Cu2O-based photocathode at such positive potential. After 20 minute of standard solar irradiation, 83% of the initial photocurrent density retained for the nanocomposite which is more than five times compared to the bare Cu2O (14.5%). Faradic efficiency of 74% was obtained for the evolved H2 gas. To get evidence for the photostability of graphene modified photocathode, a detailed characterization was carried out. The high PEC performance of graphene/Cu2O nanocomposite is attributed to the improved crystallinity and the synergetic effect of graphene in absorbing the visible light, suppressing the charge recombination and suppressing photocorrosion of the photoelectrode by preventing direct contact with the electrolyte. This inexpensive photocathode prepared free of noble metals, showed enhanced high photocurrent density with good stability and is a highly promising photocathode for solar hydrogen production. PEC, Cu2O, nanowire arrays, graphene, photocathode, hydrogen production, water spitting [1.] M. Grätzel, Nature, 2001, 414, 338-344. [2.] U. Eberle, B. Muller, R. von Helmolt, Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 8780-8798. [3.] J. A. Turner, Science, 1999, 285, 687-689. [4.] A. Paracchino, J. C. Brauer, J.-E. Moser, E. Thimsen, M. Grätzel, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 7341-7350.


54

No17

A Comparative Study of MPPT Approaches based on ANN and fuzzy controllers

Fatou NDIAYE*a, Moustapha SENEb, Marie Emillienne FAYEc, Saliou DIOUFd, Amadou

Seidou Maigae a,b,c Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal; d Polytechnic School, University Cheikh

Anta Diop, Daka, Sénégal.

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The performances of a photovoltaic module connected to a load through a conversion stage (chopper, inverter) are linked to the average electricity output including the delivered power. Nevertheless, the efficiency depends on atmospheric parameters as temperature, irradiance, and wind speed [1]. To make available electrical power, Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPT) algorithms are developed to keep up the PV module at optimal operating point with regard to climatic variations. This paper proposes an assessment of Artificial Neural Networks model based on MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) (e.g. Figure 1(a)). A comparative study with an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System [2]

and a hybrid neural network RBF/MLP is done using measured data to optimize the maximum power point of a photovoltaic generator (e.g. Figure 1(b)) for a sunny and cloudy days (e.g. Table 1). (a) (b)

09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Time(HH:MM:SS)

Pow

er(

W)

Popthy

Poptanf

Poptpv

Figure 1:Architecture of the hybrid model (a), Maximum power issued adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller

for a cloudy (b).

RBF/MLP mse (mW) mae (mW) corr. coef. ANFIS MSE (mW) MAE (mW) corr. coef.

Sunny day 0,54 13,30 0,990 sunny day 0,49 6,20 0,99

Cloudy day 0,17 00,40 0,999 cloudy day 436 372 0,997

Table 1: Error performances of adaptive RBF/MLP and of adaptive neuro-fuzzy controllers.

[1] F. Ndiaye, M. Sene, A .S .H. Maiga, M. Beye, Effects of climatic conditions on a polycrystalline photovoltaic module in Niger, International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 55, 2015, 60-66. [2] Jang J. S. R., Anfis: Adaptive-Network-based Fuzzy Inference System, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 23, 1993, 665-685.


55

No18

Fanta Balde/Sénégal/not available

University of Ziguinchor, Sénégal; [email protected]

N19

Design of a solar cavity receiver for a central receiver system Yao M. SESHIE*a, b, Edem K. N’TSOUKPOEa, Pierre NEVEUb, Yézouma COULIBALYa, Yao

K. AZOUMAHc aSolar Energy and Energy Saving Laboratory, Foundation 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

bProcesses, Material and Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France

cSirea Afrique, Kamboinsé, Burkina Faso E-mail: [email protected]

CSP4Africa is a project that aims at developing a central receiver system plant in 2iE in Burkina Faso. The plant, which must be suited to mini grids, is supposed to have a solar field


56

of 100 kWth and will be a basis to study the profitability of such kinds of plants, as solutions to provide power to the remote areas in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper deals with the design and manufacturing of the solar receiver of the project. According to the studies on solar receivers, the latter can be classified in three groups [1]: volumetric [2], tubular [3] and particle [4] receivers. The first ones are used for high temperatures CSP (>900°C) and did not demonstrated sustainability in various tests whereas the last ones still in the research phase. Most of the solar receivers used in the world are tubular and can be classified in two groups [3]: external [5] and cavity receivers [6]. For the CSP4Africa solar receiver, a cavity tubular receiver is chosen and a cylindrical geometry is set as shape. The absorbing surface of the receiver is an helical coil, which represents the lateral part. The modelling method used in this study is based on radiative exchange with the use of view factors. An energy balance is written on every coil, which is supposed to receive radiative energy from the incident flux, the ambient atmosphere and the inner surfaces of the cavity and at the same time, emits towards these inner surfaces and the atmosphere. An energy balance is also written in every volume of the heat transfer fluid of each coil. The receiver is considered operating in stationary mode. The optimization process takes into account the operation temperatures as constraints. Optimization variables considered were the number of the coils (height of the cavity), the inner diameter of the coil, the nature and mass flow of the heat transfer fluid. The exergy analysis leads to a cylindrical receiver with a height of 1 m and an aperture of 0.7 m; diameter of coils was set at 0.025 m. Thereafter, the component was manufactured by a local enterprise. Laboratory tests were conducted in a closed room (off-wind conditions) to determine the global convective heat losses coefficient, with is later used to extend the design model. A non-stationary model, which integrates the variation of the solar irradiation, is derived from the previous stationary model. Simulation showed the trend of the temperature of the heat transfer fluid at the receiver’s outlet according to incident flux.

Keywords: Solar receiver, receiver modelling, cavity receiver, helical coil, CSP4Africa

References: [1] O. Behar, A. Khellaf, K. Mohammedi, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 23 (2013) 12–39. [2] A.L. Ávila-Marín, Sol. Energy 85 (2011) 891–910. [3] C. Singer, S. Giuliano, R. Buck, Energy Procedia 49 (2014) 1553–1562. [4] T. Tan, Y. Chen, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14 (2010) 265–276. [5] M.R. Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. Sánchez-González, C. Marugán-Cruz, D. Santana, Energy Procedia 49 (2014) 504–513. [6] W.G. Le Roux, T. Bello-Ochende, J.P. Meyer, Energy Convers. Manag. 84 (2014) 457–470.


57

No20

Isolation and Characterization of Natural Dyes for Possible Application in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

aBright N. Jaato, aBoniface Y. Antwi, aRichard B. Owoare, and aRobert Kingsford-Adaboh

aUniversity of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] and

[email protected] The sun delivers more energy to the earth in one hour than we currently use from fossil fuels,

nuclear power and all renewable energy sources combined in a year.[1] Harnessing the sun’s

energy has led to the development of Photovoltaic (PV) devices like organic, inorganic and

hybrid cells. PV cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity by absorbing photons and

releasing electrons.[2]

Enhancing the performance of Dye sensitized solar cells has been an area of very extensive

research for the past 20 years. One area of deep interest and potential development value is

the improvement of the light absorption wavelength range of the dyes. Panchromatic

Engineering and Tandem structures are amongst techniques being explored to broaden the

absorption range of DSSCs.[3] Therefore, this work will explore natural Ghanaian dyes or

cocktails of Ghanaian natural dyes with broader absorption bands for possible application in

dye sensitized solar cells.

References: [1] Bhogaita, M.; Shukla, A. D.; Nalini, R. P. Solar Energy, 2016, 137, 212-224. [2] Green, M. A. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2001, 9, 123-135. [3] Suhaimi, S.; Shahimin, M. M.; Alahmed, Z. A.; Chyský, J.; Reshak, A. H. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2015, 10, 28-59.


mailto:[email protected],[email protected]


58

No21

Optimal operation of hybrid Photovoltaic/Diesel system for cost effective rural electrification: Case of Bilgo located in Burkina Faso

G. Koucoia, D.Yamegueu*,a, Q.T. Tran*,b, Y. Coulibaly*,a

aLESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;

bINES CEA/LITEN- Laboratoire des systèmes électriques intélligents (LSEI), Le Bourget-du-lac, France.

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa are regions where only 14 % of the population

have access to electricity. Despite many efforts to extend the existing grids to rural areas, most remote areas will not be reached within a foreseeable future. Hybrid PV/Diesel without battery system can be a clean and cost-effective solution for the electrification in those areas[1,2]. However an optimal and smart energy management strategy (EMS) is one of the main key that could guarantee reliability to the whole hybrid energy system with the lowest cost of energy.

This paper presents an optimization and experimental analysis for energy management in hybrid photovoltaic/Diesel without battery system using dynamic programming (DP). This approach applied to a rural sub-Saharan Africa village called ‘’Bilgo’’ located at Burkina Faso with 135 kW peak load It aims to minimize the operation cost of the system which could lead to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) produced over the system’s lifetime (20 years). The results obtained with energy management with DP proposed have been compared to Diesel generator (DG) in standalone. It highlights a reduction in the operation cost, the fuel consumption, the carbon emission and the cost of energy as shown in Table 1. Table 2 : Comparative results

Characteristics of the energy systems

Diesel generators

standalone :

DG: 150 kW

Hybrid PV/Diesel system with DP :

PV array : 67.5 kWp DG1 : 100 kW and DG2 : 50 kW

Operation Cost (k€) 3186 2120

LCOE (€/kWh) 0.43 0.29

Fuel consumption (L/year)

414,655 158,775

Carbon emission (kg/year)

8778.25 6803.6

Solar coverage (%) 0 23

References [1] D. Tsuanyo, Y. Azoumah, D. Aussel, and P. Neveu, “Modeling and optimization of batteryless hybrid PV (photovoltaic)/Diesel systems for off-grid applications”, Energy 2015, 1–12. [2] B. I. Ouedraogo, S. Kouame, Y. Azoumah, and D. Yamegueu, “Incentives for rural off grid electrification in Burkina Faso using LCOE”, Renew. Energy 2015, 78, 573–582.


59

No22

Elaboration and characterization of thin films dye for photovoltaic application

J.K.DATTEa*,S.A.YAPIb

a,bLaboratory of Physics, condensed matter (LPMCT), University of Felix Houphouet Boigny, Abidjan-cocody, Côte d’ivoire; [email protected]

In the last decade, the enthusiasm of developing countries for renewable energies and especially for the photovoltaic (PV) energy has been strongly increased because of energy crisis. hence ,Organic solar cells have attracted much attention for their potential, such as low cost, flexibility and renewable energy conversion devices. Our study, will focus on natural dyes, such as: indigofera tinctoria, justicia secunda, and Alchornea cordifolia leaves. These plants grow abundantly in west Africa. In the first step , we will have to extract dye from leaves using a convenient solvent. Then, chemical and physical properties of the moleculars responsible for the dye will be established. At last the extracted dye will be tested in the active layers of DSCCS or BHJ organic solar cell . Keywords: organic cell, renewable energy, BHJ, DSCCS. References: [1] Brian O'Regan, Michael Grätzel, Nature 353, 6346.

[2] Xuemai Ma, Jianli Hua, Tetrahedron 2008, 64.

[3] M. C. Scharber, N. S. Sariciftci, Progress in Polymer Science 2013, 38, 1929-1940.

[4] Valery N. Bliznyuk, Jacek Gasiorowski, Applied Surface Science 2016, 389.

[5] N. J. George, I. B. Obot, A. N. Ikot, J. Chem. 2010, 7.


60

No23

Characterization and modelling of hybrid based-perovskite organic-inorganic solar cells

Alle Dioum*,a, Abdoulaye Ndiaye Dionea, Sosse Ndiayea, Aboubaker Chedikh Beyea

aGroupe de Physique du Solide et Sciences des Matériaux, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

[email protected] / [email protected] Thin films of Methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite are deposited on flat substrates under open-air conditions and high relative humidity for realizing hybrid organic-inorganic based perovskite solar cells using a two-step procedures consisting of spin coating and dipping. Under AM 1.5 g illumination, devices without Hole Transport Material (HTM) have been characterized by measuring the current–voltage I(V) characteristics and an efficiency of about 12%. New theoretical model has been developed to give insight the dependence of the charge carrier recombination at the actives interfaces of the perovskite absorber layer on the charge carrier density and the photocurrent density. Moreover, our model allows evidencing the influence of the paramount physical parameters such as the perovskite layer thickness, the monochromatic wavelength of the incoming irradiation of the spectrum of the visible on the performance of the cell. Keywords: characterization - modeling - hybrid solar cell - perovskite - planar heterojunction


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FIB Images of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film deposited on compact TiO2/FTO at 4000 rpm spinning rate

Absorption of 350nm thickness of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite deposited on glass+UV treatment

Electrons density photogenerated within the bulk of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Portici Research Center, for its financial postdoctoral support fellowship of Dr Dioum Reference: [1] Green, M. A.; Ho-Baillie, A.; Snaith, H. J., Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 506–514.

[2] De Angelis, F., Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 3349–3360.

[3] Snaith, H. J., Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4: 3623-3630

[4] La Ferrara, V; De Maria, A; Mercaldo, L. V.; Bobeico, E.; Dioum, A.; Di Luccio, T.;

Lancellotti, L.; Delli Veneri, P., E-MRS Spring Meeting 2015 Symposium, Energy Procedia.

No24

Contribution of the CBOs in promoting renewable energy in Senegal

Abibatou Banda Fall Laboratory Leidi of Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

[email protected]

For thirty years now, The Sahelian energy context has been characterized, by a strong energy demand with a growth of 1.6 to 2%. At the same time, the effects of global warming on Sahel countries such as Senegal are undeniable. This has led to more deforestation (Biomass energy consumption is about 80%.), thus impacting negatively on the climate. However, the area has considerable potential for renewable energy, especially


62

bioenergy (Waste used for bioenergy is minimum 1,810,000 tons per year.) and solar energy (The average of solar radiation is 6 kWh/(m² day), 3000 hours of sunshine a year.), which are alternative energies sources to traditional fuels reducing the environmental, economic and social costs of these environmental problems that limit the development capabilities of Senegal.

Given this situation, it is urgent to raise awareness of the positive effects of using renewable energy in order to focus on its benefits, but also to better understand its limitations. To this end, Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), which are groups of socially-conscious young men and women, have played a significant role in helping their communities to shift their behavior and responses to socio-economic and environmental problems in Senegal by providing sustainable solutions that are both practical and innovative.

This study proposes a business model that is cost-effective and environmentally and community- focused based on research in the form of needs analyses conducted with the CBOs. This model will rely on several scenarios with a socio-environmental and financial focus based on the anticipation of use of bioenergy and solar products and its results over five years. Those products represent a way of meeting the needs of all communities in Senegal. Further, this model will guarantee greater access to energy, stable jobs, as well as provide funds to undertake sustainable activities through a "Teek" system. It will thus be possible to cover 50% of the national market and respond to needs in all of Africa and the world, which will pave the way for greater use of renewable energy. Keywords: Climate change, Renewable energy, Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), Eco-development, Senegal. References: [1] DURANT, Berbard. Energie et Environnement: les risques et les enjeux d’une crise annoncée. France: EDP Sciences, 2007. [2] DIRECTION DE L’ENERGIE DU SÉNÉGAL. Rapport coopéré (ECONOTEC, gTz, PERACOD, Intelligent Système d’information énergétique du Sénégal : un outil d’aide à la prise de décision Energie, UEMOA, la Francophonie), 2007. [3] ENDA/Energie. Rôle des énergies renouvelables sur le développement des activités productives en milieu rural ouest Africain : le cas du Sénégal, Rapport final, 2006. [4] N DONG J-B. L’évolution du climat du Sénégal et les conséquences de la sécheresse récente sur l’environnement. Th. Doct. Univ. Lyon III, 1996.


63

No25

Claude Boris Amougou/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso

International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso; [email protected]

No26

Boly Amidou Singho/Burkina Faso


No27

Hadiza Issaka Nomao/Nigerien in Burkina Faso


No28

Bismark Appiah/Senegalese in Germany/not available

Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; [email protected]


64

No29

Study of Czochralski silicon (CZ-Si) wafer optoelectronic behavior under light exposure.

Nwadiaru Ogechi Vivian*a, Yacine Kouhlaneb, Bouhafs Djoudib, Zerga Abdellatifa, Tonny

Kukeeraa

aDepartment of Energy Engineering, Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Science (Including Climate Change) –Tlemcen, Algeria.

bDivision for Development of Semiconductors to Conversion Devices, Research Center of Semiconductor Technology for Energy (CRTSE) – Algiers, Algeria.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Semiconductor devices are critical components of solar panels and play a vital role in the energy conversion process. The performance of semiconductor devices maybe limited by electrically active defect centers even if they are present in concentrations below the detection limit of conventional techniques. The development of strategies to reduce or avoid such harmful defects must start with their identification, which becomes increasingly difficult as the electronic quality of the semiconductor material improves. In this study, Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) p-type wafer was exposed to illumination for 4h using a halogen lamp with an intensity of 0.5 suns. The effective carrier lifetime (τeff) was measured using the quasi-steady-state photoconductance (QSSPC) technique. The carrier lifetime degradation is much slower than the degradation observed during a light induced degradation (LID) process of Cz-Si wafers related to a B-O complex. Moreover, Using a theoretical model the rate of degradation and annihilation of the metastable defect was calculated. In addition, the simulation of lifetime as a function of carrier density was also performed to determine the defect concentration evolution with time of illumination. The results confirm the presence of a second mechanism separate from the B-O complex and was associated with the metallic impurity present in the wafers. Finally, the wafer illumination steps can be a suitable method to confirm the electrical quality of Cz-Si wafer and also contributes to attaining higher efficiencies in solar cells.

Keywords: c-Si, Czochralski, QSSPC, light induced degradation.


65

No30

Comparison of economic criteria for the optimal design of a PV / Diesel hybrid system

David Tsuanyoab*, Didier Ausselb, Yezouma Coulibalya, Yao Azoumahc, Pierre Neveub

aInternational Institute of Water and Environment Engineering, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, bUniversity of Perpignan Via Domitia / PROMES-CNRS lab, Perpignan, France

[email protected] Electricity generation systems based on renewable energy remain a preferred solution to increase the electrification rate in rural and sub-urban areas. Despite the drastic drop in the cost of photovoltaic module during the last decades (less than 1.5 €/Wp), the necessary capital for the installation of an off grid photovoltaic system is still high in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the average living cost (less than 1 €/day). The batteries, sometimes included in this system have not only negative environmental impact, but can also absorb around 40% of the total installation cost. However, with higher solar irradiation (more than 5.5kWh/m²/day), solutions to integrate massively photovoltaic systems have to be explored. PV/Diesel hybrid system could be a good solution provided they are reliable, cost effective and economically attractive to investors (private sector). This presentation carried out how technical requirements, operating management, size are taking into account in the same objective function to optimally design a cost effective PV/Diesel hybrid system for a certain rural area. Objective function being economic criteria generally used to ensure the profitability of energy projects. The aim of this study is to compare the profitability criteria (Life cycle Cost, Levelized Cost of Energy, Net present value, Internal Rate of Return and Discounted payback period) applied to optimally design of a PV / Diesel hybrid system. An application to 2iE-K1 campus (Ouagadougou) has been done and the results show that DPB and IRR give optimal solutions that limit the investment cost and the maximum debt amount while NPV/LCC/LCOE maximizes the benefit. The methodology applied can be extended to other renewable energy systems in order to facilitate their deployment in rural poor regions in Sub-Saharan Africa.

[1] D. Tsuanyo, Y. Azoumah, D. Aussel, P. Neveu, Energy 2015, 86, 152–163. [2] M. Muselli, G. Notton, A. Louche, Sol. Energy 1999, 65, 143–157. [3] D. Yamegueu, Y. Azoumah, X. Py, N. Zongo, Renew. Energy 2011, 36, 1780–1787.

[4] W. Short, D. J. Packey, T. Holt, Press of the Pacific 2005. [5] C.-Y. Chang, Int. J. Proj. Manag. 2013, 31, 1057–1067.


66

No31

Design of a Linear Fresnel collector in Sub-Saharan region of Africa

Gaëlle K. KO,a K. Edem N’Tsoukpoe,*,a Yezouma Coulibaly a Pierre Neveub

aLaboratoire Énergie Solaire et Économie d'Énergie (LESEE), Département Génie Électrique, Énergétique et Industriel, Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de

l'Environnement (2iE), 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. bLaboratoire Procédés Matériaux et Énergie Solaire (PROMES) / Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Rambla de la thermodynamique tecnosud, 66100 Perpignan France.

[email protected] /[email protected]; [email protected] / [email protected]

The oil crisis, the environmental preservation and the increase in power demand,

electricity and heat, contribute to the promotion of renewable energy. Abundance of solar resource in some region of Africa makes it one of the most attractive renewable energy source. Rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa have a low rate of access to electricity less than 17% [1] but the regions have an important solar potential. Can solar energy be an answer to electricity need in rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa?

There are two ways to convert solar energy to electricity: photovoltaïque, which use sunlight, and concentrated solar power (CSP), which used sun’s heat. Among the four common concentrated solar power technologies, Parabolic Trough, Solar Power Tower, Parabolic Dish, Linear Fresnel, the linear Fresnel technology is one of the least used. However, this technology is a good candidate for the implementation of a low cost power plant station due to its simplicity and its adaptability.

Due to the low density of population in rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa a decentralized micro-grid with micro-CSP power plants is a relevant energy system alternative [2]. We work on the manufacturing of a small Linear Fresnel plant that can provide more than 8 . A CSP plant has two parts: the collector which converts sun radiation to heat and

system used to convert this thermal power to electricity [3]. Our research work focuses on the first part of the plant. Our main goal is the manufacturing of a low cost linear Fresnel collector using local mankind and local materials. We describe one the characterization of a prototype of 2 design in Burkina Faso. The collector has been built using material

available in Burkina Faso and local making.

References: [1] International Energy Agency (IEA). World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2015 Electricity

Database: electricity access in 2013 — regional aggregates. International Energy Agency (IEA); 2015. [2] N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem, Ketowoglo Yao Azoumah, Emmanuel Ramde, A. K. Yesuenyeagbe Fiagbe, Pierre Neveu, Xavier Py, Madieumbe Gaye, and Arnaud Jourdan. 2016. “Integrated Design and Construction of a Micro-Central Tower Power Plant.” Energy for Sustainable Development 31 (April): 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2015.11.004. [3] Lovegrove, K., and J. Pye. 2012. “2 - Fundamental Principles of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems.” In Concentrating Solar Power Technology, edited by Keith Lovegrove and Wes Stein, 16–67. Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy. Woodhead Publishing. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697693500029


mailto:/[email protected]


67

No32

Aboubakar Gomna/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso


No33

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, RENEWABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Okuwobi Wuraola Ayomide,a Pat-NAtson Antony Tomib abEconomics Department, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

[email protected], [email protected] In the world today, various forms of energy have been discovered some being renewable and others non-renewable. However, the development levels of these energy forms are more sustainable in other continents than Africa- which is largely under-developed. The absence of energy that is sustainable however is not the only developmental issue being faced as there is a problem of renewability of energy resources. A large sect of Africa still depends on fossil fuels thus reflecting her high dependence on non-renewable sources. Energy renewability


68

and sustainability may not have been an issue in pre-industrialized times, but contemporary times require a whole lot of energy that should be, firstly; available, then renewable and sustainable. This paper considers the effects of renewable energy sources that are sustainable, and also, non-renewable sources that are more harmful than beneficial to current environmental states given the current trend of global warming. It also goes on to expose that the energy forms in other developed continents of the world are more sustainable- reasons for the immensely slow rate of economic and socio-economic development in Nigeria, and Africa at large. The paper is constructed using trend analysis of energy availability levels and their corresponding effects on economic growth and development. The paper is based on immense qualitative data analysis with secondary data from the African Development Bank, Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (among other sources). This study reveals the existence of a strong relationship between sustainable energy, renewable energy and the growth of Africa’s economy. It also proposes that the growth of any nation is critically dependent on the sufficiency of its energy sector, creating a necessary dependence on sustainable, renewable and reliable energy. It is recommended that Africa should engage the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources which promote economic growth. Reference: Adeoye, O. S. and Titiloye, S. O. “Erratic Power Supply and Socio-Economic Development in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria”, The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) 2014, 3(6), 2-3.

No34

Pingdwende Inès Ernestine Nana/Burkina Faso/

International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso;

[email protected]


69

No35

Lae Titia Marelle Ndjientcheu Yossa/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso/


No36

Esther Grâce Mvomo Nke/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso/



70

No37

Integrating Anaerobic Digestion (Bio-energy) into our Culture: Is it a Panacea for Sustainable Energy Supply in Ghana?

Nunoo, Edward Kweku a, Twum Eric b, Mattah, Memuna a

a Central University, Department of Environment and Development Studies. Tema, Ghana. b Institute of Green Growth Solutions. Accra, Ghana.

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Energy is the engine of growth in every Nation. Therefore its role in the development of emerging economies where biomass is the main energy source for millions of people becomes crucial. To develop, in terms of energy requirements, supply of energy must be readily available, affordable and supplied from renewable sources (Achempong & Ankrah, 2014). Harnessing low cost renewable energy technologies as an efficient energy mix to augment unsustainable energy demand in Ghana has long been conceptualized. However the success of its implementation has been hindered by a combination of, not only human induced factors, but also, inarticulate co-ordination and integration of renewable energy influx programmes into mainstream national energy policy and the political will to implement sustainable energy policies (Lerner, 2015). In response to the country’s energy vision, it has been established, against the backdrop of heavy natural resource depletion in the country that redeployment of anaerobic digestion (bioenergy power generation technologies) into the Ghanaian culture could be the panacea to sustainable power supply (dumsor-dumsor) challenge, mitigate climate change, utilise locally available resources (waste) and provide employment opportunities for indigenes of local communities.

This paper examines the redevelopment and role of bio-energy integration that will allow local communities to produce their own source of energy and electricity (Thomsen, Kadar & Schmidt, 2013), first on pilot basis, and if successful, integrate them into the districts, regional and then the national grid (Ulrike et al, 2014). Experiences in the dissemination of biofuel energy technologies in successful regions are reviewed and factors affecting the dissemination of renewable energy technologies are briefly analyzed.

References: [1] Achempong, T., Ankrah, Ghana Energy Situation Report Q1, 2014. Pricing and deregulation of the energy Sector in Ghana: Challenges and Prospects. Accra. IMANI. 2014. [2] Lerner, M., Severe power crisis in Ghana causing economic pain. Blouin News, 2015. Accra. [3]. Thomsen, S. T.; Kadar, Z. and Schmidt, J. E.; Estimating bioenergy potentials of common African agricultural residues; 2013. [4]. Ulrike, D et al. (2014). Biogas in Ghana. Subsector Analysis of Potential and Framework Conditions. Berlin. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Online at www.export-erneuerbare.de/www.renewables


71

No38

Upgrading of carbon-based reductants from biomass pyrolysis under pressurized laboratory kiln

Eric S. Noumi,*,a Patrick Rousset,b Joel Blinc

aInternational Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

bAdvanced Fuel Processing Laboratory (AFPL), The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

cFrench Agriculture Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 73 rue J. F. Breton, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

The main problems of substitution of top charged coke by charcoal in blast furnace are the missing compressive strength and the too high reactivity of charcoal, which means replacement is only possible in mini blast furnace. Although these furnace permit to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas, their production remain marginal and more research are necessary to upgrade charcoal properties for conventional blast furnace. Recent studies have shown that using pressure can increase gravimetric yields, fixed carbon content and considerably reduce carbonization time. The purpose of this study is to determine in a statistical manner how carbonizations parameters and especially pyrolysis pressure impact the charcoal quality in term of reactivity and mechanical parameter (such as crushing strength and friability). The experiments were based on multivariate statistical concepts, with the application of fractional factorial design techniques to identify the variables that are important synthesis of charcoal. The experimental study was carried out using Eucalyptus Urophylla and Eucalyptus Camadulensis wood and involved two carbonization temperature (350 and 600 °C), two relative working pressure (2 and 6 bars) and two heating rates (1 and 5 °C/min). Six response variables were analyzed and discussed following a random factorial design: the charcoal yield (Ychar), the fixed carbon content (Cf), the bulk density (D), the crushing strength (Rm), friability (F) and the reactivity (R) of charcoal. Except for the friability of charcoal, all other properties are well correlate with carbonization parameter. Given the demand of the steelmaking sector, the best charcoal would appear to be obtained at high temperature above 536 °C, moderate pressure above 5 bars and moderate heating rate around 1.02 °C/min.


72

No39

A study on the Energy Consumption and Performance of a Temperature and Humidity Test Chamber

Kwesi Mensah,a Jong Min Choi*,b

aGraduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea; Country.

*,bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea; Country

[email protected], *,[email protected]

It was demonstrated that, the energy consumption and fluctuation of a constant temperature and humidity test chamber can be reduce significantly by adopting a variable speed compressor to the refrigerating unit. 1.0 Introduction: Temperature and Humidity test chambers are used to perform thermal-environmental simulations on manufactured specimens. These test chambers consume lots of energy during the testing operations. This work focused on minimizing the energy consumption and fluctuation of these chambers 2.0 Experimental Setup and Schematic diagram: Figure 1 shows the picture of the experimental setup and the schematic diagram.

Electric Heater

Humidifer

Evaporator

Test Chamber

Circulating Fans

Refrigeration unit

Supply Air

Return Air

Figure 1: (a) Picture of Exp. Setup (b) Schematic diagram of Exp. setup


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3.0 Experimental Results: Figure 2 shows the results obtained from the experimental investigations.

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

2.2

4.4

6.6

8.8

11.0

Relative humidity : 40%RHDry bulb temperature (oC)

25DB

45DB

Po

we

r c

on

su

mp

tio

n (

kW

)

Compressor speed (Hz)

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

A

ir T

em

pe

ratu

re D

iffe

ren

ce

a

cro

ss

ele

ctr

ic h

ea

ter

(oC

)

Relative humidity = 40%

Compressor Speed (Hz)

Dry bulb temperature (oC)

25

45

Figure 2: (a) Power consumption with speed; (b) Air temperature difference with speed (Hz). 4.0 Conclusion: In the aspects of energy savings and fluctuation reduction of temperature and humidity test chambers, it is highly recommended to adopt a refrigerator with a variable speed compressor 5.0 Reference: [1] Mensah, K; Choi, J. M.; You, B. M., Yoon, S.B., Proceedings of KSME Winter conference 2016, 351-352.

No40

African Network for Solar Energy: Achievements in Figures

Manuela ATTOUH, Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE

African Network for Solar Energy e.V. (ANSOLE e.V), Ebertstr. 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected]; [email protected]

The African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE) is a network of more than 1000 learners, experts and institutions that seek to address Africa’s energy problems using environmental-friendly energy sources, including the continent’s abundant solar resources. Initiated on 4 November, 2010 in Sousse, Tunisia, and launched on February 4th, 2011 in Linz, Austria, it is headquartered in Jena, Germany, and boasts branches in 44 African countries and 30 non-African countries. The main focus of ANSOLE is CAPACITY BUILDING as reflected by its 3


74

main goals: (1) Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) at various skill levels, (2) Research activities among African and non-African scientists involved in the training of African students and experts, and (3) Promotion of renewable energies in Africa through public education and awareness raising. The following are the organization’s major achievements in figures since its inception. 14 African students have carried out their Master’s and PhD studies thanks to ICTP (International Centre for Theoretical Physics)/ANSOLE-sponsored fellowship programs. 16 African and non-African students with own funds were mediated to African and non-African institutions. Through the funding of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), 5 students from the´Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (including Climate Change) (PAUWES) visited relevant renewable energy infrastructure in Germany in May 2016. Over 90 renewable energy related-workshops, meetings, conferences and symposiums have been organized, co-organized and facilitated by ANSOLE throughout the world. At least 30 research works completed by beneficiaries of ICTP/ANSOLE-sponsored fellowship programs have been published in the form of articles in international respected scientific journals. Besides, ANSOLE has published 6 e-Magazines + 1 supplement so far. ANSOLE is supported by 4 partners and has 6 active institutional members. ANSOLE and partners initiated a platform called Bridging Africa, Latin America and Europe on Water and Renewable Energies Applications (BALEWARE). It was officíally launched on December 12th, 2016 at NM-AIST, Arusha, Tanzania. The African Network for Solar Energy is a dynamic and fast-growing organization thanks to its members. So, more ANSOLERs will mean more achievements. Key words: ANSOLE, capacity building, ICTP, fellowship programs, BALEWARE. References: All 6 issues of ANSOLE e-Magazine published between 2014 and 2016.

Manuela Attouh is a translator and conference interpreter by profession. She specializes in the translation of texts in the field of environment from English into French and vice versa. Contact: [email protected].



75

No41

The Impact of Various Molecular Distributions of an Anthracene-Containing PPE-PPV on Solid State Properties and Photovoltaic Performance

Christoph Ulbricht,a,b Francesca Tinti,c Vera Cimrova,d Nadia Camaionic and Daniel A. M.

Egbe*,a,b aLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040

Linz, Austria. bInstitute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69,

4040 Linz, Austria. cInstituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P.

Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. dInstitute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,

Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic [email protected]

Conjugated polymers can be pepared with various molecular mass distributions, which can have a distinct impact at the solid state properties and the performance in organic electronic applications such as bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Herein we present the investigation of three poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) batches, which were formed from identical building blocks but exhibit slight variations regarding their molar mass characteristics (Scheme 1).[1]

Scheme 1: Synthesis, molar mass distributions and polymer characteristics of the polymer batches PAnE-PVstat-a,b,c.

Analysis in solid state, e.g. XRD measurements, indicate, that the presence of small molecular mass species lead to a better ordering in the AnE-PVstat films, which seems to facilitate a better performance in bulk-heterojunction solar cell assemblies (Figure 1).


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Figure 1: XRD results of annealed films (left) and solar cell characteristics (right) of the polymer

batches AnE-PVstat-a,b,c.

Acknowledgement: C. Ulbricht and D. A. M. Egbe acknowledge the financial support by FWF through project No: I 1703-N20. Reference: [1] Tinti, F.; Fedlu, K. S.; Gazzano, M.; Righi, S.; Ulbricht, C.; Usluer, Ö.; Pokorna, V.; Cimrova, V.; Yohannes, T.; Egbe, D. A. M; Camaioni, N.; RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 6972.

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