Sanskrit

LEARN SANSKRITThrough English MediumWITH TRANSLITERATION

A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOLThree Volumes in One

Ratnakar Narale

KALIDAS SANSKRIT UNIVERSITY, NAGPUR, INDIA

PRAYERTO THE GODDESS OF LEARNING

oaardavandnaa

oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_ s{a@rada@ sada@ smaran<&ya@

svarda varda stavanaIyaa_ svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@BaartajananaI namanaIyaa_ bha@rata janan& naman&ya@sa>s˜tavaaNaI ÃvaNaIyaa_ sam~skr<t va@n& s{ravan<&ya@

Anaukmpaa Êid ZarNaIyaa_ anukampa@ hr<di dharan<&ya@saevaa manasaa krNaIyaa_ seva@ manasa@ karan<&ya@oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_ s{a@rada@ sada@ smaran<&ya@

svarda varda stavanaIyaa_ svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@

naih sauSaoayyaa oayanaIyaa_ nahi sukhas{aiyya@ s{ayan&ya@na naIcaicantaa cayanaIyaa_ na n&c{a-c{inta@ c{ayan&ya@rja:kamanaa oamanaIyaa_ rajah<-ka@mana@ s{aman&ya@tamaaevaasanaa dmanaIyaa_ tamo-va@sana@ daman&ya@



satatasaubaui&Za|rNaIyaa_ satata-subuddhir-dharan<&ya@maanasaoaui&va|rNaIyaa_ ma@nasa-s{uddhir-varan<&ya@oauBaa sariNarnausarNaIyaa_ s{ubha@ saran<i-ranusaran<&ya@satsaGÐitariBaLaPaNaIyaa_ sat-san[gati-rabhilas<an<&ya@



jaaitakÖpaRYaa tyajanaIyaa_ ja@ti-kupratha@ tyajan&ya@banZauBaavanaa BajanaIyaa_ bandhu-bha@vana@ bhajan&ya@AiSaLasaGÑtaa krNaIyaa_ akhila-san[ghata@ karan<&ya@ivaovae samataa BarNaIyaa_ vis{ve samat@ bharan<&ya@



paRmaTakÖmaitad|hnaIyaa_ pramatta-kumatir-dahan&ya@AagatahainassahnaIyaa_ a@gata-ha@ni-ssahan&ya@paRjaapaRitaP#a vahnaIyaa_ praja@-pratis<t>ha@-vahan&ya@mayaa paRitaXaa gaRhNaIyaa_ maya@ pratijn~a grahan&ya@


svarda varda stavanaIyaa_ svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@-rtnaakr: -Ratna@karah<

INDEXanukraman<ika@AnauÛmaiNaka_

INTRODUCTION paRitaP#apanama` xiiThe anus>t>ubh metre AnauP@uBa-Cnd: xvii

BOOK 1LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT

Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa 3Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation) qccaara: 5Lesson 3 The Sanskrit Characters sa>s˜tavaNaa|: 8

Vowels svara: 8Consonants vyaØjanaaina 10

Sound Formulas from S}iva maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa 12Lesson 4 Writing the Sanskrit Consonants vyaØjanaaina 15Lesson 5 Writing the Sanskrit Vowels svara: 17Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs svaricaÈaina 20

Application of Vowel-signs 25Anusvara and Avagraha Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca 26

Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks 27Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants 30Lesson 8 Writing Special Compound Characters sa>yauFoabda: 36

Word endings oabdantaa: 45Lesson 9 Rapid Reading : oaIzaRpa#nama 47

The Sanskrit Language sa>s˜taBaaPaa 47Ra@ma@yan<am ramaayaNama 49

A Devotional Song BaiFgaItama 50Maha@bha@ratam mahaBaartama 51The G&ta@ gaItaa 53I am S}iva ioavaae~hma 54Obeisance to Motherland vande maatarma 55The Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%aI-man%a: 56

BOOK 2UNDERSTAND SANSKRIT, EASY WAY

Lesson 10 Introduction to Sandhi sainZa: 59Compounding Vowels svarsainZa: 59Compounding Consonants vyaØjanasainZa: 67Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi ivasaga|sainZa: 70

Lesson 11 Introduction to Numerals sa>Syaa: 74Lesson 12 Sanskrit Verbs iÛyaapadaina 84Lesson 13 Persons pauwPaa: 89Lesson 14 Numbers vacanaaina 91

Genders iLaGÐaina 96Lesson 15 Nouns naamaaina 98

Dictionary of Nouns oabdkaeoa: 100Pictorial Dictionary ica%akaeoa: 108

Lesson 16 Pronouns sava|naamaaina 123Lesson 17 The Present Tense La@ 126

Use of the Particle sma sma 129Lesson 18 The (Past) Imperfect Tense LaG 136

Use of the phrase ma@ sma maa sma 140Lesson 19 The (Past) Perfect Tense iLa@ 141

Lesson 20 The (Past Indefinite) Aorist Tense LauG 143Use of the Particle ma@ maa 145

Lesson 21 The Indefinite Future Tense La\@ 146Lesson 22 The Definite Future Tense Lau@ 150

WHICH TENSE TO USE? LakarpaRyaaega: 154Lesson 23 Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& Verbs AatmanaepadI parsmaEpadI ca 155

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs sakma|kma Akma|kma ca 160The Causative Verbs iNajantapaRiÛyaa 162The Desiderative Verbs sa²ntapaRiÛyaa 163

The Frequentive Verbs yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiÛyae 165Lesson 24 The 11 Classes of Verbs gaNaa: 167

1. The First Class Bvaaid: 1702. The Second Class Adaid: 1783. The Third Class jauhaetyaaid: 1844. The Fourth Class idvaaid: 1895. The Fifth Class svaaid: 1946. The Sixth Class taudaid: 1987. The Seventh Class wZaaid: 2048. The Eighth Class tanaaid: 208

The verb |(to do) þ× 210

9. The Nineth Class Û‘yaaid: 21510. The Tenth Class cauraid: 22011. The Eleventh Class kNDÔaid: 224

Lesson 25 The Cases karkaiNa ca ivaBaFya: ca 228The Nominative (1st) Case paRYamaa 231

The Accusative (2nd) Case iVtaIyaa 235The Instrumental (3rd) Case ta\taIyaa 240The Dative (4th) Case catauYaI| 246The Ablative (5th) Case paØcamaI 251The Possessive (6th) Case PaP#I 257The Locative (7th) Case saptamaI 264The Vocative Case sambaaeZanama 268

Lesson 26 The Voices paRyaaegaa: 270The Active Voice kta|irpaRyaaega: 270The Passive Voice kma|iNapaRyaaega: 272The Bha@ve Voice BaavaepaRyaaega: 275

Lesson 27 The Moods AYaa|: 278The Negative Mood nakaraYa|: 278The Interrogative Mood paRonaaYa|: 280The Imperative Mood Laae@ 282The Potential Mood ivaiZaiLaG 286The Benedictive Mood AaoaIiLa|G 289The Conditional Mood La\G 290

Lesson 28 The Adjectives and Participles ivaoaePaNaaina ×dntaaina ca 292The Adjectives ivaoaePaNaaina 293

The Degree of Comparison tar-tama-BaavaaE 299The Participles ×dntaaina 302Past Passive Participle, ppp\ F 302Past Active Participle Fvatau 304Present Active Participle oata\-oaanaca 306Potential Participle AnaIyar 312

Future Passive Participle 314Indeclinable Past Participle Ktvaa, Lyapa 317The Infinitive taumauna 321set> and anit> verbs sae@ Aina@ 324

Creating Existance of Non-existent icva 326Sati Saptami saita-saptamaI 328

Lesson 29 The Adverbs and Conjunctions 329Adverbs iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina 329Dictionary of Adverbs 333Conjunctions yaaEigakoabda: 346

Lesson 30 The Prepositions AaEpasaiga|koabda: 349Lesson 31 The Compound Words samaasaa: 353

BOOK 3SPEAK SANSKRIT

Lesson 32 Conversations vaataa|Laapaa: 372Lesson 33 Correcting Mistakes oau&IkrNama 381Lesson 34 Prose Reading ga^pa#nama 386

Short Stories LazaukYaa: 386Mother and the Baby Parrot oaukIoaavakaE 386Unnecessary Advice inarYa|k: qpadeoa: 388

The Inherant Nature jaaitasvaBaava: 390Short Essays LazauinabanZaa: 392

The Horse Aova: 392The Sun saUya|: 393The Knowledge iva^a 395

Poetic Sayings sauBaaiPataaina 397

The Words of Wisdom sadupadeoaa: 398Good Sayings sauvacanaaina 400

Lesson 35 General Knowledge saamaanyaXaanama 402The Days of the Week vaasara: 402The Names of the Months maasaa: 403The Measurements pairmaaNaaina 404The Names of the Directions idoa: 405Time samaya: 406Relationships sambanZaa: 409

Lesson 36 Antonyms ivaLaaemaoabda: 411Lesson 37 Words with Suffixes paRtyayaantaoabda: 412

Words with Primary Suffixes ×tapaRtyayaantaoabda: 413Words with Secondary Suffixes tai&ta-oabda: 418

Using Nouns as Verb Roots naamaZaatau: 425Amazing Sanskrit Creations A®uta-sa>s×ta-kavya-vaEBavama` 426

APPENDICES :

(i) Charts of conjugations of the Tenses 431Ten Parasmaipad& tenses, Active voice 431Ten Ètmanepad& tenses, Active voice 440Ten Passive Voice tenses 448

(ii) Charts of declensions of the Cases 450rama (A), vana (A), gaaepaa (Aa) 450; maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 451; vaair (}), maita (}), sauZaI (}|) 452; nadI (}|), gauw (q) 453; maZau (q), Zaenau (q), svaBaU (Q) 454; vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 455;

kta\| (/), Zaata\ (/), maata\ (/) 456; rE (]e), gaae (Aae), gLaaE (AaE) 457; naaE (AaE), oak‘ (k`)458; iLaSa` (Sa`), vaaca` (ca`) 459; raja` (ja`), vaiNaja` (ja`), Qja|` (ja`) 460, Äja` (ja`), paRaØca` (Øca`) 461; SaØja` (Øja`), mawta` (ta`),Bagavata` (ta`) 462; Bavata` (ta`), kÖva|ta` (ta`), jagata` (ta`) 463; mahta` (ta`), sairta` (ta`) 464; sauÊd` (d`), Êd` (d`), xauZa` (Za`) 465; oaioana` (na`), Baaivana`` (}na`) 466; Aatmana` (na`), kma|na` (na`), saImana` (na`) 467; gaupa` (pa`), LaBa` (Ba`) 468; car` (r`), vaar` (r`) igar` (r`), paur` (r`) 469; idva` (va`), naoa` (oa`), ivaoa` (oa`) 470; idoa` (oa`), icakIPa|` (Pa`), ZanauPa` (Pa`) 471; AaioaPa` (Pa`), candRmasa` (sa`) 472; OaReyasa` (sa`), payasa` (sa`) 473; garIyasa` (sa`), pau>sa` (sa`) 474, mauh` (h`), qpaanah` (h`) 475.

Declensions of Irregular Words 476saiSa, paita Aisa, ÅI 476; OaRI, BaU, ivaVsa` 477; paiYana`, jara, inaoaa 478; naaisaka, paad, Êdya, qdk, maasa 479.

(iii) Declensions of Pronouns 480Asmad, yauPmad, tad (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 480; yad, (yad) 481; ]tad, }dma (etad, idam) 482, Adsa, sava| (adas, sarva) 483; ikma (kim) 484; kiocata (kas{c{it)485.

(iv) Declensions of Numerical Adjectives 486

(v) Dictionary of 2000 Verbs Zaatauoabdkaeoa: 490(vi) Which verb to use? 576

(vii) Charts of Verb Declensions 583þAd`, þAca| , þAsa`; þAasa` 583; þ} 584; þ}Pa` 585, þ/cC`, þ]Za`; þkYa` 586 þkma`; þ× 587, þÛya`, þÛID`, þixa, þxauBa` 588; þgaNa`, þgad`; þgama` 589, þgaRh`, 590, þzaRa, þcaLa`; þicanta` 591, þcaur`, þjana`, þija 592, þXaa, DI; þtana` 593, þtapa`, þtaud`, þtauPa`, þtyaja` 594; þ%aE, þdd`, þdh` 595, þda 596, þidva`, þdIpa`, þdU; þ±oa` 597, þZaa 598, þZa\; þZaava` 599, þZva>sa` 600; þnand`, þnaoa`, þnaI 601; þpaca` 602; þpad`, þpaa 603; þpauPa` 604; þpaUja`, þbauZa`, þpaRcC` 605; þbaRU, þBaxa` 606; þBaja` 607; þBaa, þBaI, þBauja` 608; þBaU, þBa\ 609; þBaRma`; þBaR>sa` 610, þmana`, þimaLa` 611; þmauØca` 612; þma\, þma\oa`, þmLaE 613; þyaja`, þyaa 614; þyauja` 615; þrxa`, þrma` 616; þwca`, þwd`

617; þwZa`, þLaBa`, þLaa 618, þiLaSa`; þpad`, þivaja` 619; þivad`; þivaoa` 621, þva\ 622; þva\ta`, þvaRja` 623; þvah` 624; þoauca`, þoauBa` 625, þoauPa`; þÃu, þsad` 626, þsau; þsaU, þsa\ja` 627, þsYaa; þsnaa 628, þÄ>sa`; þhna` 629, þhsa` 630; þha, þih>sa` 630, þhu, þÊ; þÊPa` 631;, þÉI, þÌe 632.

(viii) Chart of Participles ×dntaaina 633

(ix) Breakdown, Transliteration and Meaning of the Verses 634

(x) Answers to the Exercises qTaraiNa 651References inade|oa: 657

LESSON 6s<as<t>ah abhya@sah< PaP#: AByaasa:_

THE SANSKRIT CHARACTERSsam~skr<ta-varn<a@h< sa>s˜tavaNaa|:_

(see the coloured chart of Sanskrit Alphabet on the back cover)A character (varn<ah< vaNa|:) that can be pronounced independently is called a VOWEL

(svarah< svar:). yasya vaNa|sya qccaarNa> svatan%atayaa Bavaita sa: svar: kYyatae_ **eg\ A, }, q (a, i, u) ...etc.

A character that can NOT be pronounced independently (without the help of a vowel), is called a CONSONANT (vyan~jana@nam vyaØjanama). yayasya vaNa|sya qccaarNa> svatan%a> na Bavaita tata vyaØjanama kYyatae_ eg\ k‘, Sa, ga (k, kh, g) ...etc. Therefore,k‘ + A = k; Sa, + A = Sa k + a = ka; kh + a = kha ...etc.

** NOTE : You may understand these Sanskrit definations in your second reading of this book, when you have learned the basics.

6.1THE VOWELS

svara@h< svara:_(shown with red background colour in the chart on the back cover)

Ahma` Aatmaa }dma` }|oa: qdkma` Qja|dayakma`_/jaukayama` /NaanmauiF: KLa\ptama` sada Bavaeta` _]Pa: ]ePama` Aae AaE ca svara: sa>s×tamaaga|ta:__ (by Prof\ BVK Sastry)

In Sanskrit, the vowels are of three types. sa>s˜tasvara: i%aivaZaa: sainta_(A) The SHORT vowels (hrasva@h< svara@h< Ésvaa: svara:) are those which take one unit of

paRtyaahara:_1. Ak‘ - A } q / La\ (the vowels a, i, u, r<, lr<)2. Aca - svara: all the vowels (A - AaE)3. A@ - svara: (A - AaE) + ya, r, va h_ all vowels + consonants y, r, v, h 4. ANa - svara: + ya, r La va h_ all vowels + semi-vowels y, r, l, v + the aspirate h 5. ALa - vaNaa|: all characters (A - h)6. Aoa - all vowels and soft consonants (A-AaE, ga-G, ja-Øa`, D-Na, d-na, ba-ma, ya-va, h)7. ]G - vewels e and o (], Aae)8. ]ca - vewels e, ai, o, au (], ]e, Aae, AaE)9. ]eca - vewels ai and au (]e, AaE)10. Sar - hard consonants (k Sa ca C @ # ta Ya pa f oa Pa sa)11 jaoa - the third consonant from each class : g, j, d<, d, b (ga, ja, D, d, ba)12. Jaja - the consonants jh, and bh (Ja, Ba)13. Jar - sibilants + class consonants - nasals (k‘-za, ca-Ja, @-$, ta-Za pa-Ba + oa, Pa, sa)14. JaLa - consonants other than semi-vowels and nasals k-za, ca-Ja, @-$, ta-Za- pa-Ba, ya-h15. Jaoa - the third and fourth class consonants (ga, za, ja, Ja, D, $, d, Za, ba, Ba)16. JaPa - the fourth consonant from each calss gh, jh, d<h, dh, bh (za, Ja, $, Za, Ba)17. yaNa - AntasYavaNaa|: (ya r La va consonants y r l and v) 18. yaya - all consonants other than s{ s< s h (oa Pa sa h = qPmaaxaraiNa)19. yar - all consonants other than h h (k - sa)20. oaLa - the u@s<ma consonants s{, s<, s, and h (oa, Pa, sa, h = QPmana û QPma, QPmaaiNa)21. hLa - vyaØjanaaina (all consonants k - h)22. hoa - ma\duvyaØjanaaina (soft consonants ga-G, ja-Øa, D-Na, d-na, ba-ma, ya-va, h)

}tyaadya: paRtyaahara:_

6.4 Ma@hes{vara@n<I Su@tra@n<i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14ANa /k‘ ]G ]eca h@ LaNa Øama Jaja zaPa jaoa Sava kya oar hLa 3rd Ak‘ ]ca yaNa Øama JaPa jaoa Saya oaLa

AntasYaa: 5th 4th 1st +Aca` nasals 2ndvowels Sar

Jaoa hardA@

yaØa jaya

hoa soft consonants

Aoa

Jaya class 1+2+3+4

yaya

yar

Jar

JaLa

hLa (all consonants)

ALa ( vaNaa|: all characters)

LESSON 7saptamah< abhya@sah< saptama: AByaasa:_

COMPOUND CONSONANTSsam~yukta-vyan~jana@na@m abhya@sah< sa>yauFvyaØjanaanaama` AByaasa:_

With the use of half characters such as: k‘ k, Sa` kh, ga` g, za` gh, G n[, ca` c{, C c{h, ja` j, Ja` jh, Øa` n~, @` t>, #` t>h, D d<, Na n<,

ta` t, Ya` th, Za` dh, na n, pa` p, f‘ ph, ba` b, Ba` bh, ma` m, ya` y, r` r, La l, va` v, oa` s{, Pa` s<, sa` s, h` h

(1) Character k (k‘ K )paKva, pak‘va (pakva ripened), KLaIbama`, k‘LaIbama`, (kl&bam weakness) KLaed: k‘Laed: (kledah< wettness), vaaKyama`, vaak‘yama` (va@kyam speech), rKtama`, rk‘tama`

(raktam blood), wiKmaNaI, wk‘imaNaI (Rukmin<&), Kvaicata`, k‘vaicata` (kvac{it sometimes)(2) Character kh (Sa` S )

Syaaita: Sa`yaaita: (khya@tih< fame), AaSyaa AaSa`yaa (a@khya@ saying), saSyama` saSa`yama` (sakhyam friendship)

(3) Characters g and gh (ga` g ; za` z )gLaaina: ga`Laaina: (gla@nih< downfall), Aigna: Aga`ina: (agnih< fire), Baagyama` Baaga`yama` (bha@gyam fortune), Bagna Baga`na (bhagna broken), ivaznama` ivaza`nama` (vighnam obstacle)

(4) Characters n[ (G`)

G` n[ GÍ n[ka GÎ n[kta GÏ n[kha GÐ n[ga

GÑ n[gha GÒ n[ma GÓ n[la GÕ n[ks<a Gß n[ks<va

K k

S kh

g g; z gh

(19) Character h (h` Æ )

Æ h Ê hr< Ç hn<a È hna H hya

M hma É hra Ë hla Ì hva

Êdyama` Êdyama` (hr<dayam heart), baaH baah`ya (ba@hya external), baRM ba`rh`ma (brahma Brahma), AaËad: Aah`Laad: (a@hla@dah< joy<), ga\Çaita ga\h`Naaita (gr<hn<a@ti he takes), Ésva h`rsa`va (hrasvah< short) icaÈma` icah`nama` (c{ihnam sign), vaiÈ: vah`ina: (vahnih< fire), ijaÌa ijah`vaa (jihva@ toung)

Character da (d`) has following common compounds1. d + da = dda û d` + d = ª (qªeoa: uddes{ah< objective, taªanama` tadda@nam that charity)2. d + dha = ddha # d` + Za = & (yau&ma` yuddham war, baui&: buddhih< thinking)3. d + ga = dga # d` + ga = § (q§ma: udgamah< rise, Bagava§Itaa bhagavadg&ta@)4. d + gha = dgha # d` + za = © (q©a@nama` udgha@t>aman inauguration)5. d + bha = dbha # d` + Ba = ® (sa®ava: sadbha@vah< goodness; q®va: udbhavah< rise)6. d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya = ^ (Aa^: a@dyah< first; Utama` dyu@tam, gambling)7. d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma = ¯ (pa¯ma` padmam lotus, C¯I c{hadm& cunning)8. d + va = dva written as : d` + va = V (VnV: dvandvah< dual, ivaVana` vidva@n learned)

ª dda © dgha & ddha § dga

® dbha ^ dya ¯ dma Vdva(A) When full-consonant r (ra) comes after any half-consonant, it is written as a

slanted line ( R) attached to that half-consonant.1. k + ra (k‘ + r = Û) caÛma` c{akram wheel, Ûainta: kra@ntih< revolution, ÛaeZa: krodhah<

anger, iÛyaa kriya@ deed, Û”r: kru@rah< cruel, Û’taa kreta@ buyer4. s{ + ra (oa` + r = Oa + r = Ã) Ã&a s{raddha@ faith, ivaÃa>ita: vis{ra@ntih< rest, ÃI s{r&

divine, ÃeP#: s{res<t>hah< superior, Ãaetaa s{rota@ listner, Ãutama` s{rutam heard5 t + ra (ta` + r = %a) yan%ama` yantram machine, rai%a: ra@trih< night, pa%ama` patram leaf, %aetaa

treta@ saviour, i%aZaa tridha@ in three ways, %aeZaa tredha@ in three ways.

Û kra gaR gra Ã s{ra %a tra6. t> or d< + ra (@¼, D¼) : qP@¼: qPa`@`r: us<t>rah< camel, raP@¼: raPa`@`r: ra@s<t>rah< country, paaEND¼:

paaENa`D`r: paun<d<rah<7. s + ra (sa` + r = Ä) sahÄma` sahsa`rma` sahasram thousand, Äava: sa`rava: sra@vah < a flow8. s + t + ra (sa` + ta` + r = Å) ÅI sa`ta`rI str& woman, AÅma` Asa`ta`rma` astram weapon,

vaÅma` vasa`ta`rma` vastram cloth

@¼ tra Ä sra Å stra(B) When half-consonant r (r) comes before any consonant, it is written as ( | ) 9. r` + pa = (pa|); Ak–: Ar`k: arkah< sun, saga|: sar`ga: sargah< the creation, Aca|naa Ar`canaa

arc{ana@ worship, vaataa| vaar`taa va@rta@ news, sapa|: sar`pa: sarpah< snake, kma| kr`ma karma deed, kaya|ma` kar`yama` ka@ryam duty

k– rka pa| rpaCharacter ta (ta`) makes following common compounds1. t + ta = tta (ta`+ta = Ta, tta) qTamama` uttamam best, saTaa satta@ jurisdiction, saTvama`

sattavam truth. 2. n + na = nna (na` + na = ²) iSa² khinn sad3. h + ma = hma (h` + ma = M) baRMa brahma@ the Creator, baRMaNDma` brahman<d<am world4. h + ya = hya (h` + ya = H) baaH: ba@hyah< external, gauHma` guhyam secret

Ta tta Tva ttva ² nna

SANDHI

EXAMPLES FROM THE CLASSICAL LITERATURE

1. ]Pa: saUya|sya rioma: û ]Pa saUya|sya rioma:_ riomarePa saUya|sya_ saUya|syaEPa rioma:_ rioma: saUya|syaEPa:_2. saUya|sya ]k: rioma: saaemama` dIpayaita û saUya|syaEkae rioma: saaema> dIpayaita_ saUya|sya dIpayatyaekae rioma:

saaemama`_ saaema> saUya|syaEkae riomaid|payaita_3. ga\ihiBa: yaXaa: Avaoyama` krNaIyaa: û ga\ihiBaya|Xaa Avaoya> krNaIyaa:_ ga\ihiBarvaoya> krNaIyaa yaXaa:_

ga\ihiBarvaoyaGÍrNaIyaa yaXaa:_ yaXaa ga\ihiBarvaoya> krNaIyaa:_ yaXaa ga\ihiBarvaoyaGÍrNaIyaa:_4. ksmaata` deoaata` AagataaE ivaVa>saaE pauwPaaE û ksmaaªeoaadagataaE ivaVa>saaE pauwPaaE_ pauwPaavaagataaE

ksmaaªeoaaiVVa>saaE_ ivaVa>saaE ksmaadagataaE deoaatpauwPaaE_ ivaVa>saavaagataaE ksmaaªeoaatpauwPaaE_5. riva: paRata: samayae AagacCita û AagacCita paRatassamayae riva:_ rivaragacCita paRatassamayae_6. sa: tasya qdyakaLa: }ita qcyatae û sa tasyaaedyakaLa }tyaucyatae_ qcyatae sa tasyaaedyakaLa }ita_

qdyakaLastasya sa }tyaucyatae_7. sa: saayaGÍaLae Astama` gacCita û sa saayaGÍaLae~stama` gacCita_ sa saayaGÍaLae~staGÐgacCita_

saae~staGÐcCita saayaGÍaLae_ saayaGÍaLae~sta> gacCita sa:_ gacCtyasta> sa saayaGÍaLae_8. tvayaa qdiZa: ±P@: na vaa û tvayaaediZa±|P@ae na vaa_ tvayaa ±P@ qdiZana| vaa_ qdiZa±|P@stvayaa na vaa_

±P@stvayaaediZana| vaa_ qdiZastvayaa ±P@ae na vaa_ tvayaa na vaaediZa±|P@:_9. tata` jaLae paitatama` AasaIta` û tajjaLae paitatamaasaIta`_ tatpaitatamaasaIjjaLae_ jaLae paitata> tadasaIta`_

AasaITatpaitata> jaLae_10. }danaIma` qdiZa> snaanaaya gacC û }danaImaudiZa> snaanaaya gacC_ gacCedanaImaudiZa> snaanaaya_

gacCediZaimadanaI>> snaanaaya_ 11. BaUpaita: BaUimama` rxaita û BaUpaitaBaU|ima> rxaita_ rxaita BaUpaitaBaU|imama`_ BaUima> rxaita BaUpaita:_12. tama` /iPa> ta%a Apaoyamaana: sa: rajaa taama` oakÖntaLaama` qvaaca û tama\iPa> ta%aapaoyamaana: sa rajaa taa>

oakÖntaLaamauvaaca_ ta%a tama\iPamapaoyamaanastaaØoakÖntaLaa> sa rajaaevaaca_ /iPa> tamapaoyamaanasta%a taa> oakÖntaLaamauvaaca sa rajaa_ sa rajaa taa> oakÖntaLaamauvaaca tama\iPa> ta%aapaoyamaana:_

13. tasya yaXasya Antae rajaa doarYa: /iPa-Aoa\GÐma` AbaRvaIta` û tasya yaXasyaantae rajaa doarYa /Pyaoa\GÐmabaRvaIta`_ yaXasyatasyaantae doarYaae rajaa~baRvaI±Pyaoa\GÐma`_

14. paoyana` oa\Nvana` spa\oana` ijazaRna` Aonana` gacCna` svapana` ovasana` paRLapana` ivasa\jana` ga\Çna` qinmaoana` inaimaoana` Aipa(G&ta@ 5.8-9) û paoyaØoa\Nvanspa\oaiØjazaR²onangacCnsvapaØovasanpaRLapainvasa\janga\Ç²uinmaoa²imaoa²ipa_

LESSON 12dva@das{ah< abhya@sah< Vadoa: AByaasa:_

THE TENSES AND MOODS OF THE VERBSlaka@ra@h< Lakara:_

In Sanskrit there are over 2000 verb roots (|verb), from which all Sanskrit words originate. Unlike English, in Sanskrit the Tenses are not grouped separately from the Moods of the verbs.They are organized under a single group of ten laka@ra/ (Lakara: Tense and Mood Conjugations).

THE TEN TENSES AND MOODS OF THE VERBSThere are ten tenses and moods laka@ra/ in Sanskrit, namelylat>, lit>, lut>, lr>t>, lot>, let>, lan[g, lin[g, lun[g, lr<n[gLa@, iLa@, Lau@, La\@, Laae@, Lae@, LaG, iLaG, LauG, La\G_(1) lat> La@ Present Tense(2) lan[g LaG Past Imperfect Tense (First Praeterite)(3) lit> iLa@ Past Perfect Tense (Second Praeterite)(4) lun[g LauG Past Indefinite Tense (Third Praeterite or Aorist)(5) lut> Lau@ Future Definite Tense(6) lr>t> La\@ Future Indefinite Tense(7) lot> Laae@ Imperative Mood(8) vidhi> ivaiZa Potential Mood(9) lin[g iLaG Benedictive Mood(10) lr<n[g La\G Conditional Mood

12.3THE ELEVEN

CONJUGATIONAL CLASSES OF VERBS

Roots of the verbs (dha@tavah< Zaatava:), having aims of self service (a@tmanepad&AatmanaepadI), service to others (parasmaipad& parsmaEpadI) or dual service (ubhayapad&qBayapadI), are arranged under a group of Eleven classes of Conjugations of Verbs (gan<a@h<gaNaa:), namely :

(1) Bvaaid bhva@di, the 1st Class, of the roots like (|bhu@) |BaU to become(2) Adaid ada@di, the 2nd Class, of the roots like (|ad) |Ad to eat(3) huvaaid huva@di, the 3rd Class, of the roots like (|hu) |hu to sacrifice(4) idvaaid diva@di, the 4th Class, of the roots like (|div) |idva` to shine(5) svaaid sva@di, the 5th Class, of the roots like (|su) |sau to bathe(6) taudaid tuda@di, the 6th Class, of the roots like (|tud) |taud to hurt(7) wZaaid rudha@di, the 7th Class, of the roots like (|rudh) |wZa to oppose(8) tanaaid tana@di, the 8th Class, of the roots like (|tan) |tana` to spread(9) Û‘yaaid krya@di, the 9th Class, of the roots like (|kr&) |ÛI to buy(10) cauraid c{ura@di, the 10th Class, of the roots like (|c{ur) |caur to steal(11) kNDÔaid kan<d<va@di, the 11th Class, of the roots like (|kan<d<u@) |kNDU to itch

NOTES : (i)Some people prefer using the numerical system (1st gan<a, 2nd gan<a etc.) for identifying the

gan<a/, while others prefer their nominclature (Bvaaid, Adaid etc.)

LESSON 14c{aturdas{ah< abhya@sah< cataud|oa: AByaasa:_

Use of the VERB to be |as þAsa in Present Tense La@`Person Singular Dual Plural(I) am Aisma asmi sva: svah< sma: smah<(You) are Aisa asi sYa: sthah> sYa stha(He-she-that) is Aista asti sta: stah< sainta santi1. I am Ahma` Aisma aham asmi2. We two are Aavaama` VaE (Ve) sva: a@va@m[ dvau (dve) svah<3. We are vaya> sma: vayam[ smah<1. You are (tvama` Aisa) Bavaana` Aista (tvam asi) bhava@n asti2. You two are yauvaa> VaE (Ve) sYa: yuva@m[ dvau (dve) sthah<3. You (all) are (yaUya> sYa) Bavatna: sainta (yu@yam[ stha) bhavantah< santi1. He-she-that is sa:, saa, tata`` Aista sah<, sa@, tat asti2. They two are taaE, tae, tae VaE (Ve) sta: tau, te, te dvau (dve) stah<3. They all are tae, taa:, taaina sainta te, ta@h<, ta@ni santi

EXAMPLES :(A) Singular number : (1) Ra@ma is here. Ra@mah< atra asti. rama: A%a Aista_(2) The crow is black. ka@kah< kr<s<n<nah< asti. kak: ˜PNa: Aista_ (crow = ka@ka kak; black =

kr<s<n<a ×PNa)(3) The cuckoo is black also. pikah< api kr<s<n<ah< asti. ipak: Aipa ˜PNa: Aista_ (also = api

Aipa)NOTES : (1) In a sentence, if two or more subjects are connected by the conjunction ‘and’ (ca

c{a), then the ‘number’ of their verb is chosen according to the number of the subjects (dual or plural).

eg\ Ra@ma and S&ta@ are here. rama: saItaa ca A%a sta: ra@mah< s&ta@@ c{a atra stah<. (There are two. VaEöVe sta:_ dvauödve stah<)

Ra@ma, S&ta@ and R&ta@ are here. rama: saItaa rItaa ca A%a sainta ra@mah< s&ta@@ r&ta@ c{a atra santi. (atra A%a = here)

(2) In a sentence, when two or more subjects of a common attribute are connected by the conjunction ‘and’ ca c{a, the ‘number’ of their verb is chosen singular only.

eg\ Righteousness and purity are attained with yoga. sata-caair%ya> paaiva%ya> ca yaaegaena isaZyatae_ sat-c{aritryam[ pa@vitryam[ c{a yogena siddhyate.

(B) Dual Number : (4) Ra@ma and S&ta@ are here. Ra@mah< S&ta@ c{a atra stah<. rama: saItaa ca A%a sta:_(5) The crow and cuckoo are black. ka@kah< pikah< c{a kr<s<n<au stah<. kak: ipak: ca ˜PNaaE

sta:_A CLASSICAL EXAMPLE : (see Appendix 8 for meaning)

(6) kak: ˜PNa: ipak: ˜PNa: kae Baed: ipakkakyaae:_vasantasamayae paRaptae kak: kak: ipak: ipak:_28__

ka@kah> kr<s<n<ah< pikah< kr<s<n<ah<, ko bhedah< pikaka@kayoh<?THE FIRST CLASS

bhva@dih< gan<ah< Bvaaid: gaNa:_The first and the biggest of the eleven classes of the verbs is the Bvaaid: (bhva@di) class. It includes 1035 of the 2000 verbs of Sanskrit language. The most typical example of this class is the verb |BaU (|bhu@ to become), therefore, this class is called bhva@dih< gan<ah< Bvaaid: gaNa: (BaU + Aaid = Bvaaid ‘bhu@ etc.’ class).

FORMATION OF THE VERBAL BASE for Bvaaid: gaNa:_

1. The Final vowel (eg\ Q in þBaU) and the short Medial vowel (eg\ A in þgama) take gun<a to form a Verbal Base.

eg\ þBaU # BaU + A # Baae; and þbauZa û bau + A + Za # baaeZa`_ etc\2. Vikaran<a A is added to this verbal base before adding any tense suffix.

eg\ Baae + A = Bava_ baaeZa + A = baaeZa_ etc.3. This vikaran<a A becomes Aa before the tense suffixes that begin with ma or va_

eg\ Baae + Aa + ima = Bavaaima; Baae + Aa + ma: = Bavaama:_ baaeZa` + Aa + ima = baaeZaaima, baaeZa` + Aa + ma: = baaeZaama:_ etc.

4. This vikaran<a A is dropped before tense suffixes that begin with A_ eg\ Baae + A - A + Ainta = Bavainta_ baaeZa + A - A + Ainta = baaeZainta_ etc.

Scheme of Conjugations for the First Class : Root |BaU to become(1) Present Tense : La@ (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&

Singular Dual Plural Meaning1p\ Bavaaima (Aaima) Bavaava: (Aava:) Bavaama: (Aama:) I become

bhava@mi bhava@vah< bhava@mah<2p\ Bavaisa (isa) BavaYa: (Ya:) BavaYa (Ya) You become

bhavasi bhavathah< bhavatha3p\ Bavaita (ita) Bavata: (ta:) Bavainta (Ainta) He becomes

bhavati bhavatah< bhavanti(2) Past imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&

Singular Dual Plural Meaning1p\ ABavama` ABavaava ABavaama I became

abhavam abhava@va abhava@ma2p\ ABava: ABavatama` ABavata You became

abhavah< abhavatam abhavata3p\ ABavata` ABavataama` ABavana` He became

abhavat abhavata@m abhavan

(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&Singular Dual Plural Meaning

1p\ baBaUva baBaUivava baBaUivama I had becomebabhu@va babhu@viva babhu@vima

2p\ baBaUivaYa baBaUvaYau: baBaUva You had becomebabhu@vitha babhu@vathuh< babhu@va

3p\ baBaUva baBaUvatau: baBaUvau: He, she, it had becomebabhu@va babhu@vatuh< babhu@vuh<

(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&Singular Dual Plural Meaning

1p\ ABaUvama` ABaUva ABaUma I had becomeabhu@vam abhu@va abhu@ma

2p\ ABaU: ABaUtama` ABaUta You had becomeabhu@h< abhu@tam abhu@ta

3p\ ABaUta` ABaUtaama` ABaUvana` He,she,it had becomeabhu@t abhu@ta@m abhu@van

(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&Singular Dual Plural Meaning

1p\ Baivataaisma Baivataasva: Baivataasma: I will becomebhavita@smi bhavita@svah< bhavita@smah<

2p\ Baivataaisa BaivataasYa: BaivataasYa You will becomebhavita@si bhavita@sthah< bhavita@stha

3p\ Baivataa BaivataaraE Baivataar: Hewill becomebhavita@ bhavita@rau bhavita@rah<

(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&Singular Dual Plural Meaning

1p\ BaivaPyaaima BaivaPyaava: BaivaPyaama: I shall becomebhavis<ya@mi bhavis<ya@vah< bhavis<ya@mah<

2p\ BaivaPyaisa BaivaPyaYa: BaivaPyaYa You shall becomebhavis<yasi bhavis<yathah< bhavis<yatha

3p\ BaivaPyaita BaivaPyata: BaivaPyainta He shall becomebhavis<yati bhavis<yatah< bhavis<yanti

(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad&Singular Dual Plural Meaning

1p\ ABaivaPyama` ABaivaPyaava ABaivaPyaama If I becomeabhavis<yam abhavis<ya@va abhavis<ya@ma

2p\ ABaivaPya: ABaivaPyatama` ABaivaPyata If you becomeabhavis<yah< abhavis<yatam abhavis<yata

3p\ ABaivaPyata` ABaivaPyataama` ABaivaPyana` If he becomesabhavis<yat abhavis<yata@m abhavis<yan

(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad&Singular Dual Plural Meaning

1p\ Bavaaina Bavaava Bavaama Should I become?bhava@ni bhava@va bhava@ma

2p\ Bava Bavatama` Bavata Please become!bhava bhavatam bhavata

3p\ Bavatau Bavataama` Bavantau He should become!bhavatu bhavata@m bhavantu

(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood : ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad&1p\ Bavaeyama` Bavaeva Bavaema I may become

bhaveyam bhaveva bhavema2p\ Bavae: Bavaetama` Bavaeta You may become

bhaveh< bhavetam bhaveta3p\ Bavaeta` Bavaetaama` Bavaeyau: He may become

bhavet bhaveta@m bhaveyuh<(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmaipad&

Singular Dual Plural Meaning1p\ BaUyaasama` BaUyaasva BaUyaasma May I become!

bhu@ya@sam bhu@ya@sva bhu@ya@sma

2p\ BaUyaa: BaUyaastama` BaUyaasta May you become!bhu@ya@h< bhu@ya@stam bhu@ya@sta

3p\ BaUyaata` BaUyaastaama` BaUyaasau: May he become!bhu@ya@t bhu@ya@sta@m bhu@ya@suh<

EXAMPLES Cum EXERCISE : 1st Bvaaid: class 1. I become. aham[ bhava@mi. Ah> Bavaaima (þBaU)_ (Present La@) 2. He becomes a teacher. sah< a@c{a@ryah< bhavati. sa: Aacaaya|: Bavaita_3. He became a doctor. sah< vaidyah< abhavat. sa: vaE : ABavata_ (Past tense LaG) 4. They will become surgeons. te s{alyac{ikitsaka@h< bhavis<yanti. tae oaLyaicaiktsaka: BaivaPyainta_

(Future La\@) 5. She eats a mango. sa@ a@mraphalam[ kha@dati. saa AamaRfLa> Saadita (þSaad)_6. You are drinking milk. bhava@n dugdham[ pibati. Bavaana dugZa> ipabaita (þpaa)_7. I drank tea. aham[ c{a@yapeyam apibam. Ah> caayapaeyama Aipabama_8. They will drink cold water. te s{&tam[ jalam[ pa@syanti. tae oaIta> jaLa> paasyainta_ (s{ita oaIta =

cold)9. We hear melodious songs. vayam[ madhura@n<i ga@na@ni s{r<un<umah<. vaya> maZauraiNa gaanaaina OaRuNauma:

(þOaRu)_10. They heard songs. te ga@na@ni as{r<un<van. tae gaanaaina AOa\Nvana_11. I will go to school. aham[ pa@t>has{a@la@m[ gamis<ya@mi. Ah> paa#oaaLaa> gaimaPyaaima (þgama)_12. Kam~sa stole Krishn<a’s cows. Kam~sah< Kr<s<n<asya ga@h< aharat. käsa: ˜PNasya gaa: Ahrta

(þÊ)_ (gaama`, gaavaaE, gaa:)13. Please hold my hand (Laae@). kr<paya@ mama hastam[ dhara (dharatu). ˜payaa mama hsta> Zar-

Zartau (þZa\)_14. He takes away the books. sah< pustaka@ni nayati. sa: paustakaina nayaita (þnaI)_15. They cooked in the evening. te sa@yam apac{an. tae saayama Apacana (þpaca)_ saayama = in the

evening.

THE IMPORTANT CONJUGATIONS of the Bvaaid: (1st) ClassROOT Verb |gama (to go)In the Present (La@), Imperfect past (LaG), Imperative (Laae@) and Potential (ivaiZa) tenses

and moods (Lakara:), (i) the ma of gama becomes C (pan<ini 7.3.77 - þgama` þyama` þ}Pa` }tyaetaePaama` Aca` paRtyayae parta: Ckaradeoa:

Bavaita) gama û gaC (ii) letter ta comes between the ga and C of gaC` and it then becomes ca` û ga + ta` + C` =

ga + ca + C = gacC (iii) then the tense suffixes are added, as explained above in the scheme of conjugations.

gacC + Aa + ima = gacCaima ...(gacCava:, gacCama: ... gacCinta)NOTE : The root |}Pa (to desire) of Bvaaid: gaNa: becomes }cC`_ }Pa` û } + C û } + ta +

C = } + ca + C = }cC û }cC + A + ita = }cCita_ However, in the case of þ}Pa of he 4th wZaaid gaNa: (4|}Pa`) becomes }Pyaita and in the case

of the 9th Û`yaaid gaNa: (9þ}Pa`) it becomes }PNaaita_ See the 4th and 9th classes below, for explanations on these conjugations.

ROOT Verb þsYaa (to stay)as well as roots paa, zaRa, Zmaa, mnaa, da, ±oa`, /, sad`, oad`, Zaava_

In the Present (La@), Imperfect past (LaG), Imperative (Laae@) and Potential (ivaiZa) tenses (Lakara:), the sYaa is substituted with itaP# (pan<ini 7.3.78) þsYaa û itaP#ita, AitaP#ta, itaP#tau, itaP#eta_

Similarly, following substitutions take place in the cases of the roots paa û ipaba (ipabaita), zaRa û ijazaR (ijazaRita), Zmaa û Zama (Zamaita), mnaa û mana (manaita), da û yacC (yacCita), ±oa û paoya (paoyaita), / û /cC (/cCita), sad` û saId (saIdita), oad û oaIya (oaIyatae), Zaava` û ZaaE (Zaavaita-Zaavatae)

ROOT |vad (to speak)The Past Perfect (iLa@) and Past indefinite (LauG) are irregular. (iLa@) qvaad, Qdtau:, Qdu:_

LauG û AvaadIta, AvaaidP@ama, AvaaidPau:_

ROOT |OaRu (to hear)In the Present (La@), Imperfect past (LaG), Imperative (Laae@) and Potential (ivaiZa) tenses

(Lakara:), the OaRu is changed to oa\ and a syllable Naae or Nau is attached between the this oa$Oa$ and the tense suffix. eg\ |OaRu # oa\ + Naae + ita = oa\Naaeita (he hears)

Thus the conjugations are : oa\Naaeima, oa\Nauva: (oa\Nva:), oa\Nauma: (oa\Nma:)_ oa\NaaeiPa, oa\NauYa:, oa\NauYa_ oa\Naaeita, oa\Nauta:, oa\Nvainta_

ROOT |ija (to win)When prefix iva or para comes before root |ija, the parasmaipadi root |ija becomes

a@tmanepad&. (pa@nini 1.3.19) jayaaima jayaava: jayaama:_ jayaisa jayaYa: jayaYa_ jayaita jayata: jayainta_ # ivajayae ivajayaavahe ivajayaamahe_ ivajayasae ivajayaaYae ivajayaZvae_ ivajayatae ivajayatae ivajayantae_ parajayae parajayaavahe parajayaamahe_ parajayasae parajayaaYae parajayaZvae_ parajayatae parajayatae parajayantae_

ROOT |BaRma (to wander)In the Present (La@), Imperfect past (LaG), Imperative (Laae@) and Potential (ivaiZa) tenses

(Lakara:), the |BaRma optionally takes ya vikaran<a between the root and the tense suffix (Lakar:). Therefore, in these four tenses two forms of verbs are optionally produced.

1. La@ - BaRmaaima BaRmaava: BaRmaama:_ BaRmaisa BaRmaYa: BaRmaYa_ BaRmaita BaRmata: BaRmainta û BaRmyaaima BaRmyaava: BaRmyaama:_ BaRmyaisa BaRmyaYa: BaRmyaYa_ BaRmyaita BaRmyata: BaRmyainta_

2. LaG` - ABaRmama` ABaRmaava ABaRmaama_ ABaRma: ABaRmatama` ABaRmata_ ABaRmata` ABaRmataama` ABaRmana`_ û ABaRmyama` ABaRmyaava ABaRmyaama_ ABaRmya: ABaRmatyama` ABaRmyata_ ABaRmyata` ABaRmyataama` ABaRmyana`_

3 Laae@ - BaRmaaiNa BaRmaava BaRmaama_ BaRma BaRmatama BaRmata_ BaRmatau BaRmataama BaRmantau_ û BaRmyaaiNa BaRmyaava BaRmyaama_ BaRmya BaRmyatama` BaRmyata_ BaRmyatau BaRmyataama` BaRmyantau_

4 ivaiZaý - BaRmaeyama BaRmaeva BaRmaema_ BaRmae: BaRmaetama` BaRmaeta_ BaRmaeta` BaRmaetaama BaRmaeyau:_ û BaRmyaeyama` BaRmyaeva BaRmyaema_ BaRmyae: BaRmyaetama` BaRmyaeta_ BaRmyaeta` BaRmyaetaama` BaRmyaeyau:_

Same holds good for the roots |Ûma KLama BaRaoa BLaaoa %asa ta\@` LaPa`_ û Ûamaita-Ûamyaita, KLaamaita-

KLaamyaita, BaRaPatae-BaRaPyatae, BLaaoatae-BLaaoyatae, %asaita-%asyaita, ta\@ita-ta\@¹ita_ LaPaita-LaPyaita LaPatae-LaPyatae ROOT |dh (to burn)In the Indifinite future (La\@), Indefinite past (LauG) and Conditional (La\G) suffixes (Lakara:), when d is followed by xa, this d changes to Za_ eg\1. La\@` - Zaxyaaima Zaxyaava: Zaxyaama:_ Zaxyaisa ZaxyaYa: ZaxyaYa_ Zaxyaita Zaxyata: Zaxyainta_ 2. LauG` - AZaaxama AZaaxva AZaaxma_ AZaaxaI: AdagZama AdagZa_ AZaaxaIta AdagZaama AZaaxau:_ 3. La\G` - AZaxama AZaxaava AZaxaama_ AZaaxya: AZaxyatama AZaxata_ AZaxyata AZaxyataama AZaxyana_

ROOT |ta\ (to cross over)In the Definite future (Lau@), Indifinite future (La\@) and Indefinite past (LauG) tenses (Lakara:), the } optionally changes to }|_ Therefore, two types of verbs are optionally formed. eg\1. Lau@ - tairtaa tairtaaraE tairtaar:_ û tarItaa tarItaaraE tarItaar:_ 2. La\@` - tairPyaita tairPyata: tairPyainta_ û tarIPyaita tarIPyata: tarIPyainta_ 3. La\G` - AtairPyata AtairPyataama AtairPyana û AtarIPyata AtarIPyataama AtarIPyana_

THE SECOND CLASSada@dih< gan<ah< Adaid: gaNa:_

The second class of the verbs is Adaid (ada@di). The typical example of this class is root |Ad (|ad to eat), therefore, this class is called Adaid gaNa: (Ad + Aaid = Adaid, ad Ad` etc. class). There are 72 verbs in the Adaid (second) class.

The conjugations of the Adaid (2nd) class are simpler, because the A ivakrNama added (between the root and tense suffix) in the Bvaaid: (1st) class is not added in this class.

Scheme of Conjugations for the Second Class : Root |Ad` to eat(1) Present Tense : La@ (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&

Singular Dual Plural Meaning1p\ Ai¯ (ima) AV: (va:) A¯: (ma:) I eat

admi advah< admah<2p\ Aitsa (isa) AtYa: (Ya:) AtYa (Ya)

SAMASA CLASSIFICATION(A) ivaoaePa-samaasa: (tatpauwPa-bahuvaRIih-V>V-AvyayaIBaavaaidsa>XaayauF: ivaoaePa-samaasa:)

(i) tatpauwPa-samaasa (paRaya: qTarpadpaRZaana: tatpauwPa-samaasa:)(a) saamaanya-samaasa (saamaanyaWpaeNa padyaae: maZyae ivaBaF’: sambanZa:)

(1) paRYamaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (savae| AarmBaa:, savaa|rmBaa: G&ta@ 12.16)(2) iVtaIyaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (ma®avama` Aagataa:, ma®avamaagataa: G&ta@ 4.10)(3) ta\taIyaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegaena yauF:, yaaegayauF: G&ta@ 5.6)(4) catauYaI|-tatpauwPa-samaasa (maaexaaya parayaNa:, maaexaparayaNa: G&ta@ 5.28)(5) pa>camaI-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegaata` BaRP@:, yaaegaBaRP@: G&ta@ 6.41)(6) PaP#Ita-tpauwPa-samaasa (Zama|yauF-kma|Naa> xae%ama`, Zama|xae%ama` G&ta@ 1.1)(7) saptamaI-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegae sYa:, yaaegasYa: G&ta@ 2.48)

(b) kma|Zaarya-samaasa (samaanaaiZakrNa: tatpauwPa: kma|Zaarya-samaasa:)(1) ivaoaePaNa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (mahana` }Pvaasaa:, mahePvaasaa: G&ta@ 1.4)(2) ivaoaePaNaaeTarpad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (rYaePau qTamama`, rYaaeTamama` G&ta@ 1.24)(3) ivaoaePaNaaeBayapad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (Aagamaa: Apaaiyana:, Aagamaapaaiyana: G&ta@ 2.14)(4) qpamaana-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (isa>hsya }va naadma`, isa>hnaadma` G&ta@ 1.12)(5) qpamaanaaeTarpad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (nar: pauGÐva: }va, narpauGÐva: G&ta@ 1.5)(6) AvaZaarNaa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (Xaanama` ]va Aisa, Xaanaaisanaa G&ta@ 4.42)(7) samBaavanaa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (sa>saar }va saagar:, sa>saarsaagarata` G&ta@ 12.7)(8) maZyamapad-Laaepa-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (saTvaena Aatmana: sa>oaui&:, saTvasa>oaui&: G&ta@ 16.1)

(9) mayaUrvya>sakaid-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (inava\Taae inaw&ae vaa vaataae yasmaata`, inavaata G&ta@ 6.19)(c) iVgau-samaasa (saa>Syavaacak’na saubantaena samasyamaana: iVgau-samaasa:)

(1) samaahar-iVgau-samaasa (%ayaaNaa> ivaZaanaa> samaahar:, i%aivaZa G&ta@ 16.21)(2) tai&taYa|-iVgau-samaasa (i%agauNaePau qtpa²anaa> ivaPayaa:, %aEgauNyaivaPayaa: G&ta@ 2.45)(3) qTarpad-iVgau-samaasa (Laaekanaa> %ayama`, Laaek%ayama` G&ta@ 11.20)

(d) naØa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (na Zama|:, AZama|: G&ta@ 1.40)(ii) bahuvaRIih-samaasa (AnyapadpaRZaana: bahuvaRIih samaasa:)

(a) saamaanya-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (saamaanyaWpaeNa padyaae: maZyae ivaBaF’: sambanZa:)

(1) iVtaIyaa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (du:Sa> ca sauSa>ca sama> ya> sa:, samadu:SasauSama` G&ta@ 2.15)(2) ta\taIyaa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (ijataaina }indRyaaiNa yaena sa:, ijataeindRya: G&ta@ 5.7)(3) catauYaI|-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (mayaa AaOaRya: dTa: yasmaE sa:, maV¹paaOaRya: G&ta@ 18.56)(4) paØcamaI-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (gata: rsa: yasmaata` tata`, gatarsama` G&ta@ 17.10)(5) PaP#I-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (mahana` Aatmaa yasya sa:, mahatmaa G&ta@ 7.19)(6) saptamaI-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (naaista OaR&a yaismana` tata`, OaR&aivarihtama` G&ta@ 17.13)

(b) ivaoaePa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (ivaoaePaWpaeNa padyaae: maZyae sambanZa:)(1) vyaiZakrNa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (paaiNaPau oaÅaiNa yasyaama` tae, oaÅpaaNaya: G&ta@ 1.46)(2) sa>SyaaeTarpad-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (mana: PaP#> yaePaama` taaina, mana:PaP#aina G&ta@ 15.7)(3) sa>SyaaeBayapad-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (Ve vaa i%aiNa vaa yasya, iV%aaiNa)(4) sah-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (ga§dena sah, saga§dma` G&ta@ 11.35)(5) naØa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (na Bavaita cyauta: ya:, Acyauta G&ta@ 1.21)

(iii) V>V-samaasa (qBayapadpaRZaana: V>V-samaasa:)(a) }taretar-V>V-samaasa (padyaae: vaa padanaa> vaa samaahar:)

(1) iVpad-V>V-samaasa (sauzaaePa: ca maiNapauPpak: ca, sauzaaePamaiNapauPpakaE G&ta@ 1.16)(2) bahupad-V>V-samaasa (paNavaa: Aanaka: gaaemauSaa: ca, paNavaanakgaaemauSaa: G&ta@ 1.13)

(b) samaahar-V>V-samaasa (sa>Xaanaa> vaa pairBaaPaaNaa> vaa samaahar:)(1) samaahar-V>V-samaasa (gauNaanaa> ca kma|Naa> ca samaahar: taePau, gauNakma|sau G&ta@ 13.14)(1) inatyasamaahar-V>V-samaasa (paaNaInaa> paadanaa> samaahar:, paaiNapaadma` G&ta@ 13.14)

(iv) AvyayaIBaava-tatpauwPa-samaasa (Avyayaena saubantaena samasyamaana: AvyayaIBaava-samaasa:)(1) AvyayapaUva|pad-tatpauwPa-samaasa (Baagama` yaYaa, yaYaaBaagama`, G&ta@ 1.11)(2) AvyayaaeTarpad-AvyayaIBaava-samaasa (sahÄ> vaarma`, sahÄ×tva: G&ta@ 11.39)

(B) k’vaLa-samaasa: (tatpauwPa-bahuvaRIih-V>V-AvyayaIBaavaaidsa>XaaivainamauF: k’vaLa-samaasa:_)(1) ALauk-samaasa (yauiZa isYar:, yauiZaiP#r:, G&ta@ 1.16) (2) paRaid-samaasa (paRBaava: G&ta@ 11.43)(7) qpapad-samaasa (qpapad> naama kacana sa>Xaa, mama yajaI, ma^ajaI G&ta@ 9.34)

WORDS OF WISDOMsadupades{a@h< sadupadeoaa:_

Aivacaaya| na vaFvya> vaFvya> sauivacaairtama_ikØca ta%aEva vaFvya> ya%aaeFä safLa> Bavaeta__101__

qpakarae~ipa naIcaanaamapakarae ih jaayatae_paya: paana> BaujaGÐanaa> k’vaLa> ivaPavaZa|nama__102__

xamaaoaÅ> kre yasya duja|na: ikä kirPyaita_Ata\Nae paitataae vaiÈ: svayamaevaaepaoaamyaita__103__

yadoaKya> na tacCKya> tacCKya> oaKyamaeva tata_na jaLae oak@> yaaita na ca naaEga|cCita sYaLae__104__

A˜tvaa parsantaapamagatvaa SaLamaindrma_Anautsa\jya sataa> vatma| yatsvaLpamaipa ta«hu__105__

kÖsauma> vaNa|sampa²> ganZahIna> na oaaeBatae_na oaaeBatae iÛyaahIna> maZaur> vacana> taYaa__106__

q^maena ih isaZyainta kayaa|iNa na manaaerYaE:_na ih sauptasya isa>hsya paRivaoainta mauSae ma\gaa:__107__

q^ma: saahsa> ZaEya|> baui&: oaiF: paraÛma:_PaDetae ya%a vata|ntae ta%a dEva> paRsaIdita__108__

gacCinpapaIiLaka yaaita yaaejanaanaa> oataanyaipa_AgacCna vaEnataeyaae~ipa padmaekä na gacCita__109__

svaga\he paUjyatae maUSa|: svagaRamae paUjyatae paRBau:_svadeoae paUjyatae rajaa ivaVansava|%a paUjyatae__110__

sapa|duja|nayaaema|Zyae var> sapaae| na duja|na:_sapaae| d>oaita kaLaena duja|nastau pade pade__111__

rivaocandRae zanaa va\xaa: nadI gaavaoca sajjanaa:_]tae paraepakaraya Bauiva dEvaena inaima|taa:_112__

RIGHTEOUS SAYINGSsuvac{ana@ni

sauvacanaaina_(1) satyamaeva jayatae naana\tama_ satyameva jayate na@nr>tam. (satyama ]va jayatae, na Ana\tama`) Only the

truth wins, not the false.(2) paraepakaraYa|ma }d> oarIrma_ paropaka@ra@rtham idam[ s{ar&ram. The body is for service to

others.(3) LaaeBa: paapasya karNama_ lobhah< pa@pasya ka@ran<am. Greed is the root of sins.(4) jananaI janmaBaUimaoca svagaa|dipa garIyasaI_ janan& janmabhu@mis{c{a svarga@dapi gar&yas&. (jananaI

janma-BaUima: ca svagaa|ta Aipa garIyasaI) The Mother and the Mother-earth are superior to heaven.

(5) oaILa> par> BaUPaNama_ s{&lam[ param[ bhu@s<an<am. Character is the best adornment.(6) Aita sava|%a vaja|yaeta_ ati sarvatra varjayet. Too much should always be avoided.(7) na ga\h> ga\ihNaIhIna> ga\ihNaI ga\hma qcyatae_ na gr<ham[ gr<hin<&-h&nam[, gr<hin<& gr<ham[ uc{yate. It is

not a home without a lady, with a lady a house is called a home.(8) dIza|saU%aI ivanaoyaita_ d&rghasu@tr& vinas{yati. The procastinator perishes.(9) AÛaeZaena jayaeta ÛaeZama_ akrodhena jayet krodham. Violence should be defeated with

peace.(10) Aih>saa parmaae Zama|:_ ahim~sa@ paramo dharmah<. Non-violence is the greatest

righteousness.(11) AkrNaanmandkrNa> Ãeya: akaran<a@nmandakaran<am[ s{reyah<. (AkrNaata mandkrNa> Ãeya:)_

Better late than never.(12) AnaYa|: sa>zacaairNa:_ anarthah< san[gha-c{a@rin<ah<. Calamities occur in groups.(13) maUSa|sya naastyaaEPaZama_ mu@rkhasya na@si-aus<adham. (maUSa|sya naaista AaEPaZama) You can not

cure fools. Brains are not injected.(14) varma^ kpaaetaae na ovaae mayaUr:_ varamadya kapoto na s{vo mayu@rah<. (varma A^ kpaaeta: na

ova: mayaUr:) A pigeon today is better than a peacock tomorrow.(15) kae~itaBaar: samaYaa|naa> ikä dUr> vyavasaaiyanaama_

kae ivadeoa: saiva^anaa> k: par: ipaRyavaaidnaama__120__

(k: Aita-Baar: samaYaa|naama? ikä dUr> vyavasaaiyanaama? k: ivadeoa: sa-iva^anaama? k: par: ipaRya-vaaidnaama?)

For able people what is too difficult? (Nothing). For industrious people what is inaccessible? (None). For the learned people where is there foreign land? (Nowhere). For agreeable people who is a foreigner? (Nobody).

(16) taava®yasya Baetavya> yaava®yamanaagatama_Aagata> tau Baya> vaIxya nar: kÖyaa| Yaaeicatama__121__

(taavata Bayasya Baetavya> yaavata Bayama Anaagatama_ Aagata> tau Baya> vaIxya nar: kÖyaa|ta yaYaa qicatama__)

One should fear, as long as there is no calamity. But, seeing the calamity a person should act appropriately)

(17) tyajaedekä kÖLasyaaYae| gaRamasyaaYae| kÖLa> tyajaeta_gaRama> janapadsyaaYae| AatmaaYae| pa\iYavaI> tyajaeta__122__

(tyajaeta ]kä kÖLasya AYae|, gaRamasya AYae| kÖLa> tyajaeta_ gaRama> janapadsya AYae|, AatmaaYae| pa\iYavaI> tyajaeta__)

One person may be sacrificed for the sake of the family, a family may be sacrificed for the sake of the town, a town may be sacrificed for the sake of the country and for thesake of soul, the earth may be left.

(18) AÛaeZaena jayaetÛÖ&masaaZau> saaZaunaa jayaeta_jayaetkdya|> danaena jayaetsatyaena caana\tama__123__

(AÛaeZaena jayaeta ÛÖ&ma, AsaaZau> saaZanaa jayaeta_ jayaeta kdya|> danaena, jayaeta satyaena ca Ana\tama__)

Violence should be won with non-violence; the unrighteous should be won being righteous, a miser should be won over with charity; the false should be won with truth)

35.6 RELATIONSHIPSBride navavaZaU:, vaZaU:, paaiNaga\hItaa, navaae$aBrother banZau: BaRataa, saaedr:, sahaedr:, saaedya|:, sahja:, sagaBa|: Brother elder AgaRja: Brother younger Anauja: Brother's daughter (niece) BaRata\knyaa, BaRata\sautaa, BaRa%aIyaaBrother's son (nephew) BaRata\vya:, BaRa%aIya:, BaRata\pau%a: Brother's wife (sister-in-law) BaRata\jaayaa, BaRata\patnaI, paRjaavataIBrotherhood BaRata\Baava:, saaEBaRa%ama`, saahcaya|ma`, samaaja:, sa>saga|:Child Apatyama`; baaLa:, baaLak:, ABa|k:, dark:, vatsa:, vatsaa, jaata:, jaataa, ioaoau:, santaana:,

santaita:Daughter knyaa, sautaa, duihtaa, pau%aka, pau%aI, tanayaa, Aatmajaa, saunau:, saunaU:, svajaa, AGÐjaa, jaataa,

dairkaDaughter-in-law snauPaa, pau%avaZaU:, sautaÅIDaughter's daughter (grand-daughter) daEih%aI, paui%akasautaaDaughter's son (grandson) daEih%a:, paui%akasauta:, paui%akapau%a: Family pairvaar:, kÖLama`, va>oa: Father ipataa, janak:, janmad:, taata: Father-in-law ovasaur: Father's brother (uncle) ipata\vya:, ipata\BaRataa, taatagau: Father's brother's daughter (cousin sister) ipata\vyapau%aIFather's brother's son (cousin) ipata\vyapau%a: Father's brother's wife (aunt) ipata\vyaaFather's father (grandfather) ipataamah:, ipata\ipataaFather's mother (grandmother) ipataamahI, ipata\maataa, ipata\paRsaU: Father's sister (aunt) ipata\svasaa

Father's sister's daughter (cousin sister) ipata\PvasaeyaIFather's sister's son (cousin) ipata\Pvasaeya:Friend ima%ama`, banZau:, baanZava:, sauÊd`, saSaa, saSaI, snaehI, ihta:, ivaBaava:; sahaya:, sahkarI,

sahBaaegaI, sahBaagaI, sahvataI|, samadu:SasauSa:, paRitayaaegaI, saGÐI, AnauragaI, paYak: Husband paita:, svaamaI, var:, vaLLaBa:, Bataa|, vaae$a:, kanta:, diyata:, naaya:, Zava: Husband's brother (brother-in-law) devar: Husband's sister (sister-in-law) nanaanda, nananda, nanda, paitasvasaaLover (boy-friend) ipaRya:, paRNayaI, kanta:, rmaNa:, rmak:, rma:, vaLLaBa:, AnauragaI Mother maataa, jananaI, Ambaa, janaI, paRsaU:Mother and father (parents) ipataraE, maataaipataraE, maataripataraEMother-in-law ovaÃU: Mother's brother (uncle) maatauLa:, maata\BaRataa, maatagau: Mother's brother's daughter (niece) maatauLapau%aIMother's brother's son (nephew) maatauLapau%a: Mother's brother's wife (aunt) maatauLaI, maatauLaanaIMother's father (grandfather) maataamah:, mata\ipataaMother's mother (grandmother) maataamahI, maata\maataaMother's sister (aunt) maata\svasaaMother's sister's daughter (niece) maata\PvasaeyaIMother's sister's son (nephew) maata\Pvasaeya: Neighbor (fellow) paRitavaasaI, paRitavaaisanaI, samaIpavataI|, inak@sYa:, samaIpasYa:, samaIpasYaayaI,

samaIpavaasaI, samanta:, AdUrsYa: Parents (mother and father) ipataraE, maataaipataraE, maataripataraERelative sambanZaI, sagaae%a:, sakÖLya:, banZau:, baanZava:, Xaaita:Sister svasaa, BaiganaISister, elder AgaRjaa

Sister, younger Anaujaa Sister's daughter svaÄIyaa, BaiganaeyaaSister's son (nephew) Baiganaeya:, svaÄIya:, svasa\sauta: Sister's husband deva\ (devaa)Some one, some body kaeipa, Amauk:, ya:kocana, kiocata`Son pau%a:, pau%ak:, sauta:, saunau:, tanaya:, nandna:, Aatmaja:, svaja:, AGÐja:, tanauja:, dark:, qVh: Son-in-law jaamaataa, duihtau: paita, duihtauBataa|Son's daughter (grand-daughter) paaE%aI, pau%asautaa, pau%aatmajaa, daEih%aISon's son (gradnson) paaE%a:, pau%asauta:, pau%aatmaja:, sautaatmaja:, pau%aatmaja:, pau%aksauta:, naptaa, pau%apau%a: Stranger Aagantauk:, AByaagata:, vaEdeioak:, Apairicata:, par:, parpauwPa:, paarKya:, AnaByasta:,

AXaata:, AnaiBaXa:_Step brother vaEmaa%a:, vaEmaa%aeya:, ivamaata\ja:, Anyaaedya|:Step daughter sapatnaIsautaaStep father maatau:paita:Step mother ivamaata\, sapatnaImaataaStep Sister vaEmaa%aI, vaEmaa%aEyaI, ivamaata\jaa, Anyaaedyaa|Step son sapatnaIsauta:Wife patnaI, Baayaa|, ÅI, jaayaa, vaZaU:, ga\ihNaI, daiyataa, kantaa, vaLLaBaa, vainataa; dara (m\)Wife's brother (brother-in-law) oyaaLa: Wife's sister (sister-in-law) oyaaLaI, oyaaiLaka, syaaLakI, patnaIsvasaa, jaayaaBaiganaI

THE DICTIONARY OF ALL 2200 SANSKRIT VERBS

(A) (a)Ak‘ 1|ak (to walk in circular motion like a snake) Akita AikPyaita Aakta` Aktau Ak’ta` *Aikta AknaIya Axa` 5|aks< (to occupy, pervade; to collect) AxaNaaeita AixaPyaita AxNaaetau AaxaNaaeta` AxNauyaata` *AP@ Aixa AxaNaaAga` 1|ag (to walk in zigzag way like a snake, to curl, wind) Agaita AigaPyaita Aagata` Agatau Agaeta` *Aigata Aza` 10|agh (to sin, err, act improperly) Azayaita-tae AzaiyaPyaita-tae Aazayata-ta Azayatau-taama` Azayaeta-ta *AizataAG`k‘ 1|an[k (to aim, mark, stamp; to walk crooked) AGÍtae AiGÍPyatae AaGÍta AGÍtaama` AGÍeta *AiGÍta AGÍnaIyaAG`k‘ 10|an[k (to count, mark, aim) AGÍyaita-tae AGÍiyaPyaita-tae AaGÍyata-ta AGÍyatau-taama` AGÍyaeta-ta *AiGÍta AGÍAG`Sa` 10|an[kh (to crawl, walk on knees) AGÏyaita-tae AGÏiyaPyaita-tae AaGÏyata`-ta AGÏyatau-taama` AGÏyaeta`-ta *AiGÏtaAG`ga` 1|an[g (to wander, stamp, count) AGÐita AiGÐPyaita AaGÐta` AGÐtau AGÐeta` *AiGÐta AGÐnaIya AiDÐtvaa AiGÐtauma` AG`ga` 10|an[g (to circle, to mark, count) AGÐyaita-tae AGÐiyaPyaita-tae AaGÐyata-ta AGÐyatau-taama` AGÐyaeta-ta *AiGÐtaAG`za` 1|an[gh (to walk, start, rush, scold, blame) AGÑtae AiGÑPyatae AaGÑta AGÑtaama` AGÑeta *AiGÑta AiGÑtvaaAca` 1|ac{ (to request, honor, move) Acatae AicaPyaita-tae Aacata-ta Acatau-taama` Acaeta-ta *AF Aicatvaa AicataumaÀja` 1|aj (to drive, go, lead, throw, cast) Ajaita AijaPyaita Aajata` Ajatau Ajaeta` *Aijata AjanaIya Aijatavya AØca` 1|an~c{ (to worship, beg, bend) AØcaita-tae AiØcaPyaita-tae AaØcata-ta AØcatau-taama` AØcaeta-ta *AiØcata, AF AØca` 10|an~c{ (to respect, worship) AØcayaita-tae AØcaiyaPyaita-tae AaØcayata`-ta AaØcayatau-taama` AaØcayaeta` *AiØcataAØja` 7|an~j (to anoint, make, show, represent) AnaiF AG`xyaita-AiØjaPyaita Aanak‘ AnaFÖ AØjyaata` *AF-AGÎAØja` 10|an~j{ (to say, speak) AØjayaita-tae AØjaiyaPyaita-tae AaØjayata`-ta AØjayaatau-taama` AØjayaeta` *AiØjata AiØjataumaÀ@` 1|at> (to roam about, wander) A@ita Ai@Pyaita Aa@ A@tau A@eta` A@¹tae *Ai@ta A@naIya Ai@tvaa Ai@taumaÀ@`@` 1|at> (to go beyond, transgress, diminish, lessen, kill) A£tae Ai£Pyatae Aa£ta A£taama` A£eta *Ai£taA@`@` 10|at> (to despise, dishonor, reduce) A£yaita-tae A£iyaPyaita-tae Aa£yata-ta A£yatau-taama` A£yaeta-ta *Ai£taA#` 1|at>h (to go) A#ita-tae Ai#Pyatae Aa#ta A#taama` A#eta *Ai#ta A#ta` A#naIya Ai#tavya Ai#tvaa Ai#tauma` AD 1|ad> (to work, trade, try, attempt, exert) ADita AiDPyaita ADta` ADtau ADeta` *AiDta ADnaIya AiDtavya AD` 5|ad> (to spread, pervade, attain) AD`Naaeita AiDPyaita AaD`naaeta` AD`naaetau AD`nauyaata` *AiDta ADta` AiDtaumaÀD`D` 1|ad> (to attack, to meditate, argue, infer, discern) A¥ita Ai¥Pyaita AaDta` A¥tau A¥eta` *Ai¥ta

Sanskrit

Documents

Transcript of Sanskrit