SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN · PDF file6.3 UBBL Requirement 6.4 Escalator 6.4.1...

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423)

Project 2 - Case Study, Analysis and Documentation of Building Services Systems

WEE LUN YONG 1101Q13254 WONG JIA XIN 1101G13277 TAN ROBBINS 0303602 WONG KIEN HOU 0312104 YEOH PIK QIN 0303357 LIM CHON KEAT 0312439 TAN HUI XIAN 0311719

TUTOR: MR. SIVA

Table of Content 1.0 Introduction

2.0 Mechanical Ventilation And Air Conditioning

2.1 introduction

2.2 literature review

2.3 Case Study

2.3.1 Heat Exchanger System

2.3.2 Heat Exchanger Room

2.3.3 Pump System

2.3.3.1 Pump (3- Phase Induction Motor)

2.3.4 Inverter (Danfoss Vlt 6000)

2.3.5 Air Handling Unit (A.H.U)

2.3.5.1 Location Of A.H.U

2.3.6 Ducting System

2.3.6.1 The Supplying Duct

2.3.6.2 The Returning Duct

2.3.7 Diffusers

2.4 Analysis

2.5 Conclusion

3.0 Electrical Supply System

3.1 Introduce of electricity

3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.3 Case study

3.3.1 Genset Room

3.3.2 HV Room

3.3.3 Transformer Room

3.3.4 Sprinkler Pump Room

3.3.5 Heat exchanger system

3.3.6 DB

3.4 Analysis

3.5 Conclusion

4.0 Water Supply System

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Literature Review

4.3 Case Study

4.3.1 Overall Distribution & Mechanics

4.3.2 Distribution to Water Tanks

4.3.3 Pump System

4.4 Analysis

4.5 Conclusion

5.0 Sewerage And Sanitary System

5.1 Introduction


5.3 Case Study

5.3.1 The overall sewerage line

5.4 Parts of the sewerage system

5.4.1 Sanitary appliances

5.4.2 Trap

5.4.2.1 Water seal traps

5.4.2.2 Interceptor traps

5.4.3 Stacks

5.4.4 Manhole

5.4.4.1 Grease interceptor trap

5.4.4.2 Manhole

5.4.4.3 Inspection chamber

5.4.5 Individual Septic Tanks (IST)

5.4.6 Sewer pipe

5.4.6.1 Flexible sewer pipe

5.4.6.2 Saddle joint

5.5 UBBL requirement

5.6 Analysis

5.7 Conclusion

6.0 Mechanical Transportation System


6.2 Introduction

6.3 UBBL Requirement

6.4 Escalator

6.4.1 Arrangement of Escalators

6.4.2 Component

6.5 Elevator

6.5.1 Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators

6.5.2 Types of Elevators in building

6.5.3 Indication of location

6.5.4 Component of System

6.5.5 Plan

6.5.6 Operation of System

6.5.7 Safety System of the Elevators System

6.6 Discussion

7.0 Fire Protection System

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1Passive Fire Protection System

7.1.2 Active Fire Protection System

7.2 Case Study

7.2.1 Passive Fire Protection System

7.2.1.1 Fire Escape Route

7.2.1.2. Fire Lift

7.2.1.3. Emergency Exit Signs

Literature Review


7.2.2.1 Water based fire protection systems

7.2.2.1.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler

7.2.2.1.2 Fire Hydrants

7.2.2.1.3 Hose Reel

Literature Review

7.2.2.2 Fire Suppression Systems and Agents

7.2.2.2.1 Wet and Dry Chemical Extinguishing System

7.2.2.2.2 Gaseous Agent Extinguishing System

7.2.2.2.2.1 Automatic CO2 system

Literature Review

7.2.2.2.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher

7.2.2.3 Fire Alarm and Detection System

7.2.2.4 Smoke Extraction and Ventilation

7.3 Analysis

7.4 Conclusion

8.0 Conclusion

9.0 References

1.0 Introduction

Figure 1.0: eCurve

Figure 1.1: Location plan showing eCurve.

For our case study in this report, the building chosen was eCurve which is

located at Jalan PJU7/3, Petaling Jaya. This building is about four storeys high

excluding the basement levels. eCurve is a wholly owned subsidiary of Boustead

Properties Berhad. Located in the heart of MutiaraDamansara, this mall is easily

accessible via 5 main roads. This mall has a design dedicated for its cinema

entertainment with levels 2 and 2M consisting mostly of theater rooms. The rest of

the floors below are filled with shops and restaurants.

We will be covering the services throughout the whole building such as

mechanical ventilation, electrical supply system, water supply system, sewerage and

sanitary system, mechanical transportation and the fire protection system. The

analysis of the building services in this building was carried out by 7 people.

2.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning

2.1 Introduction

Mechanical ventilation is a primary energy intensive and air

conditioning is even more so. Mechanical ventilation is the process of

changing air in an enclosed space, indoor air is withdrawn and replace by

fresh air continuously. Air conditioning is to control the temperature, humidity,

air cleanliness and air movement & heat radiation with the mechanical means

to achieve human thermal comfort.Indoor air is conditioned and regulated to

maintain the temperature- humidity ratio that is most comfortable and

healthful.The Air condition system in this building is a bit different as the

others building. Most air conditioning units are operate by ducting air cross the

colder, heat- absorbing side of refrigeration apparatus and directing it back

into air conditional. But in this building, the system is call water- cooled air-

conditioning units (heat exchanger). The cool water came at minimum

temperature of 4℃ and the waste heat is carried away by a flow of water in

the heat exchanger. The machine only take the cold air but not the water nor

the heat. The heat exchanger was coated to prevent the cold and heat lost. In

the process, the 4℃ cool air became 8℃ which the other 4℃ had been taken

away by the machine.


Air conditioning refer to the process of changing the air temperature

and humidity through cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection. The cooling

is typically done using heat exchange system to produce cool air for the

building. Sometimes, evaporation is used, for comfort cooling in buildings and

motor vehicles. A complete system of heating, ventilation and air conditioning

is referred to as (HVAC).

Temperature is a key component of relative humidity, decreasing the

temperature of humid air causes it to release a portion of its moisture.

AHU Cool Air

Public Space

Cold Water Tank (min 4℃)

Cold water

toppingup Heat Exchanger Pump

Inverter

Cool air (7~ 8℃)

Cool air (7~ 8℃) Hot Air

Hot Air

AHU

Public Area

Air conditioning system provide the required cooling and heating

energy within a space. The system also control and maintain indoor

environment such as temperature, humidity, different pressure between

conditioned space and its surrounding, air movement, air quality and sound

levels within specified limits.

2.3 Case Study

Air conditioning system

2.3.1 Heat Exchanger System

Heat exchanger is an excellent device used for heat recovery in air

conditioning system. This system is identified as a heat exchanger system.

The device remove the waste heat gathered by the recirculating cool water

system as it cools the building. This type of heat exchanger is defined as plate

and shell heat exchanger, which combines plate heat exchanger with shell

and tube heat exchanger technologies. The heart of the heat exchanger

contained a fully welded circular plate pack made by pressing and cutting

round plates and welding them together. This shell technology offers high

heat transfer, high pressure, and high operating temperature, compact size,

low fouling and close approach temperature. It does completely without

gaskets which provides security against leakage at high pressure and

temperature.

Figure 2.0 the schematic diagram of the heat exchanger system

Figure 2.0.1 Schematic diagram detail

Figure 2.0.2 schematic layout plan for heat exchanger room

According to MS 1525 code 8.11.1

The cooled water pumps circulating cooled water through the piping system

external to the package, and cooling water pumps and fans circulating water

or air through the condenser are not to be included in the consideration of the

COP for the components.

According to MS 1525 code 8.5

All piping installed to serve building and within building should be

adequately insulate to prevent excess energy losses. Additional insulation

with vapour barrier may be required to prevent condensation under some

conditions.

Figure 2.0.3 temperature tester

There are different piping connecting from the heat exchanger, cooled water

pumps to the AHU room. Such as:

DWS distilled water supply: min 4℃ to the heat exchanger

DWR distilled water return: to be recycle to lose heat gained


The heat exchanger room located right beside the Transformer room of

the building at 2nd floor, which is quite massive compare to smaller buildings.It

contain components such as heat exchanger, inverter, and pump which

connect to AHU room.

Figure 2.1 2nd Floor plan showing where the location of heat exchanger room.

Heat Exchanger Room

FLOOR

2

Figure 2.0.4 water supply pipe and water return

pipe

AHU Cool Air

Public Space


Cold water

Topping

up Heat Exchanger Pump

Inverter

Cool air (7~ 8℃)


Hot Air

AHU

Public Area

2.3.3 Pump System

Figure 2.1.1 Heat Exchangers Figure 2.1.2 Heat Exchanger

Figure 2.2 schematic diagram showing the pump

After the process from heat exchanger, the cool air been transfer to the

pump system which ready to be pump to AHU room and distribute to the

diffusers in the building. The journey to the AHU room is quite some distance

from the heat exchanger room, so it require a pump to pump the cool air.

Figure 2.2.1 Cool Air Storage

Figure 2.2.2 Pump Motor

Figure 2.2.3 3-phase

induction motor pump

2.3.3.1 Pump (3-Phase induction motor)

TECO TOTALLY ENCLOSED FAN COOLED squirrel-cage induction

motors are designed, manufactured and tested to meet or exceed the latest

NEMA, IEEE, CSA and other international standards. These motors are

suitable for all general applications where an open machine is not applicable

due to severe environments such as excessive dirt, dust and/or moisture. The

unique design, first-grade material and excellent workmanship make TECO

Motors last much longer and give cost-efficient operation.

It is important to ensure that there is as direct a connection as possible

between the drive and the motor. In a retrofit application, any power factor

correction capacitors that were used with the motor should be removed. If

they are connected between the drive and the motor, the drive will trip off and

refuse to start the motor. In addition, they are not needed on the input power

leads to the drive because the drive already presents the power line with a

0.95 or greater displacement power factor. If a motor has special windings or

wiring to help it operate when it is connected directly across the AC power line,

it is important to ensure that the motor is always connected in its full speed

run configuration when it is connected to the drive's output.

Figure 2.2.4 Motor Tag

2.3.4 Inverter (Danfoss VLT 6000)

This presentation deals with the start-up of the Danfoss Drives VLT

6000 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). It is designed to help you handle the

start-up of the drive in normal applications. Because of the flexibility of these

drives, there may be some specialized applications that are not specifically

covered by these instructions. In that case, refer to the documentation that

came with the drive for more information.The VLT 6000 can be provided as a

stand-alone drive, or it can be provided as part of a drive system package that

includes an option enclosure. In the picture below (figure2.3 ), the VLT 6000 is

used to operate the Supply Fan of a Variable Air Volume (VAV) air handling

unit. It is wired into a Building Automation System (BAS) which enables the

VLT 6000 and gives it a speed reference. A smoke detector and a low limit

thermostat (freeze stat) is wired directly into the VLT 6000.

Figure 2.3 inverter

Figure 2.3.1 Schematic Diagram

For Inverter

2.3.5 Air Handling Units (A.H.U)

The air handling unit can be found at each floor of the building, it is

receiving the cooled air from the heat exchanger room and act as a hub to

separate the cool air to the whole building through the diffusers.

Figure 2.4 Air Handling Unit (A.H.U)

Figure 2.4.1 Schematic Drawing For A.H.U

2.3.5.1 Location Of A.H.U Room

LG Floor G Floor

1stFloor 2MFloor

3rdFloor

The Air Handling Unit can be found at each floor of the building

except 2nd floor, which the heat exchanger room’s situation. It is receiving

air from the heat exchanger room through the pump. According to the

consultant, people can only get into A.H.U room after the A.H.U system is

closed, or it will be dangerous as the power of A.H.U machine is very strong

like the electric room.

2.3.6 Ducting system

According to MS 1525 code 8.6, air handling duct system insulation:

All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on building should be

adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation

with vapour barrier may be required to prevent condensation under some

conditions.

The process start from:

Cool water > Heat exchanger > Pump > AHU > through Ducting system >

Diffusers

AHU Cool Air

Public Space


Cold water

toppingup Heat Exchanger Pump

Inverter

Cool air (7~ 8℃)


Hot Air

AHU

Public Area

Figure 2.5 schematic diagram of ducting system

It work in a cycle system where the cool is distribute through the duct

from AHU room to the diffusers, and when the cool air become warm after

being used by the occupant, the grilles collect the warm back and distribute

back to the AHU through the duct.

Figure 2.5.1 Schematic Diagram Showing AHU

Heat

Exchanger

Room

There are two parts of ducting system, Such as:

The supplying duct

The returning duct

2.3.6.1 The Supplying Duct

It transfer the cool air to the diffusers and separate the cool air to the open

spaces.

2.3.6.2 The returning duct

It transfer the warm air from the grille back to A.H.U to be cool again.

2.3.7 Diffusers

Diffuser is the last part where the cool air finally distribute to.

It connect with the ducting which supply the cool air from AHU. The design of

the diffusers is usually hide in the ceiling or with the minimal exposure to the

public.

Figure 2.5.2 supply duct and returning duct

Figure 2.6 diagram showing cool air through ducting to diffusers

Figure 2.6.1 different type of diffuser

Figure 2.6.2 Air diffusers Figure 2.6.3 Air diffusers

2.4 Analysis

The air conditioning system in eCurve are very different from the other

building, the system they are using is heat exchanger system. It seem to have

complied with all the existing building by-laws. The cool water that they are

using have a contract with the supplier, according to by-law said that they

need to renew the contract every 2 years. The system also seems efficient

and they even check the system every morning before the building start

working.

2.5 Conclusion

As my conclusion, this building eCurve has a very special air

conditioning system. Except the cool water are very expensive, they has an

efficient and very low cost in using electric because of the inverter. The

advantages of using heat exchange system is easier to operate and maintain.

Since the heat exchanger room are located at the edge of the building, the

noise and vibration of the machine won’t affect the customers.

UBBL

UBBL By-Law 41(1), where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-

conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural

ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the

discretion of the local authority.

UBBL By-Law 41(3), the provisions of the third schedule to these By-laws

shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-

conditioned.

8.2.2 “where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than

1000kWr, a minimum of two chiller or a single multi- compressor chiller

should be provided to meet the required load.

3.0 Electricity Supply

3.1 Introduction of Electricity

Electricity is a naturally occurring force that exists all around us. It’s

important for humans because it is a vital part of our lives and we rely on it every

day. The Electricity system is the network that supplies all the Malaysia’s house

and industry. In Peninsular Malaysia, the electricity is supply by the National Grid,

it is a high- voltage electric power transmission which is owned by Tenaga

Nasional Berhad (TNB). Shopping Malls also take power directly from the

National Grid. In Malaysia most of the electricity was generate by the water

power. The water from a river or dam sent trough the turbine, and the moving

water causes the turbine’s blade spin, which generate the electricity.

Figure 3.1.1 Diagram shows how the water generates electricity.

Figure 3.1.2 How electricity is measured


TNB supply the electricity to the building delivering from the power plant to

the transformer room and cross the transmission tower to the sub-power station

nearby the building area and to the building.

Figure 3.2.1 Diagram shows the electricity deliver system

TNB supplies the high voltage electricity for the building was 240 volt a.c.

For every building a meter will be placed to measure the usage of electricity.

3.3 Case Study

3.3.1 Genset Room

The room which is supplies the emergency electricity support. It works by

a huge genset machine, which is run by the diesel. The genset is a combination

of the diesel generator and electric generator, it more like a huge car engine.

Figure 3.3.1 The plan shows the location of HV Room,

Genset Room, and TNB Room.

Figure 3.3.2 The sound proof and fire poor door of Genset room

Figure 3.3.3 The Perkins Band’s Genset was used by the E-curve shopping mall

Diagram 3.3.1 Genset Schematic diagram

Three elements supporting the Genset generator

Figure 3.3.4 & 3.3.5:The Donaldson’s Lube Filter and Diesel tank

Figure 3.3.6 The Battery Water

Diagram 3.3.2 Genset Schematic diagram

Figure 3.3.7

The big fan work when the Genset activated. the use of the big fan is sucking the

hot air that produced by the Genset machine to cooling the Genset generator.

Figure 3.3.8: The meter of the Diesel Tank. The Diesel Tank was made by Galvanised Steel.

Figure 3.3.9: Exhaust pipe of Genset.

Maximum 2.75m of

diesel tank

Steel used of the diesel tank

material

3.3.2 HV Room

Figure 3.3.10: HV Room convert the high voltage electrical energy to the lower voltage and supplies to the others room.

Figure 3.3.11: HV switchboard converting the high voltage electricity to 11kV.

Figure 3.3.12Main Control Switch to convert the electricity

Figure 3.3.13 Output electricity to tenant block

Figure 3.3.14 Output electricity to the landlord block

Figure 3.3.15 the meter used by the HV switchboard

Diagram 3.3.3 The schematic plan drawing.

Figure 3.3.16 TNB Room output from the power substation.

TNB has a code for every building in the event of a system services. For E

@ Curve, the building code is P/E Entertainment Center, Jalan PJU 7/2 & 7/3.

3.3.3 Transformer Room

Figure 3.3.17 The Transformer room’s doors was made by the fire-proof

materials.

Figure 3.3.18: The Transformer Room located at the 2nd floor.

Figure 3.3.19: Landlord LV Main Sub-Switch Box

Figure 3.3.20: The switch of the Main Sub-Switch Box(MSB). Each MSB supply

different room & shop of e@curve.

Figure 3.3.20: The control of the electricity. The green light on showing the

electricity are now supply by the TNB.

Figure 3.3.21: When the GEN Green Light ON, the Genset emergency power

supply are activated.

3.3.4 Sprinkler Pump Room

The electricity supplies the sprinkler pump room for the emergency water pump.

Figure 3.3.22:The sprinkler pump room shows the supplies pipes for the sprinkler.

Figure 3.3.23: The switch box’s green light show the sprinkler was standby for

the emergency case


The electricity supplies the Heat Exchanger Room operate the mechanical

cooling system.

Figure 3.3.24: The switch box of the Heat Changer Room, it supports the power

to operate the cool water pump for the cooling machine.

3.3.6 Distribution Board

Figure 3.3.25: The DB were located at every floor each box to control the light.

3.4 Analysis

The electricity system supply at e@Curve had followed the by-Laws by

MS 1525. The electricity system at e@Curve had arranged and ran it systematic.

The electricity system room all used the water cooling system to cooling the

switch box to avoid the switch box overheat and dis-function. If the electricity had

emergency cut off from the TNB the Genset will start running to supply the

emergency electricity to support the building.

Figure 3.4: Arrangement of electricity system

UBBL

MS 1525, 7.5 Power factor correction capacitors

-Power factor correction capacitors should be the low loss type with losses per

kVAR not exceeding 0.35 W at upper temperature limit excluding the losses in

the discharge resistors.

MS 1525, 7.6 Sub Metering

-To facilitate monitoring of energy consumption and energy management,

electrical energy meters should be installed at strategic load centres to identify

consumption by functional use (air conditioning, lighting, etc).

3.5 Conclusion

For my conclusion, e@Curve had a strong systematic electricity system,

the HV room helps to convert the high volt to low volt to supply the whole building

electricity uses. The facility dept. had applied the water cooling system at the

electricity room to cool down the switch boxes to make sure the system had run

normally to support the building used even though the water cooling system cost

is extremely high. e@Curve also had a good backup emergency electricity

system. The system connected to all the building and the fire protection used.

4.0 Water Supply System

4.1 Introduction

Water, one of the main necessities of humans needs an efficient water supply

network to distribute water easily to the people. In Malaysia, where there is an

abundance of rainfall, water is collected in catchment areas and dams. For example, the

Kuala Lumpur and Selangor states have the Klang Gates Dam and the Semenyih Dam

to provide a supply of water. The water supply system in Selangor is managed and

regulated by SYABAS.

Figure 4.1: Aerial view of the Klang Gates Dam.


Supply of water to buildings from water mains depends on where the water tanks

are located at. For smaller buildings, the pressure available from water mains is already

sufficient and this is called up feed distribution, as the water rises directly from the

mains to plumbing fixtures. However, taller buildings will need a pump to provide

additional pressure such as pumped upfeed, hydropneumatic and etc.

For every building and house, a meter will be placed to measure the water

quantity for which the occupant is to be charged. After a riser pipe supplies water at the

top of the tank, the water will then be distributed throughout the building. A ball valve

must be present in a tank to control the water level inside it. In case of overflowing, a

scour pipe will redirect the excess water which is located slightly above the incoming

supply pipe from the water mains.

There are 3 types of pumps usually used to distribute water in a building. They’re

the standby, duty and jockey pump. Duty pumps function to pump water normally while

the standby pump is there for backup if the duty pump fails. A standby pump can start

regardless of the water suction in the pump and can standby at full speed. A standby

pump is usually used for the general water supply in a building. A jockey pump is

usually used for the fire protection system and maintains the high pressure in the

system. The jockey pump plays an essential role in the fire pump’s control system.

Figure 4.2: Example of a duty and standby pump.

4.3 Case Study

4.3.1 Overall Distribution & Schematics

Figure 4.3: Floor plan showing the location of the water tank room.

Figure 4.4: Schematic of water distribution at the room.

4.3.2 Distribution To Water Tanks

Figure4.5: Incoming water supply pipes from SYABAS located outdoors.

The income of water supply starts from SYABAS and the main pipes with the

meters are located outside of eCurve. The supply of water is separated into two pipes, a

50mm Ø pipe for basic water supply needs and a 100mm Ø pipe for fire extinguishing

and fire hydrants. The pipes are made out of galvanized iron.

Figure 4.6: The water tanks.

100mmØ G.I. pipe for fire extinguishing purposes

50mm Ø G.I. pipe for basic water supply needs

FRP (Fiberglass reinforced plastic) main water supply tank

Pressed steel hose reel water tank

The pipes lead all the way up to the water tanks located at the level 2M. The

smaller tank is the press steel hose reel water tank (3mx2mx1m) while the larger one is

the main water supply tank made out of FRP (Fiberglass reinforced plastic). This tank is

approximately 7m long and 4m tall.

Figure 4.7: G.I. pipe supplying water into the hose reel tank.

The galvanized iron pipes carrying the water are reduced from 100mm Ø to

50mm Ø by a reducer before going into their respective tanks. The hose reel tank has a

red line painted across it for indication. The material for this tank which is pressed steel

is in accordance to the UBBL. The pipe passes through the hose reel tank before

connecting to the main supply tank. There is a separate partition in the hose reel tank

that leads the water into another pipe.

50mm Ø G.I. riser pipe into tank

Ball valve

100mm Ø G.I. pipe from incoming water supply

100mm Ø to 50mm Ø reducer

The FRP water tank will then distribute the water to various parts of the mall

which has specific labels on the respective pipes. Each of these pipes must have a gate

valve at the beginning of the output. The pump system is located in a room in the same

area.

Figure 4.8: 100mm Ø G.I. pipe from hose reel tank to the main tank.

Figure 4.9: 50mm Ø G.I. pipe supplying water to the main tank.

50mm Ø G.I. riser pipe into tank

Water level indicator up to 4 meters

Figure 4.10: The distribution pipes.

4.3.3 Pump System

Figure 4.11: The duty and standby pump system for water supply.

The room has two seperate pump systems. One for the hose reel in which all the

pipes are red in colour, and one for the water supply. The standby and duty pump

system is used for the water supply. The pressure tank maintains a constant pressure

100mm Ø G.I. distribution pipe

Gate valve

Pressure tank

Control panel for pump system

Pressure gauge

Water pump motor

for the outgoing water pipes and there are two sets of this system. The standby pump

supports the duty pump in any cases of breakdown. As for the hose reel, a jockey pump

is used to keep the water pressure high at all times.

Fig. 4.12: Part of the hose reel pump Fig. 4.13: The two separate pipes for W.C. and basin on this floor.

The water pump system in eCurve is specifically for two purposes, W.C. and

basins only. They have two separate pipes from the pump during distribution. Every

other water pipe is distributed with the use of gravity only. Incoming pipes are coloured

in light green while the distribution pipes are coloured in blue.

4.4 Analysis

The water supply system in eCurve seems to have complied with all the existing

building by-laws. Materials for water tanks, identification of pipes involved in the fire

protection system, sufficient number of valves and a few others. The system also seems

efficient and they even separated the pipes for W.C. and basin. The only thing that

seems a little off is the incoming supply pipe going through the hose reel tank before

entering the main tank. A separate pipe could be used for both of these tanks.

4.5 Conclusion

eCurve has an efficient and cost effective water supply system. Having the water

tanks situated at floor 2M, it does not need an extra pump to help the water reach the

tanks. Once at the water tank, it uses gravity distribution for most of the water supply.

The only exceptions would be the W.C. and basins as those need a higher pressure

than the norm. The function and usage of the pipes are also clearly identified by their

colours.

UBBL

- UBBL By-Law 84, suitable measures should be taken to prevent penetration of dampness

and moisture into the building.

- UBBL By-Law 123, allowing adequate accommodation for pipes, stop cocks to enable

repair and access openings to ducts or enclosure.

- Under the M.S.1447, 10th schedule, the material used for fire tank must be either made from

pressed steel, FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics) or R.C. concrete.

- Under the M.S.1447, 10th schedule, the pipes and tank shall be painted with primer and

finished with a red paint or maybe identified with red bands.

5.0 Sewerage system

5.1 Introduction

Sewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It encompasses

components such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, and screening

chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the entry to a

sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment.


Drain-waste-vent (or DWV) is part of a system that removes sewage from a

building and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes that facilitate flow. Waste

is produced at fixtures such as water closet, sinks and urinal. The waste exits the

fixtures through a trap, a dipped section of pipe that always contains water.

All fixtures must contain traps to prevent sewer gases from leaking into the house.

Through traps, all fixtures are connected to waste lines, which in turn take the waste to

a soil stack, or soil vent pipe. At the building drain system's lowest point, the drain-waste

vent is attached, and rises (usually inside a wall) to and out of the roof.

Waste is removed from the building through the building drain and taken to a

sewage line, which leads to a septic system or a public sewer.

DWV systems maintain neutral air pressure in the drains, allowing flow of water

and sewage down drains and through waste pipes by gravity. As such, it is critical that a

downward slope be maintained throughout.

Sanitary appliances

Traps

Stacks

Manhole/ IC

Septic tank

Public sewer

5.3 Case Study

The overall sewerage line

Figure 5.1: Schematic diagram of overall sewerage system

5.4 Parts of the sewerage system

5.4.1 Sanitary appliances

The sanitary appliances includes wash basins, bath tubs, sinks, urinals, toilet

bowls and other appliances which connect , directly or otherwise, to a private sewage

treatment plant or a public sewerage system

Figure 5.4: Siphon-jet Figure 5.3: Section and plan of water closet

Figure 5.2: Accessible toilet

Siphon-jet P-trap water closet

Water enters through rim punchings and jets placed in an up-leg of the rear trap, filling the trapway and creating an instant siphon action without rise of water level. The result is quick water withdrawal. Large water surface provides an efficient and clean operation.

5.4.2 Trap

The traps are installed to retain debris that will block drain pipe. It prevent the

debris from entering the stacks to avoid blockage. Besides it is also to prevent the

ingress of foul air and animals from drain and sewer.Traps are categories There are

severe types of water-seal traps like P-trap, S-trap, 3/4 S-trap, and drum trap.

Figure 5.5: Newly renovated washroom interior Figure 5.6: Basin plan

Figure 5.7: Elevation, section and plan of wall-hang with built-in trap urinal

5.4.2.1 Water Seal Traps

P trap

5.4.2.2 Interceptor traps

Toilet floor- grating

Figure 5.8: P trap

Figure 5.9: P trap detail drawing

Figure 5.10: Grating

5.4.3 Stacks

Two pipe system

In this system two pipes are provided. One pipes collects the foul soil and

lavatory wastes, whereas the second pipe collects the waste water from kitchen. The

soil stacks and the grease stacks coupled with its own vent pipe and stack pipe. Soil

stack is the vertical drain pipe that carries soil waste from sanitary units. Waste stack is

any other vertical drain pipe (does not carry soil from a sanitary fixture) which in this

case study are mainly from the wet kitchen.

50mm Ø MuPVC soil stacks

200mm x 3000mm cast iron pipe Waste stack & soil stack

Figure 5.11: Soil pipe that connect sanitary appliances

Figure 5.12: Waste stack and soil stack

The venting system, or plumbing vents, consists of pipes leading from waste

pipes to the outdoors, usually through the roof. Vents provide a means to release sewer

gases outside instead of inside the house.

Aluminum 500mm x 500mm x 5mm Grease vent stack

- The addition of frame and covering to avoid infiltration of grease

- Soil vent stack

Figure 5.13: Waste stack and soil stack Figure 5.14: Waste stack that connect to

the grease interceptor trap

Figure 5.15: Grease vent stack and waste vent stack that attached along the wall to ventilate out from the building

5.4.4 Manhole

5.4.4.1 Grease interceptor trap

When the outflow from the kitchen sink enters the grease trap, the solid food

particles sink to the bottom while the lighter grease and oil floats to the top. The

relatively grease-free water is then fed into the normal septic system. The food solids at

the bottom and floating oil and grease must be periodically removed in a similar manner

as with septic tank pumping

Figure 5.16: Grease Interceptor Trap

Figure 5.17: plan of grease interceptor trap

Figure 5.18: Grease intercepted inside the trap

Figure 5.19: Grease tray

Figure 8.18: grease tray

Manholes and inspection chambers provide one or more of the following

functions in storm water drainage and sanitary sewer lines:

Pipeline access for purpose of cleaning and inspecting.

Directional changes in pipeline alignment.

Convergence of two or more pipelines.

5.4.4.2 Manhole

Figure 5.20: plan and section ofprecast concrete type B manhole for rigid pipe

5.4.4.3 Inspection chamber

Figure 5.21: Inspection chamber

Figure 5.23: Opening of the inspection chamber

Figure 5.22: Plan of inspection chamber

Figure 8.21: plan of inspection chamber

Figure 5.23: Section of the inspection chamber

5.4.4.4 Individual Septic Tanks (IST)

An IST comprises two chambers connected in a series. In the first chamber,

solids from the incoming sewage settle forming a "sludge", while greases and oils float

to the surface forming a "scum" layer. Effluent from between the scum and sludge

layers then passes into the second chamber where further sedimentation occurs. Finally,

the effluent leaves the second chamber and is discharged into a drain or allowed to

percolate into the soil.

The sludge in the tank undergoes anaerobic digestion and is converted into more

stable organic compounds and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)

and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). ISTs are usually designed for a 24-hour retention time.

Enough storage capacity is provided so that scum and sludge can be deposited in the

tank for up two years after which it must be dislodged to keep the tank operating

satisfactory.

The sludge in the tank undergoes anaerobic digestion and is converted into more

stable organic compounds and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)

and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). ISTs are usually designed for a 24-hour retention time.

Enough storage capacity is provided so that scum and sludge can be deposited in the

tank for up two years after which it must be dislodged to keep the tank operating

satisfactory.

5.4.5.1 Flexible sewer pipe

Sewer pipe carries sewerage from the shopping mall to a public treatment facility

which is the Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd, a national sewerage company in

Malaysia

Concrete top poured in place

Concrete access part

Floor purging 3cm thick

Figure 5.25: Plan and section of the individual septic tanks

Wall purging 2cm thick

Figure 5.24: Covers of the individual septic tanks

Figure 5.26: Connection to main sewer reticulation( deep junction connection)

5.4.5.2 Saddle joint

Figure 5.26: Connection to main sewer reticulation( sewer lateral connection)

Figure 5.26: Section of saddle connection (joint)

Figure 6.26: Section of saddle connection (joint) Figure 5.26: Section of saddle connection (joint)

5.5 UBBL requirement

Laws of Malaysia

Act 655 Water Services Industry 2006

It shall be the duty of every facilities licensee to construct, refurbish, improve,

upgrade, maintain and repair its water supply system and sewerage system and all

other assets in relation to the systems such that the facilities licensee is and continues

to be able to meet its obligations under this Act and its subsidiary legislation

Operating and maintaining public sewerage system

43. It shall be the duty of every service licensee operating and maintaining a public

sewerage system—

(a) to manage, operate, maintain, inspect, repair, alter, arch over or otherwise improve

the public sewerage system and to treat and dispose of the contents thereof; and

(b) to properly desludge the public sewerage system and for such purposes the service

licensee may cause the construction or placing, either above or underground, such

sewers, pumps and other works as are necessary.

44. Septic tanks to be desludged

(1) The service licensee operating and maintaining a publicsewerage system shall

desludge the septic tanks in its sewerage services areas from time to time as may be

prescribed.

(2) The service licensee who fails to comply with its obligations under subsection (1)

commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty

thousand ringgit.

Construction of water supply system, sewerage system and septic tanks

45.(1) No person shall construct, alter, modify, disconnect or close up a water supply

system, sewerage system, septic tank, individual internal sewerage piping or common

internal sewerage piping unless the relevant plans or specifications which requires the

approval of the Commission have first been approved in writing by the Commission.

ACT 133 Street, drainage and building ACT 1974

56. Rain-water pipes not to be used as soil-pipes.

(1) No pipe used for the carrying off of rain water from any roof shall be used for the

purpose of

carrying off the soil or drainage from any privy or water-closet or any sullage water.

57. Water pipes, etc., not to be used as ventilating shafts.

(1) No water-pipe, stack-pipe or down spout used

for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or be permitted to serve or

to act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.

5.6 Analysis

The sewerage system in e@Curve shopping mall have meet the requirement to

distribute the sewerage to the public treatment plant by Indah Water Sdn. Bhd. The

advantages of the uses of drain-waste-vent system has well installed to prevent any

leaking of wastes. They have the separate stacks to convey the waste from sanitary

appliances and kitchen to filter out the grease that might cause leakage in the system.

The system are able to sustain the numbers of users and properly convey to the sewer

line. But the disadvantages of the system in eCurve is the grease interceptor traps are

installed inside the building which the odors are spreading around the chamber to the

car park area, this might interfere the comfortably of shopping mall customers. It is

advice to place it in an outdoor area to avoid the odors to retain in the building.

5.7 Conclusion

e@Curve shopping mall has an efficient sewerage system to convey the

sewerage to public treatment plant. From the sanitary appliances and wet kitchen,

separated stacks of soil and grease stack with its individual vent stack to facilitate the

flow of sewerage to manhole or grease interceptor trap. The waste ended in the septic

tanks before convey the sewer line that link to public treatment plant.

6.0 Mechanical Transportation System


Mechanical Transportation System

There are two common types of lift system which is Electric

Traction Lift System and Hydraulic Lift System. In traction lift system, the

elevator is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes or cables rather than

pushed from below. The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and

looped around a sheave. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so the rope

will move when the sheave is rotated.

The sheave is then connected to electric motor. When the motor

turns one way, the elevator is raised whereas when the motor turns the

other way, the elevator is lowered. The sheave, the motor and the control

system are all placed in a lift motor room above the elevator shaft.

The traction steel ropes are connected to a counterweight, which

hangs on the other side of the sheave. The counterweight about the same

as the car filled to 40% capacity. The purpose of this balance is to

conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only

takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other.

Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails

along the sides of the elevator shaft. This rail keeps the car and

counterweight from swaying back and forth, and they also work with the

safety system to stop the car in an emergency. It is controlled by the over

speed governor.

6.2 Introduction

Vertical transportation systems are very important in transporting

passengers vertically from floor to floor especially in high-rise buildings. While

escalators are used on lower floors for moving high volumes of people over a

short distance especially in commercial buildings, the roped elevators are the

principal means of vertical transportation in buildings. Escalators moves by direct

current electric motor, which raises and lowers the lift in the lift shaft with drive

traction cables.

6.3 UBBL Requirement

Under UBBL 1984 section 123-128, lifts:

124- For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below

the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

Under UBBL 1984 section 152-155, ventilation to lift shafts:

152(1)- Every opening in a lift shafts or lift entrance shall open into a

protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening

to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements

shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may

be approved by the D.G.F.S.

Figure 6.3 Elevator Figure 6.3.1: Escalator

6.4 Escalator

An escalator is a moving staircase which is a continuous conveyor

transport device for carrying large number of people that move up or down on

tracks, allowing the steps treads to remain horizontal. It provides an immediate

means of transportation.

The escalators that been used in E-Curve is products of Schindler. It

provides services as the main vertical transportation system from LG Floor to 3rd

Floor (5 stories). There are 3 to 6 escalators in the buildings and located at

different corner of the buildings to allow the most efficient way to transport people

from floors to floors.

Figure 6.4: Table of other model size and specification

Figure 6.4.1: Indication of escalators in plan.

6.4.1 Arrangement of Escalators

There are two types of escalator arrangement in E-Curve, which are

1. Parallel arrangement

2. Single bank with interrupted traffic in one direction

Figure 6.4.1: Arrangement of Escalators

1 2

Figure 6.4.2: Parallel arrangement

6.4.2 Component

Figure 6.4.2: The component of the escalator.

Sprocket

Top machine room

Bottom machine room

Control panel

Drive chain

Figure: 6.4.2.1: Section of escalator.

Landing Floor Plate

Landing floor plate is a platform over the recess under the moving

staircase and covers the working mechanism at the top and bottom landings. It

has and extension known as comb plate and it carries the projecting comb teeth.

Handrail

A handrail moves on an endless chain in steps with the stairs. There are

separate chains for the handrail and the steps but they are both driven through a

gearbox from the same motor. The inclination varies between 27ᵒ and 35ᵒ to the

horizontal.

Truss

The truss is a hollow metal structure that is located below the steps

and it bridges the lower and upper landings. It is composed of two side

sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just

below the top

AC Motor

Typically each escalator strip is equipped with a 7.5-15kW inductive

AC motor. This is a minimal requirement for operating in long hours and

consumes a significant amount of electricity. The motor are usually

located below the top landings. The motor drives the gears which are

connected by a chain that drives the steps itself.

Drive

The drive has to carry the total load on the escalator. Since people

do not stand at even and regular intervals on the whole staircase the load

averaged over the whole length of the escalator is less than the maximum

load on individual treads.

Steps

The steps are made of die-cast aluminum or steel. Yellow

demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges as this is

one of the safeties needed on the escalator. Both the riser and the tread of

each step is cleated (given a ribbed appearance) with comb-like

protrusions that mesh the comb plates on the top and bottom platforms

and the succeeding steps in the chain.

Figure 6.4.2.2: Components of the escalator

Motion Sensor

When not used for a pre-determined period of time, the sensors

allow the escalator to shut-off automatically. As an approaching rider

triggers the sensors, the escalator automatically restarts.

Figure 6.4.2.3: Sign installed on the escalator

6.5 Elevator

Elevators were the mainstay when it comes to transporting people

between floors in high rise buildings. It moves vertically in the lift shafts by

using counter weights or traction cables.

Riser Step Demarcation Line

Driving Roller Cleat

There are three types of elevators commonly used in high rise building:

1. Geared and Gearless traction Elevators with Machine Room

2. Hydraulic Elevators

3. Machine-Room-Less Elevators

The elevators in E-Curve are found to be operated by the geared traction

system with machine room on top of the building.

6.5.1 Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators

Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel

attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used

for mid and high-rise building and have higher speeds than hydraulic

elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient.

Geared Traction Elevators have a gear box that is attached to the

motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction

elevators are capable for travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. The

maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250

feet.

Gearless Traction Elevators have the wheel attached directly to the

motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2000

feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around

2000 feet so they are the only choice for high rise building.

Geared traction elevators are average in terms of initial cost, on-

going maintenance costs and energy consumption compared to others.

Gear-less traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing

maintenance costs but more energy efficient than geared traction

elevators.

Geared traction elevators systems are used in the building with a machine room

on top of the building.

6.5.2 Types of Elevators in building

Normal Elevators

Transport people from floor to floor.

Cargo Lift

Usually larger in dimension and able to carry heavier weight. Workers need to

register their items or cargo before they can use the lift for the safety of customer.

Bomba Lift

Bomba lift is used to transport fire fighter in case of fire happening in the building.

Whenever a fire happen, the electricity room will cut down all the electrical supply

to lift and genset generator will start working to supply energy to fire prevention

services and bomba lift.

Figure 6.5.2: Bomba Lift

6.5.3 Indication of location

Figure 6.5.3: Indication of location of lift

Figure 6.5.3.1:

Figure 6.5.3.2:

Bomba lift

Cargo Lift

Normal Lift

6.5.4 Component of System

Major lift components:

1. Prime mover (electric machine)

2. Lift car

3. Counterweight

4. Guide rails

5. Entrances/Doors

6. Safety gear and over speed governor

7. Buffers (energy accumulation, energy dissipation

8. Roping systems (compensating ropes, traction systems)

9. Car and landing fixtures (buttons, indicators, switched)

Diagram 6.5.4: Indication of the components system.

Figure 6.5.4.1: Control System

Controller is an electrical panel which performs many computers’

function by which it operates an elevator and it is normally situated in lift

motor room.

Figure 6.5.4.2: Motor running the lift

The Drive Sheave is a grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting

machine over which the hoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted

to the car and counterweight by the hoisted ropes. The drive motor is used

to drive the traction cables or counterweight. The counterweight will

reduce the load on the drive motor.

Drive motor

Drive sheave

Figure 6.5.4.3: Component of motor

Figure 6.5.4.4: Component inside the lift

Ventilation system

Manhole for repairing and maintenance

1

2

1

2

6.5.5 Plan

Diagram 6.5.5: Machine room plan view Diagram 6.5.5.1: Hoist way plan view

Diagram 6.5.5.3: Pit Elevation

Diagram: 6.5.5.4: Hoist way side elevation

6.5.6 Operation of System

Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors.

As the name implies, the electric motor in this design drives a worm-and-

gear-type reduction unit, which turn the hoisting sheave. While the lift

rates are slower than in a typical gearless elevator, the gear reduction

offers the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave.

An electrical controlled brake between the motor and the reduction

unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level.

6.5.7 Safety System of the Elevators System

1. Rope System

The first line of defense is the rope system itself. Each elevator

rope is made from several lengths of steel material wound around one

another. With this sturdy structure, one rope can support the weight of

the elevator car and the counterweight on its own. But elevators are

built with multiple ropes (between four and eight, typically). In the

unlikely event that one of the ropes snaps, the rest will hold the

elevator up.

2. Built in Braking System

Even if all the ropes were to break or the sheave system were to

release them, it is unlikely that an elevator car would fall to the bottom

of the shaft. Roped elevator cars have built –in breaking systems that

grab onto the rail when the car moves too fast.

3. Electromagnetic Brake System

Elevators also have electromagnetic brake that engages when the

car comes to a stop. The electromagnets actually keep the brakes in

the open position, instead of closing them. With this design, the brakes

will automatically clamp shut if the elevator loses power.

4. Shock Absorber System

If all of these fail, and the elevator does fall down the shaft, there is

one final safety measure that will probably save the passengers. The

bottom of the shaft has a heavy duty shock absorber. It is like a giant

cushion to soften the elevator’s landing and increase the impact time to

reduce damage.

6.6Discussion

The use of mechanical transportation system in E-Curve brings ease to

people by helping people to travel from floors to floors.

Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people. It can be

placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase as no

additional spaced is needed. The greatest advantage of an escalator is it has no

waiting interval (Except during very heavy traffic).

In the other hand, the greatest advantage of elevators is it can move from

floors to floors in a great speed. It required less space than the escalator but a

motor room is needed on the top of the lift shaft which is normally the highest

floor of a building.

Some pros and cons between elevators and escalators:

1. Escalators are slow moving whereas elevators are fast and can move up at

down at great speed.

2. Escalators are ideal where lots of people have to move between floors at the

same time. They are also more visible than elevators that are tucked behind

structures.

3. Elevators are ideal when people moving up and down the building carry

shopping carts or suitcases as escalators are moving staircase that allows the

moving people.

4. Escalators are more energy consuming as they have to operate continuously,

whereas elevators consume electricity only when in operation.

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

7.1 Introduction

The aim of fire protection is to protect the building from fire. The building

occupants can be protected by providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes. The

fire can be prevented from spreading out within the building by efficient design.

There are a few strategies to make a good building design with fire safety

measures. Adequate fire appliances access and adequate and safe escape routes is

to be provided within the building. The selection of building materials is also an

important step into design a good building as it can prevent the rapid fire spread.

This can be improved by subdividing the building into compartments with fire

resisting walls. Also, to further develop the building into a good design, building

services are designed particularly for that building.

Fire protection system can be divided into 2 types: passive and active.

Passive Protection system is considered the planning stage of the building design.

While the Active Fire Protection System is the additional protection using mechanical

devices.

7.1.1Passive Fire Protection System

Materials that are always present and do not rely on the operation of any form

of mechanical device.

Is a means by which the design of the building, its structure, fabric,

components and their installation, resist fire. This is largely the domain of

construction technology. It incorporates the influence of:

The building insurers, whose requirements may extend beyond legislative

minimum standards

The local fire officer, as for the insurers plus concern for fire-fighting

accessibility

The Building Regulations, requirements for purpose grouping of buildings

and compartmentalisation within buildings, as well as fire resistance and

potential fire spread of materials

Planning of escape routes

The local authority planning department and the Health and Safety

Executive standard.


Depend on the operation of a mechanical device, active systems in the form

of suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation.

Is a specialised area of building services and the following are considered:

Portable extinguishers

Alarm detection

Hose reels and hydrants

Automatic extinguishers

Pressurised escape routes

Smoke extraction and ventilation

7.2 CASE STUDY

Figure 7.1: e@Curve exhibiting their Fire Certificate.

7.2.1 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

7.2.1.1 Fire Escape Route

Figure 7.2: Lower Ground Floor plan showing escape routes

Figure 7.3: Emergency Staircase

The fire escape staircases can be found throughout

the building, located at the outer part of the building,

allowing easy exit during an emergency. The

staircases must be provided with natural or

mechanical ventilation system. The fire doors in the

building have stickers for verification.

By-law 198, All staircase enclosures shall be

ventilated by having a minimum opening size of 1

square metre.

KELUAR sign showing the

nearest exit during an

emergency.

Fire Lift used by firemen

during a fire.

7.2.1.2. Fire Lift

Figure 7.4 : Fire Lift

7.2.1.3. Emergency Exit Signs

Figure 7.5 :'KELUAR' Sign

The emergency lights isto be indicated for entry doors into staircases and

along escape corridors. This sign is placed above head level in order to allow easy

sight to assist occupants during an emergency. The lettering are capitalized and

made to the standard size with a green background and white words. The light is

emitted with the used of LED (Light Emitting Diode) with 2 to 5 watts with service life

of 25 years. Green colour is easily seen during a smoke and psychologically more

welcoming than red, directing the occupants out.

By-law 172. Every exit shall be installed with emergency exit sign (KELUAR sign).

MS 983: 2004 'KELUAR' signs (internally illuminated) - Specifications (Third revision)

There is one fire lift in e@curve. This is for firemen

during an emergency. This lift can be operated during

an emergency as it is supported by the backup

generator.

Fire lift lobbies are to be provided with pressurization

systems in accordance with MS 1472.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Pressurised escape routes

The objective is to create

greater air pressure in escape routes

such as corridors and stairs. The effect

is to contain smoke and fire at its point

of outbreak, allowing it to leak out

through windows or ventilation grills.

Consequently, air pressurisation of

escape routes must be at least 25 Pa,

possibly as much as 60 Pa in large

buildings, but insufficient to impede

human progress in an emergency. If a

fire occurs, the detector or alarm will

automatically close down all ventilation and air-conditioning plant. Simultaneously it

will engage the escape route air pressurisation fan to deliver sufficient volume

through fire-protected ductwork.


7.2.2.1 Water based fire protection systems

7.2.2.1.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler

Fire sprinkler is a network of piping filled with water under pressure. It

is connected to water supply system as it uses water to putout fire. The fire

sprinkler is located near the ceiling, divided into grids in order to distribute

water evenly during a fire. Fire sprinklers are very effective as they react

quickly.

Figure 7.6: Pressurized Escape Route

Figure 7.7: Schematic drawing of water sprinkler.

The fire sprinklers are activated by high temperature. For every given

space, the rupturing temperature varies. The bulb liquid colour of e@Curve is

red, which will rupture at 68 degrees Celsius.

Figure 7.8: Fire sprinkler

7.2.2.1.2 Fire Hydrants

Figure 7.9: Fire hydrant located outside the building

Red liquid colour,

rupturing temperature

at 68 degrees Celsius.

The hydrants supply the water for the firefighters. There is a fire

hydrant in every certain distance, to create an easy reach when putting out

fires. The hydrant valves should attach to a ring system of supply, with more

than one source from the water authority’s main. Other recommendations

include: Maximum spacing of 150m apart, next to roads, maximum 70m

distance from building entry and a minimum distance of 6m to a building.

7.2.2.1.3Hose Reel

Hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early

stages of fire. When the hose reel is brought into use the pressure in the pipe

immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops below the field

adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump

to comes into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to

discharge through the hose. The fire hose reel outlets should be properly

housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key.

Figure 7.10: Hose Reel

Reel

25mm ᴓ hose

50mm ᴓ riser

MS1489 Part 1. Hose Reel - all spaces to

be covered with a 30m hose with a 6m

throw.

Valve

Figure 7.11: Hose Reel Tank

The hose reel tank, located at top of the building, uses a float ball to measure

and maintain the amount of water in the tank, whereas the water supply

system tank uses sensors.

Figure 7.12: Schematic drawing of the hose reel system

Lined with red for

BOMBAindication

Steel tank according

to UBBL standard

Literature Reveiew

Hose reels

Considered a first aid to fire-fighting, intended for use by the building

occupants.

Each hose reel delivers considerably more water than several portable

extinguishers, and requires continued replenishment.

Located in recesses along corridors and provided with up to 45m of

reinforced rubber hose, so that all parts of a floor area not exceeding

800m2 are covered by one installation. Included in the calculations can be

an allowance of 6m for the water jet.

A minimum delivery of 24 l/min is recommended at the reel most distant

from the source of water, when the two most remote reels are operating

simultaneously.

A minimum pressure of 200kPa is required at the highest reel, which may

limit direct supply from the mains to three or four storeys. Thereafter, and

in consultation with the local water authority, the use of a break or suction

tank will be necessary.

7.2.2.2 Fire Suppression Systems and Agents

7.2.2.2.1 Wet and Dry Chemical Extinguishing System

Wet risers are a form of internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are

always pressurized with water. Wet risers are only required for buildings

where the topmost floor is higher than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance

access level.

Figure 7.13: Wet riser located outside the building

Dry risers are a form of internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are

only required for buildings where the topmost floor is higher than 18.3 metres

and less than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance access level. Dry risers

are normally dry and depend on the fire engine to pump water into the

system.

Figure 7.14: Dry riser located beside the building

7.2.2.2.2 Gaseous Agent Extinguishing System

7.2.2.2.2.1 Automatic CO2 system

It is activated by smoke or heat detectors to effectively smother. Its

non-conductive properties are ideal for electrical hazards. Being denser than

air, it effectively reduces the oxygen content of air from a normal 21 per cent

to about 15 per cent, effectively disabling the combustion triangle.

Carbon Dioxide extinguisher system consists of carbon dioxide

cylinders, steel piping, discharge nozzles, heat and/or smoke detectors and a

control panel, which monitors the space, activates both visual and audio

alarms before releasing the gas. Such system is usually provided for electrical

transformer rooms, switch rooms and generator rooms

The fire room, also known as the Genset room, is the source of power for the

shopping mall, acting as a backup in the case of a fire. The cables in the Genset

room are orange in colour, which is a sign of fire resistance.The appliance in the

Genset room filters the loud sounds coming from the room and thus creates sound

insulation.The nozzle that puts out the fire lets out carbon dioxide gas; a sprinkler

cannot be used in a room full of electrical appliances, as water cannot be in contact

with electricity, it is too dangerous.When the Genset is off, the red button lights up.

When it is on, the green button lights up.

Figure7.16:

Warning sign

outside the

Genset Room

Figure 7.17: CO2

cylinder at 5800kPa Figure 7.18: CO2 nozzle

Figure: Warning sign

outside the Genset

Room

Figure 7.15 :Genset diagram

Figure 7.19: Showing machinery within a Genset Room.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Foam installations

Foam extinguishing systems are preferred for application to ground floor

and basement boiler plant rooms and fuel storage areas, where oil is the

heating medium.

Foam is generated by special mixing equipment for fire fighters to connect

through an external foam inlet box found about 500mm above ground

level.

It is similar to that described for a dry riser, but clearly labelled ‘Foam

Inlet’.

7.2.2.2.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher

Figure 7.20: Portable Fire Extinguisher (Source: Google)

The objective of fire extinguishers is to remove or sufficiently reduce at least

one component of the fire triangle shown in the figure. To prevent fire extinguishers

from being moved or damaged, they should be mounted on brackets or in wall

cabinets with the carrying handle placed 3-1/2 to 5 feet above the floor. Larger fire

extinguishers need to be mounted at lower heights with the carrying handle about 3

feet from the floor. Portable fire extinguishers should be suitably selected for the

type of fire in accordance to the classification and the fire size and sited in suitable

locations in close proximity to the potential fire hazards.

Design to be in accordance with MS 1539 Part 3

7.2.2.3 Fire Alarm and Detection System

When there is a fire, the smoke from the fire will trigger the alarms, everything is on

standby in preparation for the fire. The alarm is installed at a height approximately

1.2m to 1.6m allowing occupants to pull the trigger during a fire emergency.

Figure 7.21 : Fire Alarm located behind the fire escape door

LITERATURE REVIEW

Alarm detection

- Fire alarm circuits may be of the open or closed type.

- The contacts are usually in wall-mounted, break-glass switch units.

- Most installations will include an indicator board to locate the source of alarm.

- Alarm location should be in common access positions and no person should

have to travel more than 30m to raise an alarm.

MS 1745 Part 14 Fire Alarm

System. To be located beside

staircase exit doors.

- Landings, lobbies and corridors are the best location, with clearly defined, red-

painted call buttons 1.5m above floor level.

Automatic fire detectors

Automatic fire detectors are necessary to indicate location of the outbreak of a

fire, to operate alarm bells and to communicate with the local fire authority.

Location of detectors should not exceed one per 100m2 of floor area, but the

building insurers and the fire service may require them closer. There are

many various operating characteristics, including:

- A bimetallic strip

- An ionisation chamber

- Light-scattering devices

- A laser beam

a) Bimetallic strip – This is the simplest and contains a strip which responds to

temperature increases. It deforms to bend across two electrical contacts to

complete a circuit.

b) Ionisation chamber – This sophisticated device ionises air by radiation, to

encourage a small electric current across two electrodes. When smoke enters

the chamber it reduces the current, and this irregularity is sufficient to effect

an alarm relay.

c) Light-scattering devices – This is a small wall or ceiling-mounted unit. Under

normal circumstance it has a light source projecting its beam into a light trap.

When smoke enters the unit, the light is scattered by reflection off the smoke

to fall on a photoelectric cell which energises an alarm relay.

d) Laser beam – These are an economic solution to provision of fire detection in

large areas, as the concentrated beam can be effective over distances up to

100m. Light beams can be visible or infra-red, and target on an opposing

photoelectric cell. Smoke obscuration or air turbulence caused by heat,

deflects the beam to de-energise the receiving cell which activates an alarm

relay.

Figure 7.22: Laser beam detector

Figure 7.23: Light scattering smoke detector

Figure 7.24: Break Alarm Glass

These can be seen installed out the Genset Room in case of an emergency

happening to one of the control rooms. It comes with a box of indication of the

problem and a lever to pull.

Principle of Operation

The main purpose of the Fire Indicator Panel is to monitor each circuit, zone

or point for any alarm signal, to display the status of that condition and to operate

any required output according to the approved design of the system. The outputs are

to warn the occupants on a fire alarm signal, notify the firefighters and to control the

spread of smoke and fire.

A fire alarm circuit comprises of wiring that connects one or more detectors to

the fire panel. A group of one or more detectors is called a zone, grouped by their

common location. A collective circuit is a group of all the detectors on that circuit.

Figure 7.25: Sprinkler Alarm

The sprinkler alarm ring during an emergency as the sprinkler goes off. Some of

them are installed with lights on it to notify the deaf during an emergency.

Figure 7.27: Pump system inside the fire pump

room consists of galvanised red steel pipes

Figure 7.26: Fire Pump Room

This room controls the fire sprinkler and is powered by electric. The pump

provides water flow at higher pressure to the sprinkler system rises and hose

standpipes. In the case of a blackout, the sprinkler pump room will be backed up by

the Genset Room, as it is powered by diesel.

The sprinkler room is located below the fire tank. This allows the water in the

tank to flow into the pumps by gravity.

TNB has a code for every building in the event of a fire. For E @ Curve, the

building code is P/E Entertainment Center, Jalan PJU 7/2 & 7/3.

Figure 7.28: Codes displayed outside for the fire department's references

B-law 139 stipulates fire risk areas (such as TNB sub-station, switch rooms, AC plant

rooms etc) shall be separated from occupants.

Literature Review

7.2.2.4 Smoke extraction and ventilation

Automatic smoke ventilation systems

- Originated in factory and warehouses to relive the build-up of smoke and heat in

the event of a fire. With the development of large-area shopping malls, the principle

is now applied on a wider scale.

- The objective is to aid fire control by eliminating smoke, heat, toxic and inflammable

gases from the source of a fire, and to retain visibility for escapers and to provide

clear access for fire fighters.

- Fire vents function daily as normal roof lights with manual or automatic controls, but

if closed during a fire, the heat will melt a spring-loaded fusible link normally set at

70oC to open the unit. Smoke detectors operating through a relay to release the vent

catch are preferable, as very smoky fires may not generate enough heat to fuse a

link. The introduction of air nominally enhances the fire, but this is justified by the

advantages gained by releasing the smoke and fumes.

Shop extract and smoke control

Building regulations requires fire prevention systems in shopping centres to be under

‘unified ownership and continuing control’. In practical means this means that smoke

can be controlled by two methods:

1. Direct extraction from individual shop units – shop extract

2. A common extract system – mall extract

Shop extract

Responsibility for smoke and fire control can be delegated from landlord to tenant,

which is fine if the tenant is fully aware of the undertaking to maintain and test a

smoke control system regularly. The extract duct and fan system must be fire

specified and be separate from any other means of shop ventilation. It must have

Figure: Smoke logging and ventilation

smoke detection equipment connected to a control system to operate dampers and

fan. It must also have the facility to shut down any other ventilation system serving

the affected shop.

Mall extract

A simpler and much more economic arrangement is a common smoke collection and

containment reservoir at the height of a mall. Strategically dispersed smoke

detectors can be deployed to effect individual vents in smoke collection zones.

Provided the building design accommodates features such as restricted smoke

reservoir areas and permanent replacement air ventilation, shoppers would have no

difficulty escaping unhindered. Fire fighters will also have clear access to the source

of fire.

If sprinklers are also required, they should be considered at a higher temperature

rating than normal (normal is red bulb – 68oC) to delay the possibility of smoke being

cooled and collecting at floor level.

Figure: Smoke extract system – individual units

Figure: Smoke extract system – mall ventilation

Design Considerations

The types of business and procedures undertaken in a building will determine the fire

risk category. These are classified as light, ordinary and high hazard. E@ Curve

shopping centre would fall under the ordinary hazard category.

Subdivisions occur within these three overall categories and numerous design tables

are generated to provide information on water flow rates, pipe sizes, disposition of

sprinkler heads and pipe work configurations.

7.3 Analysis

The fire protection system in eCurve seems to be complying with the

requirements of the fire department. The building design is successful and adequate

to the necessities of the public safety if an emergency were to occur.

7.4 Conclusion

e@Curve is fully equipped with a good fire protection system that

complies with the building laws and requirements, and is especially equipped in the

active control category, whereby various fire fighting equipment, fire alarm detection

and escape routes are provided, in preparation in the event of a fire. This is to

assure that the building, its contents and its occupants are well protected against any

occurrences of a fire. Every design consideration that enhances the fire protection

system is thought of, to provide a place of safety and security for the occupants of

the building. Customers will rest assured that their safety is secured.

8.0 Conclusion

Figure 8.1: Group photo at eCurve.

We would like to thank Encik Mohd Azahari Ismail and his 2 assistants for

bringing us on tour in eCurve and learning about the building services of the building,

The information explained by Encik Mohd Azahari Ismail were very useful and

informative. In this project, we have learned a lot about how building services work

within a building, allowing us to gain useful knowledge. We would also like to thank

our amazing lecturer, Mr. Siva, for guiding us through this project. Thank you for

helpful and patient with us.

9.0 References:

6.6 Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning (MVAC). (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/resource/buildingstandards/2013NonDomestic/chunks/ch

07s07.html

Electric KnowHow (n.d.). Elevator Machine and Drive System. Retrieved from

http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-machine-and-drive-system.html

FEMA. (2013). FEMA E-74 Example 6.4.10.3 Escalators. Retrieved from

http://www.fema.gov/earthquake/fema-e-74-reducing-risks-nonstructural-earthquake-

damage-42

Greeno, R. (1997). Building Services, Technology And Design. Essex: Pearson

Longman.

KONE Spares. (n.d.). KONE Spares Escalator Parts Info. Retrieved from

http://us.konespares.com/parts/escalator-info.aspx

Kwok, A. G. (2009). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Eleventh

Edition. : John Wiley & Sons.

Petromas. (n.d.). Fire Protection System, Retrieved from

http://www.petromas.com.my/catalog/fire-protection-system-c-46.html

R.Barry. (1998). The Construction of Buildings: Water, Electricity and Gas Supplies

Foul Water Discharge, Refuse Storage. Tokyo, Japan: Blackwell Science Ltd.

S. F. Wong. (2011), Building Plan Submission - What Bomba Wants, Institute of Fire

Engineers (U.K.) Malaysia Branch, Retrieved from

http://www.scribd.com/doc/106198285/Building-Plan-Submission-What-Bomba-

Wants

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984. UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS, Retrieved from

http://www.scribd.com/doc/30457115/13282147-Uniform-Building-by-Laws

Firewize. (n.d.).Fire Alarm Systems – Principle of Operation. Retrieved from http://firewize.com/page/training/fire-alarm-systems-principal-operation

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