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![Page 1: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width
Juha Merimaa
Institut für KommunikationsakustikRuhr-Universität Bochum
![Page 2: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Outline
• Introduction• Background on listening tests• Description of the conducted pilot test• Analysis methods & preliminary results• Discussion & summary
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Introduction
• A room or a hall broadens the perceived width of auditory objects
• Traditionally auditory source width (ASW) has been investigated as a descriptor for concert halls
• How does the broadening depend on source signals?
![Page 4: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
In other words...
• In a scene based paradigm– source broadening is due to the part of room
effect that is grouped with source signals– the rest of room effect is resolved into a
separate percept
• What are the spatial features related to auditory “deconvolution” of reverberation
![Page 5: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Listening test basics
• Quantifying auditory perception• Levels of measurement
Interval
OrdinalNominal
Ratio
Short Long 1 2 3
1 2 30 41 2 30 4
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Possible test methods for assessing ASW
• Direct scaling– Rating– Rank ordering– Assigning stimuli in successive categories
• Constant reference– All stimuli are judged relative to a single
reference stimulus
![Page 7: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Possible test methods (contd.)
• Method of adjustment– Listeners adjust a variable reference to
correspond to each stimulus
• Adaptive procedures– Reference is adaptively adjusted based on
listeners judgements
• Pairwise comparisons– Each stimulus is judged relative to all others
![Page 8: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Why pairwise comparisons?
• Source broadening is expected to be a sum of several interaural signal features
• All except pairwise comparison methods force the results onto a linear scale– Weighting of dimensions implicit in the data• Can be accessed with factor analysis
– Weights may vary between individuals, which will result in noisy unidimensional data
![Page 9: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Pilot listening test• Gathering both preference and distance
data between pairs
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Stimuli
– Speech (sp)
– Cello, f0 = 196 Hz
(ce)– Snare drum (sn)
– Two harmonic complexes,f0 = 196 Hz, -12 dB/oct• No modulation (h1)• Freq. mod. 1%, 6 Hz (h2)
– Pink noise 100 Hz –10 kHz (ns)
• Anechoic samples convolved with binaural room responses
![Page 11: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Binaural room responses
• Diffuse field and system compensated responses– Medium size diffuse concert hall (p)• RT = 2.2 s, 1-IACC
E3 = 0.78
– Large multipurpose hall (a)• RT = 2.4 s, 1-IACC
E3 = 0.02
– Small listening room (s)• RT = 0.5 s, 1-IACC
E3 = 0.32
![Page 12: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Altogether 18 stimuli resulting in 153 permutations
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Analysis of preference data
• A single run comparing all the the pairs results in a preference matrix that can be used to rank order the stimuli
• In an ideal case each run will yield the same perfectly ordered set of data
A B C DAB 1C 0 0D 1 1 1
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Real world comparative judgements
• Each stimulus has a dispersion on a psychological scale
• Each judgment of distance and order depend on current points of perception
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Checking for consistency
• Circular triads• Mean for random answers
with 18 stimuli: 204• Average in collected data approx. 40• All data matrices consistent with
significance p < 0.01
A B
C
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Unidimensional scaling
• Simplest scaling method: count the number of times a single stimulus is prefered over all others
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Wincount statistics, CR = 60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
s_h1s_h2a_h1a_sns_sna_h2s_cea_cea_nsa_sps_sps_nsp_snp_cep_h1p_spp_h2p_ns
![Page 18: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Comparison with stimulus IACC
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
s_h1s_h2a_h1a_sns_sna_h2s_cea_cea_nsa_sps_sps_nsp_snp_cep_h1p_spp_h2p_ns
Wincount
0 0.15 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75 0.9 1.051-IACC
3
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Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
More sophisticated scaling
• Thurstone's law provides a method for mapping pair comparison data on an interval scale– Assumes normally distributed
unidimensional data– Includes tests for checking the fit
• Results– Significance of deviation from data p < 0.01
![Page 20: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Multidimensional scaling
• Uses distances between stimuli to construct a spatial representation ofdata in n dimensions
• Metric (interval) and nonmetric (ordinal) procedures
• Few assumptions on data• Works well with a relatively small number
of test subjects
![Page 21: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
-2-1
01
23 -2
0
2-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
p_ns
p_sp
p_h1
p_h2
p_ce p_sn
s_sp
s_ns
a_ns
a_sp
a_sn a_h2
a_ce
s_sn s_ce
s_h2
s_h1
a_h1
3-D scaling of all stimuli
![Page 22: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Comparison of the large halls
-2 -1 0 1-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
a_ce
a_h1 a_h2
a_ns
a_sn
a_sp
p_ce p_h1
p_h2
p_ns
p_sn
p_sp
![Page 23: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Multipurpose hall vs. Listening room
-2 -1 0 1-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
a_ce
a_h1
a_h2
a_ns
a_sn
a_sp
s_ce
s_h1
s_h2
s_ns
s_sn
s_sp
![Page 24: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Concert hall vs. Listening room
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2
0
2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
p_h1 p_h2
p_ns
p_sp
p_ce
p_sn
s_ns
s_sp
s_sn
s_ce s_h2
s_h1
![Page 25: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Discussion & conclusions
• The perception of auditory source width is clearly multidimensional– Results between the most similar spaces
suggest separate source and room dimensions with some interaction
– Euclidian metric of MDS might not reflect human perception between extreme cases
• The pilot data is insufficient to draw more firm conclusions
![Page 26: Scaling Studies of Perceived Source Width Juha Merimaa Institut für Kommunikationsakustik Ruhr-Universität Bochum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf7d1a28abf838c84b8f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Binaural and Spatial Hearing Group
Future work
• A larger listening test with a reduced set of stimuli
• Interpreting the dimensions in terms of binaural cues– Breaking the experiment into several
unidimensional studies– Use gained results in choosing stimuli
• Similar investigations into envelopment