Scholarly Publishing in China: Overview and Opportunities
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Scholarly Publishing in China: Overview and Opportunities
Dr. Lifang XuPublishing Science Department, School of Information
Management, Wuhan University, China
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Boone Library School(1929)
Mary Elizabeth Wood (August 22, 1861 – May 1, 1931) was an American librarian and missionary, best known for her work in promoting Western librarianship practices and programs in China. She is credited with the foundation of the first library school in China, the Boone Library School, as well as spurring the development of Chinese librarianship as a modern profession.
Library Science Program(1920)
Publishing Science Department
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R&D as a Background
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Sources of Funding for Research in China
• National Level ↓A. National Social Sciences Fund, since 1991, 21
areasB. National Natural Science Fund, since1982,7 fields
There are two kinds of funds in this foundation, one for projects and the other for talents
C. National Key Technology R&D ProgramD. National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863
Program)1986~2005, ¥ 30 Billion
E. National Key Basic Research Program (NKBRP, 973 Program)
F. Torch Program
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• Ministerial Level ↓– Project of Chinese Ministry of Education– Project of Ministry of Agriculture– Project of Ministry of Health– ……
• Local Level ↓– Provincial projects– Municipal projects– University projects– ……
• Horizontal projects →– Enterprise projects– International coordination projects– ……
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Fig. 1 R&D Funding Sources in China( %)
Governmental Business Abroad others0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
26.34
67.04
0.93
5.69
24.02
71.69
1.3 2.99
21.68
73.91
1.34 3.08
200520102011
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20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
89.57 104.25128.76
153.96196.63
244.99300.31
371.02
461.6
580.21
706.26
868.7
Fig.2 Annual Growth of Chinese R&D Expenditure
Billi
on Y
uan
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Fig 3. Six Countries’ R&D Expenditure(million dollars)
2008 2009 2010 20110
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
CHN
USA
JPN
FRA
GER
GBR
JPN 168125 169047 178816
Source: China Main Science and Technology Indicator Database(OECD data). http://www.sts.org.cn/tjbg/zhqk/documents/2012/201303282.htm
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Fig. 4 Eleven Countries’ R&D Expenditure (% of GDP)
11CHN 09USA 09JPN 10GER 10GBR 10FRA 10CAN 10ITA 10RUS 10KOR 07IND0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1.84
2.9
3.36
2.82
1.77
2.26
1.8
1.26 1.16
3.74
0.8
(%)
R&D / GDP
Source: China Main Science and Technology Indicator Database. http://www.sts.org.cn/kjnew/maintitle/Rdnc.asp?Mainq=1&Subq=5&Sele=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,)&
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Low
efficien
c
y!
Five Chinese Researchers
One AmericanResearcher Source: Yasheng, Huang.
What led to a low efficiency for Chinese research[J]. Entreprenur, 2009(11): 138
Source: Huping, Shang, et al. Public Finance Efficiency of Chinese Scientific Research[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2009(11): 1475 , 1476-1487
¥ 14248/paper
DIISR SSFC
¥ 5472/paper
2.6 times
NSFC
¥ 20994/paper
3.8 times
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Research Outputs as a Background
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According to the statistics from ISTIC (Institute of Scientific and
Technical Information of China)
Chinese institutions as the first authors’ affiliations:
– In 2011, 143 600 internationally published papers; 29.8%, citations above
subject areas’ average citations, increased 10.1% over 2010.
– In 2011, 530 000 domestically published papers; 29.8%, citations above
subject areas’ average citations, increased 10.1% over 2010.
– 134 journals was indexed by SCI, increase 6 titles over the earlier year; 211
journals was indexed by EI; 102 BY Medline; 738 in Scopus.
– 2002~2011, 1 022 600 internationally published papers, ranked No. 2; cited 6
653 400 times, ranked No.6, 6.51/paper, grow 4.8% over the previous year.
– 2002~2011, the average impact factor of domestic journals is 0.454, CAGA
(Compound annual growth rate) is 13.9%
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Chinese Scholarly Publishing Overview: some features
1. Chinese STM journal publishers are usually very small. There are no such thing like “800-pound gorilla” in the arena.
10,000 titles of books/ year 300 STM Journals
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Chinese publishing houses paid more attention to
books/monographs.
Societies/ associations, universities/ colleges,
government agencies, non-for-profit, esp. before 2012
From the economic perspective, Chinese STM Journal
publishing is insignificant.
Another three features
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2. Very low STM journal prices in China– Few publishers could control the market and raise the
subscription fees.
3. Fostered “ Big 3” digital STM journal aggregators since mid-1990s in China
I. CNKI.com(National Knowledge Infrastructure), 8000 titles,
(1915-)
II. Wanfangdata.com, >7000 titles (1998- )
III. cqvip.com, 12000 titles
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Editors
Head of editorial department
Peer experts
Editor-in-chief
Copy editing
1 2 3
Fig. 1 The ‘three-level Review’ System for Academic Journals in China
Source: Fang Qing, Xu Lifang, Lian Xiaochuan. Peer-Review Practice and Research of Academic Journals in China. Journal of Scholarly Publishing, 2008, Vol.39 No. 4: 417-427.
4. ‘three-level Review’ instead of “peer review”
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Trends of Chinese Scholarly Publishing
• Market– oriented Reform– Charging Article Publishing Fees– Raising Prices of Academic Books– Depending on Academic Publishing Funds
• Internalization– Internationalization of Editors and Editorial
Boards– Establish Publishing Workflows Centered
around Peer-review– Internationalizing Journals’ Content and Form
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Thank You!谢 谢!