section covers all elements of Sanskrit grammar, so that we can start using Sanskrit in daily life as a spoken language. Grammar study has been divided into basic grammar andadvanced grammar chapters. These are further divided into different chapters for easy learning.Grammar

Note: Currently only chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and part of chapter 6 are finished. Other chapters are being written and will be available soon.Basic Grammar

Chapter 1: Sanskrit Alphabets & Sentences Overviewo o o o Alphabets & Their Classification. Elements of sentences - Subject, Object and Verb. Words & Their Classification. Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Indeclinable, Adjective and Voices.

Chapter 2: Active Voice (

/ kartRRivaachya)

Chapter 3: Verb Forms (Tenses & Moods) - / tiN^antapada ( /lakaara) o Present o o o o o Future Past Command -> -> -> -> / laTlakaara / lRRiTlakaara / laN^lakaara / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara / vidhailiN^lakaara

Should/May ->

Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1

Chapter 4: Noun Forms (Cases) o o o o o o o o o Nominative Accusative Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Vocative -> -> -> -> ->

/ suvantapada ( / vibhakti)

-> / prathamaa / dvitiiyaa / chaturthii / panchamii / ShaShThii / sambodhana / saptamii

Instrumental -> / tRRitiiya ->

Noun Forms - Practice Sentences 1

Chapter 5: Indeclinable o o o

(avyaya) (upasarga) (nipaata)

/ avyaya

Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) pryatya) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o (tumun pratyaya) (ktvaach pratyaya) (lyap pratyaya) (lyuT pratyaya) (ktavatu pratyaya) (kta pratyaya)

/ kRRidantapada (

/ kRRit

(aniiyar pratyaya) (tavyat pratyaya) (yat pratyaya) (shatRRi pratyaya) (shaanach pratyaya) (ktin pratyaya) (ghJNj pratyaya) (khal pratyaya)

Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 2

Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes) o (Nijanta pratyaya)o o o o

(sannanta pratyaya) (yaN^nta pratyaya) (naamadhaatu pratyaya)

Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 3

Chapter 8: Noun Forms (Affixes) - (taddhitapada)o o o o o o

(aN pratyaya) (tval pratyaya) (tal pratyaya) (mayaT pratyaya) (in pratyaya) (matup pratyaya)

Chapter 9: Adjectives (

/ visheShaNa) / karmvaachya) / bhaavavaachya)

Chapter 10: Passive Voice ( Chapter 11: Impersonal Voice (

Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Topicso o o

(anusvaara) Rules Or Using

(anusvaara) vs. (m)

(Natva) Rules Or Using (Na) vs. (na)

(strii prakaraNa) - Gender Conversion Rules

Chapter 13: Referenceso o Noun Forms ->

/ sabdarupa

Verb Forms -> / dhaaturupa

Advanced Grammar

Chapter 14: Euphonic Combination ->o o o

/ sandhi

/ svarasandhi / vyaJnjanasandhi / visargasandhi

Chapter 15: Compound Words ( o o o o o o

/ samaasaH)

/ tatpuruSha / vahubriihiH / dvandva / dvigu

/ karmadhaaraaya

/ avyayiibhaava

Chapter 16: Alankara ( Chapter 17: Chanda (

/ alaN^kaara) / anvayarachanaa)>

Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and grammatical rules for sentence formation, just like any other language (English for example). In this chapter we will get an overview of this. The details with their grammatical rules will be covered in subsequent chapters.Introduction:

In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the mostly used script for writing. Most of the Sanskrit literature are in this script. Following is the list of the alphabets in their correct order.Alphabets & Their Classification:

a gh n

aa N^ p

i ch ph

ii chh b

u j bh

uu jh m

RRi JN y

RRI T r

e Th l

ai D v

o Dh sh

au N

k t th h

kh d ksh

g dh dny

Sh s

All these alphabets are classified into two major groups i.e.,

Vowels or

(svaravarNa):

Alphabets starting from

(a) till (au) are the (diirgha).

vowels. These are further classified into The (hrasva). e ai o

(hrasva) and

(diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time) of

hrasva diirgha Consonants or

a ii

aa uu

i RRi

u RRI

au

(vyaJNjanavarNa):

Alphabets starting from

(k) till

(dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further classified into different groups called (varga). Following table has this classification. Combination or Some of the gramatical rules for Euphonic (sandhi) and Compound Words or (varga).

(samaasa) are based on these

kavarga chaavarga Taavarga tavarga pavarga

k ch T t p

kh chh Th th ph

g j D d b

gh jh Dh dh bh

N^ JN N n m

We will refere these classifications, while covering the Euphonic Combination or (sandhi) and Compound Words or (samaasa).

In Sanskrit just like any other language (English for example) a sentence is made of different elements. The elements are "Subject", "Object", and "Verb". A sentence may or may not have an Object in it.Sentence Formation Overview:

Lets study the following English sentence to understand these basic elements better.The boy is reading a book.

In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and the "book" is the "Object".The boy is --| Subject reading ------| Verb a book. ----| Object

If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is "the boy". So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called the "Noun".

The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy doing?" is "reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".

Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The "book" becomes the "Object".

Now study the following statement.The boy is laughing.

In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "laughing" is "Verb". But, there is no "Object" in this sentence.The boy is --| Subject laughing. ------| Verb

If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes from this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".

However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives answer "book". In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive Verb".

Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will begin with more details of Sanskrit language.

In Sanskrit:

Subject is called -> Object is called Verb is called -> ->

/ kartaa / karma / kriyaa -> / sakarmaka / akarmaka

Transitive Verb is called

Intransitive Verb is called ->

So, in the above statements:The boy is --| Subject | /kartaa The boy is --| Subject | /kartaaWords & Their Classification:

reading a book. ----------| | Verb Object | | /kriyaa( / sakarmaka) /karma laughing. ------| Verb | /kriyaa ( / akarmaka)

In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple words composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible meaning to the sentence. These words can be categorised into three different types viz.,

Noun Verb Indeclinable

Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be part of following categories with minor derivations like addition of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion', 'ing' etc., as well as based on their usage and grammatical rules:

Pronoun Adjective Adverb

In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a representation of the important classifications. We can see the classification is almost same as any other language. Each classification has been described in the coming chapters.

|--------------- Noun Root ( / shabda) | | | | | -------------------------------| | | | | suvantapada taddhitapada | | | | | ----------------------------------------------| | | | | Masculine Feminine Neuter | | puliN^ga striiliN^ga napuN^sakalinga Word ( / pada) ----| | |--------------- Verb Root ( / dhaatu) | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------| | | | | | | | | naamadhaatu | | | | | | | ubhayapadii | | |--------------- Indeclinable ( / avyaya) | | ---------------------------------------| | | avyaya upasarga nipaata parasmaipadii aatmanepadii | | | | ----------------------------------------------------------tiN^atapada kRRidantapada Nijanta sannanta yaN^nta

Noun is the word that represents someone or something in a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a verb.Nouns ( / shabda):

Noun in Sanskrit is called

(shabda) or noun-root. It is also called

(kartRRipada). Noun can be classified into (taddhitapada).

(suvantapada) and

This classification is based on the gender, number and case of the noun. The noun-forms are used to express something or someone etc. or suvantapada meaning - words ending with (sup) suffix. In this classification:o

(suvantapada):

Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" ( liN^ga) viz., "masculine" ( ( / striiliN^ga) and napu.nsakaliN^ga). "neuter" (

/ /

/ pu.nliN^ga), "feminine"

o

Each noun also has three "numbers" ( "cases" ( / vibhakti).

/ vachana) and 7

Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and "case". Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its different forms built into itself. The "noun base" is called (shabda) and the "derived noun forms" are called previous statement and

(shabdarupa). So, in the / shabda) of noun "BOY" / shabdarupa).

is the "base" (

is one of the derived noun forms (

In this classification special suffixes are added to the noun to get noun forms used as - subject, adjectives, indeclinable etc.

(taddhitapada):

We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of (suvantapada) BOY ( Once we know how to use noun forms (

/ shabda.

/ baalaka) and GIRL ( / vaalaa)

/ shabdarupa) in sentences,

we will cover all the cases and their usage rules. Boy / / baalaka (Masculine / / pu.nliN^ga)

Case / vibhakti Nominative (Subject) / prathamaa

Singular / ekavachana / baalakaH (the boy)

Dual / dvivachana / baalakau

Plural / bahuvachana / baalakaaH (the boys) / baalakaan

(two boys) / balakau

Accusative / baalakam (Object) (to the boy) / dvitiiyaa

(to two boys)

(to the boys)

Girl / / baalaa (Femenine / Case / vibhakti Nominative (Subject) / prathamaa Accusative (Object) / dvitiiyaa Singular / ekavachana / baalaa (the girl) / baalaam (to the girl)

Dual /

/ striiliN^ga) Plural / bahuvachana / baalaaH (the girls) / baalaaH (to the girls)

dvivachana / baale (two girls) / balae (to two girls)

Examples of noun form (

/ shabdarupa): / baalakaH / baalakaaH / baalakam / baalakaan / baalaa / baalaaH / baalaam / baalaaH

The boy Many boys To the boy The girl Many girls To the girl

-> -> -> -> -> ->

To the boys ->

To the girls ->

The complete noun form (

/ shabdarupa) for

(baalaka

shabda) will have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms include "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/tothe boy", "from the boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy". Besides these 7 forms an additional vocative ("O! boy") case is also their. All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete (shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 13. Followings are few more nouns ( sentences later in this chapter. School / Case / vibhakti Nominative / prathamaa Accusative / dvitiiyaa / vidyaalaya (Masculine / Singular / ekavachana / vidyaalayaH / vidyaalayam Dual / dvivachana / vidyaalayau / vidyaalayau / pu.nliN^ga) Plural / bahuvachana / vidyaalayaaH / vidyaalayaan / shabdarupa). We will use these in

Book / Case / vibhakti Nominative / prathamaa Accusative / dvitiiyaa *** In

/ pustaka (Nuter / Singular / ekavachana / pustakam

/ napu.nsakaliN^ga) Plural / bahuvachana /

Dual / dvivachana / pustake

pustakaani /

/ pustakam

/ pustake

pustakaani

/ akaaraanta nuter (

/ napu.nsakaliN^ga), both

Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.

Me / Case / vibhakti Nominative / prathamaa Accusative / dvitiiyaa

/ asmad (All Genders / Singular / ekavachana / aham / maam / maa

Dual /

/ triliN^gaka) Plural / bahuvachana / vayam / asmaan / naH

dvivachana / aavaam / aavaam / nau

You / / yusmad (All Genders / Case / vibhakti Nominative / prathamaa Accusative / dvitiiyaa / tvaam / tvaa Singular / ekavachana / tvam

/ triliN^gaka) Plural / bahuvachana / yuuyam / yuShmaan / vaH

Dual / dvivachana / yuvaam / yuvaam / vaam

Words like he, she, this, that, these etc., are called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called (sarvanaamaPronouns ( / sarvanaama pada):

pada). The rules for pronouns are exactly same as the nouns (Verb ( / dhaatu):

/ shabda).

Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence etc. Verb in Sanskrit is called (dhaatu) or verb root. It is also known as

(kriyaapada). It can be classified into (kRRidantapada).

(tiN^atapada) and

This classification is based on the tense and mood of the verb. The verb-forms are used as normal verbs to express some action or state etc. or tiN^atapada meaning - words ending with (tip) suffix. In this classification:o

(tiN^atapada):

Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses (

/ lakaara). / /

Howver only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life.o

Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular ( ekavachana), Dual ( bahuvachana). / dviivachana) and Plural (

o

Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third ( / prathama), Second ( / madhyama) and First ( / uttama).

o

Each verb can belong to categories (parasmaipadii), (aatmanepadii) or (ubhayapadii). Verbs of (parasmaipadii) category represent 'action whose result is for others'. (aatmanepadii) represents 'action whose (ubhayapadii) represents 'action result is for self', and

whose result is both for others and self'. Just like noun ( / shabda), each verb ( / dhaatu) also has

different derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person". This is called "verb form" ( / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ based on this category. The "root" of a verb is called (dhaatu). (dhaatu) does not have any "gender".

In this classification special suffixes are added to the verb to get verb-forms used as - subject, pronoun, adjectives, indeclinable etc.

(kRRidantapada):

Followings are the (tiN^atapada) verb-forms ( / dhaatutupa) of

READ ( / paTH) (dhaatu) and GO ( / gam) (dhaatu) in present tense ( / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in Read / / paTh Person / puruSha Singular / ekavachana Third / prathama / paThati (is reading) / Number / / vachana Plural / bahuvachana / paThanti (many are reading) / paThatha (you all reading) / paThaamaH (all of us reading) a sentence, we will cover all other different forms.

Dual / dviivachana / paThataH (both are reading)

/ paThathaH Second / paThasi (you two are / madhyama (you are reading) reading) First / uttama / paThaami (i am reading) / paThaavaH (both of us reading)

Go / Person / puruSha Singular / ekavachana Third / prathama Second / madhyama / gachchhati (is going) / gachchhasi (you are going) /

/ gam / vachana Plural / bahuvachana / gachchhanti (many are going) / gachchhatha (you all are going)

Number /

Dual / dviivachana / gachchhataH (both are going) / gachchhathaH (you two are going)

First / uttama

/ gachchhaami (i am going)

/ gachchhaavaH (both of us going)

/ gachchhaamaH (all of us going)

Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above. These will help in learning the sentence formation rules.the boy is reading - / baalakaH paThati / baalakaaH paThanti the boys are reading - the girl is reading

- / baala paThati / baalaaH paThanti / tvam paThasi

the girls are reading - you are reading

you all are reading - / yuyam paThata i am reading / aham paThaami / vayam paThaamaH

we are reading -

All the sentences above have the "Subject" ( / kartaa) and a "Verb" ( / kriyaa). In all the sentences, the number ( / puruSha) of the "Verb" ( person ( / vachana) and person ( / kriyaa) match number (

/ vachana) and

/ puruSha) of the "Subject" ( / kartaa). / baalakaH paThati), / / kriyaa) is also in

Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" ( the "boy" (

/ baalakaH) is in third person singular (

prathamapuruSha ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" ( third person singular (

/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana).

However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change. This can be seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" ( / baalaa paThati). Rule 1: The verb ( / dhaatu) always follows number ( vachana) and person ( / puruSha) of the noun ( /

/ shabda).

Rule 2: The verb ( / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the gender ( / liN^ga) of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).

Rule 3: The verb form ( / dhaaturupa) is always in second

person ( first person ( person ( Indeclinable (

/ madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is

(asmad shabda). The verb form ( / dhaaturupa) is always in / uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is (yusmad shabda). All other nouns will always be in third / prathamapuruSha)./ avyayapada):

Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called

(avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa

/ avyayapada do

not change in its form. It remains same irrespective of gender, number, person and tense. Followings are few examples:kutra / atra / tatra / api / - where - here - there - too

Few sample statements using indeclinable (where is the boy going the boy is going there - -

/ avyayapada): / baalakaH kutra gachchhati / baalakaH tatra gachchhati / baalakaaH kutra gachchhanti

where are the boys going - the boys are going there -

Note that the

(avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the

/ baalakaaH tatra gachchhanti

number, and person of the "Subject" ( / kartaa). Rule 4: Indeclinables ( / avyayapada) never change in form and remain same irrespective of the person and number of the "Subject" ( /kartaa). Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In Sanskrit it is called (visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the genderAdjective ( / visheShaNa):

(

/ liN^ga) and number (

/ vachana) of the subject or the word for

which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples:blue sky - / nilaH aakaashaH / svetaH meghaH

white cloud -

In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky and cloud. So, these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively.

In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three voices. 'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages like English.Voice ( / vaachya):

1. Active voice or 2. Passive voice or

(kartRRI vaachya). (karma vaachya). (bhava vaachya).

3. Impersonal voice or

Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation, their different elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study the rules in detail in subsequent chapters.>

We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8.Active Voice ( / kartRRIvaachya):

Study the following statements. / English 1. The going boy / Sanskrit is baalaH gachchhati aha.n gachchhami is baalaH pathati aha.n pathaami 5. The boy is going to school baalaH vidyaalayam Subject ( / kartaa) Verb ( / kriyaa) / Object ( / karma)

The boy going / baalaH gachchhati I am / aha.n going gachchhami

2. I am going

/ -

3. The reading

boy

The boy reading / baalaH pathati I am / aha.n reading pathaami

/ -

4. I am reading

/ -

The boy going / baalaH gachchhati

to /

school / vidyaalayam

gachchhati I 6. I am going to aha.n vidyaalayam school gachchhami am / aha.n going gachchhami to / school / vidyaalayam book / book /

boy reading The 7. The boy is / reading the book baalakaH pustakam paThati baalakaH pathati I 8. I am reading aha.n pustakam the book paThaami am / aha.n reading pathaami

the / pustakam the / pustakam

These are all examples of Active Voice or

(kartRRivaachya). (karma) in them. So these

Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or are intransitive or Rule 5: In a

(akarmaka kartRRivachya).

(kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or

(kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or (prathamaa vibhakti). Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or (sakarmaka kartRRivachya). Rule 6: In a (karma) like

(vidyaalayam),

(pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or

(kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or

(karma)

is always in the "accusative case" or vibhakti).

(dvitiiyaa - Index - Next >>

Ablative

Case

/

(paJNchamii

vibhakti):

Ablative Case or

(paJNchamii vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "from whom/what" of the sentence. In other words ablative case represents the ablative in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in ablative case. / English / Sanskrit / vRRikshaat parNa.n / patra.m apatat Notes The words tree ( / vRRiksha), tree

1. Leaf fell from the tree.

2. Fruits are falling from the trees. 3. He fall from the running horse.

phalaani tarubhyaH patanti saH dhaavataH ashvaat patitaH

(

/ taru) and

horse ( / ashva) represent the source of separation. The words school ( / vidyaalaya) and heaven ( / svarga) represent the source of coming or going.

4. I am coming from the aha.n vidyaalayaat school. aagachchhaami devataaH svargaat aagachchhanti

5. Gods come from heaven.

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "leaf fell from what?", the answer that comes is "the tree". So, "tree" is the ablative in the sentence and the noun-form is in ablative case orpaJNchamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question "where am I coming from?", the answer that comes is "school". So, answer to the question "from whom/what/where" is the ablative in the sentence and is always in ablative case. The verb-form is independent of the number or (vachana) of the subjector object. Followings are the rules where ablative case is used.

Grammatical Rule: When an object is separated from another the word expressing the object from which the separation happened will be in ablative case.

Sentence

1,

2

and

3

follow

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: When someone or something is coming from a place the word expressing the source will be in ablative case.

Sentence

4

and

5

follow

this

rule.

Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where ablative case is used. Followings are the examples of these.

/ English

/ Sanskrit nirjharaH gireH sravati

Notes The words mountain ( / giri) and Himalayas ( / himavata) represent the origin or source.

6. Waterfall is flowing from the mountain.

7. (River) Ganges flows from Himalayas.

himavataH gaN^gaat prabhahati mRRigaH byaaghraat vibheti

8. Animal fears tiger.

The words tiger ( / byaaghraat), 9. Deer fears tiger. hariNaH vyaaghraat trasyati lion ( / si.nha) and 10. Elephants fear lion. police ( / gajaaH si.nhaat trasyanti aarakshaka) are the sources of 11. Thief fears chauraH aarakshakaat fear. police. vibheti 12. Police protects from thief. 13. Good work protects from fear of hell. 14. Solders protect citizens from enemies. 15. He accepts defeat from study. 16. Good people accept defeat from sin. 17. He is baring the / aarakshakaH chauraat traayate / rakshate saadhita.n tu dharmakaarya.n traayate narakabhayaat. sainikaaH shatrubhyaH naagarikaan rakshante The words thief ( / chaura), hell ( / narakabhaya) and enemy ( / shatruu) represent things from which protected.

Use of word saH adhyanaaat paraajayate. + (paraa + jayate) to dhaarmikaH paapaat express defeat. paraajayate The words paddy

cows from paddy.

saH dhaanebhyaH gaa.n vaarayati paapannivaarayaati kRRiShNaH maatuH niliiyate

( / dhaana) and sin ( / paapa) are things from which restrained.

18. Bars from sin and employs in merit. 19. Krishna is hiding from mother.

The words mother ( / maatRRi) and teacher ( / 20. Student is guru) represent hiding from teacher. chchhaatraH guruH niliiyate someone from whom hiding. The word lazyness or (aalasya) gaurii aalasyaat n apaThati represents the cause of something.

21. Gauri does not read due to lazyness.

The words 22. Fruit is created from flower. pueHpaat phalam parajaayate flower ( / pueHpa) and lotus ( / 23. Honey is created padma) are from lotus. padmaat madhu prajaayate sources of creation. Use of verbs 24. Good people hate like hate sin. dhaarmikaH papaat jugupsate ( / jugupsate), escapes ( 25. He escapes from / viramati) reading. saH paThanaat viramati. etc., expressing hate or dislike. 26. Mango is better than Guava. aamraphala.n daaNDimaat shreShTham Use of superlative or comparative

27. Kalidasa is better than Bhabhuti. 28. Lakshamana is elder to Satrughna.

kaalidaasaH bhavabhuuteH shreShThaH lakshamaNaH shatrughnaat puurvaH

29. Bhima is younger bhiimaH yudhiShThiiraat to Yudhisthira. paraH

adjectives like better ( / shreShTha) earlier ( / purvaH), later ( / paraH) etc., to compare.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the origin or source of something will be in ablative case.

In Sentence 6 - the waterfall flows from the mountain. In other words the mountain is the source of the waterfall. So, the word "mountain" is in ablative case. Sentence 7 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of fear will be in ablative case.

In sentence 9 - deer fears the tiger. In other words tiger is the source of fear. So, the word "tiger" is in ablative case. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word something or someone is

expressing protected

something or someone from which will be in ablative case.

In sentence 12 - police protects from thief. That means thief is the thing from which the police protects. So, the word "thief" is in ablative case. Sentence 13 and 14 also follow this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the thing from which defeat is accepted, unable to tolerate or face it, with the use of preposition or (upasarga) before the verb (paraajayate) will be in ablative case. Note: If defeat is accepted after facing it bravely, then the word will

be

in

accusative

case.

In sentence 15 - word

(paraajayate) is used to express "his defeat

from study". In other words it also means - "he is not able to study" or "he is afraid of studies". So, the word "study" is in ablative case. Sentence 16 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word something is opposed or

expressing something from restrained will be in

which someone or ablative case.

In sentence 17 - the cows are being restrained from paddy. So, the word "paddy" is in ablative case. Sentence 18 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing someone or something from which one is hiding from will be in ablative case.

In sentence 19 - Krishna is hiding from mother. So, the word "mother" is in ablative case. Sentence 20 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in ablative case. Note: If the subject is in feminine gender, then it can also be in instrumental case.

In sentence 21 - lazyness or

(aalasya) is the reason of Gauri not

reading. In other words lazyness is the reason of "not reading". So, it is in ablative case.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of creation will be in ablative case.

In sentence 22 - fruit is created from flower or in other words "flower is the source of creation" of fruit. So, the word "flower" is in ablative case. Sentence 23 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something to which hate or dislike is expressed will be in ablative case.

Sentence

24

and

25

follow

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: When superlative or comparative adjectives such like

(shreShThaH), (purvaH), (paraH) etc., are used the word expressing the thing to which the comparision is being made will be in ablative case.

In sentence 26 - mango is better than guava. So, guava is the thing from which mango is better. Hence the word "guava" is in ablative case. Similarly in sentence 28 - word "earlier" or (purvaH) is used to mean that Lakshamana is earlier to Satrughna. So, the word "Satrughna" is in ablative case. Sentence 27 and 29 also follow this rule.

Ablative Case ( Word Boy / baala Gender M -

/ paJNchamii vibhakti) Dual Plural Similar Words -

Singular baalaat

baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH

Creeper F / lataa River F / nadii Fruit / phalam N -

lataayaaH lataabhyaam lataabhyaH nadyaaH phalaat nadiinaam nadiibhyaH

phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH>

Genitive Case /

(ShaShThii vibhakti):

Genitive Case or

(ShaShThii

vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "whose" of the sentence. In other words genitive case represents thegenitive in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in genitive case.

/ English

/ Sanskrit dasharathasya putraH kRRiShNasya sakhaa suuryasya udayaH nadyaaH jalam chandrikaayaa dhavalataa agneH jvaalaa devaanaa.n guruH bRRihaspatiH shukraachaaryasya shiShyaaH asuraaH naariiNaam aabharaNam etat mama matam gaNapateH chatvaaraH hastaaH

Notes

1. Son of Dasaratha. 2. Krishna's friend. 3. Rise of sun. 4. Water of river.

5. Whiteness of moon.

6. Heat of fire. 7. Vrihaspati is the teacher of Gods. 8. Demons are the desciples of Sukracharya. 9. Women's jewellary. 10. This is my opinion. 11. Ganapati has four hands.

Peron or thing whose relationship with another is being expressed.

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "whose son?", the answer that comes is "Dasaratha". So, "Dasaratha" is the genitive in the sentence and the noun-form is in genitive case orShaShThi vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question "whose water?", the answer that comes is "river". So, answer that comes from the question "whose" is the genitive in the sentense and is always in genitive case.Followings are the rules

where genitive

case is

used.

Grammatical Rule: The word denoting a peron or thing whose relationship with another is being expressed will be in genitive case.

In sentence 1 to 11 the words expressing relationship to someone or something are in genitive case.

Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where genitive case is used. Followings are the examples of these. / English / Sanskrit paaNDavaanaa.n dharmaraajaH jyeShThaH vRRikshaaNaa.n naarikeraH shreShThaH arjunasya tulaa naasti raamasya upamaa 16. To the south of the school huge banayan tree is there. Notes

12. Among Pandavas Dharmaraja (Yudhisthira) is best. 13. Among trees coconut is the best. 14. There is no comparision of Arjuna. 15. Beauty of Rama.

Comparision in group.

Use of words (tulaa), (upamaa) etc., for comparision. Expressins direction or location in relation to another using words

vidyaalayasya dakshiNaat ekaH mahaan vaTavRRikshaH

17. In front of the teacher students are standing. 18. Child is playing behind mother. 19. Water flows below ground.

(puraH), shikshakasya puraH (purastaat), chchhaatraaH tiShThanti (purataH), (agrataH), maatuH purastaat shishuH kriiiDati (pRRiShThataH), / (adhaH), bhuumeH adhastaat/adhaH

jala.n barttate 20.To the north of the village hospital is there. graamasya uttaraat chikitsaalayaH asti

(adhastaat) etc.

Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word expressing the group will be in genitive case (or alternatively in locative case).

In sentence 13 above the sentence means - coconut tree is best "among the trees". So, the word trees is in genetive case (or alternatively locative case) as it represents the group in which coconut tree is best. Similarly in sentence 12 the word "pandavas" is in genetive case.

Grammatical Rule: If words (tulaa), (upamaa) etc., expressing comparision are used then word expressing the person or thing being compared will be in genitive case.

In sentence 14 the word "Arjuna" is in genitive case as this is being compared with the use of word or tulaa. Sentence 15 also follows the same rule.

Grammatical Rule: If the words (puraH), (purastaat), (purataH), (agrataH), (pRRiShThataH), (adhaH), (adhastaat) etc., are used to express direction or location of an object in relation to another, the word expressing the object will be in genitive case.

In sentence 16 the word south or

(dakshiNaat) is used to express

location of the banayan tree in relation to the school. So, the word school is in genitive case. Similarly in sentence 18 the word behind or (purastaat) expresses the location of the child in relation to mother. So, the word mother is in genitive case. Sentences 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 follow this rule.

Genitive Case ( Word Boy / baala Creeper / lataa River / nadii Fruit / phalam Gender M - F F -

/ ShaShThii vibhakti) Dual baalayoH latayoH Plural baalaanaam lataanaam Similar Words -

Singular baalasya lataayaaH nadyaaH phalasya

nadiibhyaam nadiinaam phalayoH phalaanaam> (saptamii

Locative Case /

(saptamii vibhakti):

Locative Case or

vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "where" of the sentence. In other words locative case represents the locative in the sentense. Study the following sentences. These are in locative case. / English / Sanskrit kamalaani kaasare santi puShpaaNi lataayaa.n vikasanti gajaaH araNye saJNcharanti kaaryaalayaaH nagariishu bhavanti Notes The words lake ( / kaasara), creeper ( / lataa), forest ( / araNya), city ( / nagarii), bed ( / shajyaa), land ( / bhuumi),

1. Lotuses are in the lake. 2. Flowers bloom in the creeper. 3. Elephants roam in the forest. 4. Offices are in the city.

5. Child is sleeping on the bed. 6. Leaves fall on the ground. 7. There are many stories in Mahabharata.

shishuH shajyaayaa.n shete parNaani bhuumyaa.n patanti mahaabhaarate anekakathaaH vidyante sarvasmin aatmaa vidyate

Mahabharata ( / mahaabhaarata) and all ( / sarva) are expressing location of something or someone.

8. Atma is in everybody.

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "where are the lotuses?", the answer that comes is "lake". So, "lake" is the locative in the sentence and the noun-form is in locative case or saptamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question "elephants roam where?", the answer that comes is "forest". So, answer that comes from the question "where" is the locative in the sentense and is always in locative case. Followings are the rules where locative case is used.Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the location of something or someone will be in locative case.

Sentence

1

to

8

follow

this

rule.

Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where loctive case is used. Followings are the examples of these. / English / Sanskrit saH aasande upavishati chchhaatraaH maargeshu dhaavanti Notes Expressing the thing on which one sits or stands etc.

9. He is sitting on the seat. 10. Students are running on the road.

11. Peackoks are dancing on the mountain.

mayuuraaH girishu nRRityanti

12. Young boys are swiming in the river. taruNaaH nadyaa.n taranti 13. Girls are playing baalikaaH kriiDaaN^gaNe in the play ground. kriDanti 14. I will go in the evening. 15. Holiday is on Sunday. 16. When sun rises, lotus blooms. 17. When moon rises, lillies bloom. 18. Among animals human beings are the best. 19. Do good as if death is holding by hair. 20. Friend made me sit by holding my hands. 21. Father loves son. 22. You trust me. 23. Respect father. aha.n saaya.nkaale gachchhaami viraamaH bhaanuvaasare bhavati suurye udite padma.n vikasati chandre udite kumudaani vikasanti / praaNinaa.n / praaNiShu naraaH shreShThaaH

Expressing the time of action.

Expressing the action of one resulting in the action of another.

Comparision in group.

gRRihita eva kesheShu mRRityunaa dharmamaacharet Expressing part of body held separately. sakhaa maa.n kare dhRRitvaa upaveshayat pitaa putre snihyati tva.n mayi vishvasihi Expressing trust, fondness, love, anger, worship etc., in someone.

pitari bhakti.n kuruGrammatical Rule: The word expressing something on which someone or something sits or stands will be in locative case.

In sentence 9 if we ask the question "where is he seating?" or "on what is he seating?", the answer that comes is on the seat. So, the word "seat" or (aasand) is in locative case as it is expressing the thing on which someone is seating. Sentence 10 to 13 also follow this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the time of action in response to the question on verb as "when" will be in locative case.

In sentence 14 answer to the question "when shall I go?" is "in the evening" or "evening". So, the word "evening" or (saaya.nkaala) is in locative case. Sentence 15 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: When the action of one results in action of another, the thing whose action occurs first will be in locative case.

In sentence 16 - lotus blooms when sun rises. In other words the action of sun's rising results in the action of the lotus blooming. So, the word "sun" or (suurya) is in locative case. Sentence 17 also follow this rule.

Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word expressing the group will be in locative case or in genitive case.

In sentence 18 the word "animal" or

(praaNi) is in locative case (or

alternatively genitive case), as it represents the group in which human beings are the best.

Grammatical expressing

Rule: If the

a part part

of body will

is held separately then be in locative

the word case.

In sentence 20 - my friend is holding my hand (separately) to make me seat. So, the word "hand" or (kara) is in locative case as this is the part

of body which is being held separately. Sentence 19 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: If verbs meaning trust, fondness, love, anger, worship etc., are used, the person in whom such trust or fondness is shown will be in locative case.

In sentence 21 the verb 23 also

(snihyati) is used to express father's love in follow this rule.

his son. So, the word "son" or (putra) is in locative case. Sentence 22 and

Locative Case ( Word Boy / baala Creeper / lataa River / nadii Fruit / phalam Gender M - F F -

/ saptamii vibhakti) Dual baalayoH latayoH nadyoH phalayoH Plural baaleShu lataasu nadiiShu phaleShu>

Vocative Case /

(sambodhana vibhakti):

Vocative Case or

(sambodhana vibhakti) of noun-form represents the word used to address or call someone or something. Study the following sentences. These are in vocative case.

O! Boy O! Creeper O! God

he baala he late he deva

Here boy ( / baala), creeper ( / lataa) and God ( / deva) are in vocative case or (sambodhana vibhakti)

All the above sentences address or call someone. So, the person or thing being addressed is in vocative case.Note: I ( case. / asmad) and You ( / yusmad) words do not have any vocative

Vocative Case ( Word Boy / baala Creeper / lataa River / nadii Fruit / phalam Gender M - F F N -

/ sambodhana vibhakti) Dual baalau late nadyau phale Plural baalaaH lataaH nadyaH phalaani>

Verb Forms (

/ kRRidantapada):

In chapter 3 we studied (tiN^atapada).

We learnt that by adding (tip) suffix to the verb root we get (dhaaturupa) known as or tiN^atapada. The verb forms representing

the tenses and moods of verbs are or tiN^atapada. In this chapter we will study (kRRit) (kRRidantapada) meaning words ending with suffix.

In the following chapters we will study the following verb forms or (dhaaturupa).

(tumun pratyaya) (ktvaach pratyaya) (lyap pratyaya) (lyuT pratyaya) (ktavatu pratyaya) (kta pratyaya) (aniiyar pratyaya) (tavyat pratyaya) (yat pratyaya) (shatRRi pratyaya) (shaanach pratyaya) (ktin pratyaya) (ghJNj pratyaya) (khal pratyaya)

At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.

>

/ tumun pratyaya (Sense Of Wish):

In this chapter we will study the

(tumun pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express - the sense of wish or the intention to do something. In this the verb root gets (tumun) suffix. Study the following sentences. These are using (tumun pratyaya).

English 1. The boy goes to school to read.

Sanskrit

Verb + tumun + dhaatu + tumun + paTh + tumun

Comments

baalakaH paThitum vidyaalaya.n gachchhati pitaa graama.n gantum ichchhati baalaa paThitu.n vidyaalam agachchhat maataa paktum ichchhati saH kaarya.n kartu.n nagara.n gachchhati

2. Father wants to go to village. 3. The girl went to school to study.

+ gam + tumun + paTh + tumun + pach + tumun + kRRi + tumun = + (paaTh = paTh + Nij). It means "to make others read". (Nij pratyaya) will be covered in later chapters. It expresses the action being

4. Mother wants to cook. 5. He goes to city to work.

6. The teacher wants to teach.

shikshakaH paaThayitum ichchhati

+ paaTh + tumun

initiated by someone. 7. I went to hotel to drink milk. + paa tumun aha.n dugdha.n paatu.n upaahaaramandiram agachchhata

8. You go to market to buy the book.

tva.n pustaka.n kretum vipaNi.n gachchha baalakau kriiDitum ichchhataH baalike nartum ichchhataH

+ krii + tumun + kriiD + tumun + nRRit + tumun + pRRichchh + tumun + gam + tumun + gaay + tumun + kraSh tumun + puuj + tumun +

9. Both the boys want to play. 10. Both the girls want to dance. 11. Both of us went to school to ask questions. 12. Both of you want to go to school. 13. The girls want to sing. 14. Farmers went to plaugh.

aavaa.n prashna.n praShTum agachchhaava yuvaa.n vidyaalaya.n gantum ichchhathaH baalaaH gaatum ichchhanti kRRiShibalaaH karShTum agachchham bhaktaaH puujayitu.n shvaH aagamiShyanti

15. Worshippers will come to pray tomorrow. 16. Workers will

come to work tomorrow.

karmakaaraaH kaarya.n kartum shvaH aagamiShyanti aya.n paThitu.n samayaH

kRRi + tumun

17. It is time to read.

+ puuj + tumun

18. It is time to eat.

iya.n bhoktu.n velaa

+ kRRi + tumun

Use of words (samayaH) and (velaa) to express the time when the actions "read" and "eat" are due to take place.

In setences 1 to 16, the verbs "read", "go", "study", "cook", "teach", "work", "drink", "buy", "play", "dance", "ask", "sing", "plaugh" and "pray" are suffixed with (tumun pratyaya). The setences have multiple verbs besides the suffixed ones. These verbs "went", "go", "want" and "come" are in their respective tenses and not in (tumun pratyaya).Grammatical Rule: The verb expressing the wish or intention to do something will be suffixed with (tumun pratyaya). Grammatical Rule: The verb with (tumun) suffix is independent of number and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.

In the above sentences the (tumun) suffixed verbs are independent of the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects.Grammatical Rule: If words expressing the time when certain action is due, are used in the sentence, then the verb representing such action will have (tumun pratyaya) suffix.

In the sentences 17 and 18 the words

(samayaH) and

(velaa) are

used to express the due time of reading and eating. So, the verbs "read" and "eat" are using (tumun pratyaya).

Followings are the verbs.

(tumun pratyaya) form of few commonly used

Commonly Used Verb dhaatu tumun Verb dhaatu

(tumun pratyaya) Forms Verb tumun dhaatu tumun

speak kath sing gai kill han cry krand know dnyaa take nii

kathayitu.n gaatu.n hantu.n kranditu.n dnyaatu.n netu.n

bow nam give daa accept grah measure maa worship puuj travel bhram

nantu.n daatu.n grahiitu.n maatu.n puujayitu.n bhramitu.n

abandon tyaj listen shru sleep shii go gam wear dhaatu stay sthaa>

/ ktvaach pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):

In this chapter we will study the (ktvaach pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to

express - an action which preceeds another action. In this the verb root gets the (ktvaach) suffix. Study the following sentences. These are using pratyaya). (ktvaach

English 1. The boy wants to read after playing.

Sanskrit

Verb + ktvaach Suffix + (dhaatu + ktvaach) = +

Comments

baalaH kriiDitvaa paThitum ichchhati

kriiDitvaa = kriiD + ktvaach

2. Father went to office after pitaa eating. khaaditvaa kaaryaalayam agachchhat 3. The worker sleeps after working.

=

+

khaaditvaa = khaad + ktvaach

karmakaaraH kaarya.n kRRitvaa shete

= + kRRitvaa = kRRi ktvaach

4. Mother wants to cook after maataa snaatvaa taking bath. paktum ichchhati

=

+

snaatvaa = snaa + ktvaach = +

5. The teacher asked question shikahskaH after teaching. paaThayitvaa prashna.n apRRichchhan

=

+

paaThayitvaa = paaTh + ktvaachn

(paaTh = paTh + Nij). It means "to make others read". (Nij pratyaya) will be covered in

later chapters. It expresses the action being initiated by someone. = + (shaayitavati = shi + kta). (kta) is an alternative = + of past tense ( / paThitvaa = paTh + laN^lakaara), using which ktvaach past tense can be expressed easily. This will be covered in later chapters. = + -

6. The girl slept after reading. baalaa paThitvaa shaayitavati

7. I drink water after eating. aha.n khaaditvaa pivaami

khaaditvaa = khaad + ktvaach = +

8. You give answer after reading the book. 9. Both the girls dance after singing.

tva.n pustaka.n paThitvaa uttara.n dehi baale giitvaa nRRityataH

paThitvaa = paTh + ktvaach = + giitvaa = gai + ktvaach = +

10. Both the boys play after

going home.

baalau gRRiha.n gatvaa kriiDataH

gatvaa = gam + ktvaach

11. Both of us read the letter aavaam patra.n after writing. likhitvaa apaThat 12. Both of you write the essay after referring the book. yuvaam pustaka.n dRRiShTvaa rachanaa.n likhatam 13. Farmers water the land after plaughing. kRRiShakaaH bhuumi.n kRRiShTvaa siJNcjanti 14. The girls want to sing after worshiping. baalikaaH puujayitvaa gaatum ichchhanti

=

+

likhitvaa = likh + ktvaach

= + dRRiShTvaa = dRRish + ktvaach

=

+

kRRiShTvaa = kRRiSh + ktvaach

=

+

puujayitvaa = puuj + ktvaach

15. Workers karmakaaraaH will take wages kaarya.n after working. kRRitvaa vetana.n neShyanti 16. Worshippers come to pray after taking

= + kRRitvaa = kRRi + ktvaach

=

+

bath.

bhaktaaH snaatvaa puujayitum aagachchhanti baalakaH apaThitvaa vidyaalayam agachchhat

snaatvaa = snaa + ktvaach

17. The boy went to school without reading.

Use of to express = + + negative of an action. apaThitvaa = na + The (na) paTh + ktvaach is replaced with (a).

18. The worker karmakaaraH went without kaarya.n doing the work. akRRitvaa gRRiham agachchhat 19. The jackal fall in the water tank after entering the washerman's house.

= +

+

akRRitvaa = na + kRRi + ktvaach Verbs prefixed with preposition ( / upasarga).

shRRigaalaH rajakasya gRRihe pravishya jalabhaaNDe apatat tva.n gRRihaat pustaka.n aaniiya dehi

=

+

+

pravishya = pra + vish + lyap

20. You give the book after bringing from home.

=

+ +

aaniiya = aa + nii + lyap

In setences 1 to 16 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "play", "eat", "teach", "read", "work", "bath", "sing", "go", "write", "refer", "plaugh" and "worship" represent the action preceeding another action. So, these are suffixed with (ktvaach pratyaya).

In setences 3 and 14 the verbs "read", "sing" express the intent to do something. So, these are in (tumun) form. In all other setences the verb representing the proceeding action are in their respective tenses or moods.Grammatical Rule: If a setence has two verbs then the verb expressing the earlier action will be suffixed with (ktvaach pratyaya). Grammatical Rule: The number and gender verb with (ktvaach) suffix is of the subject and is used as independent of indeclinable.

In the above sentences the of the subjects. the subjects. They

(ktvaach) suffixed verbs are independent the number and gender of

are not following

Grammatical Rule: If the verb with with replaced with (a) and is

(ktvaach pratyaya) is preceeded (naJnj) can be the verb. prefixed to

(naJnj) to express negative of an action then the

In the sentences 17 and 18 the verbs "read" and "do" are used with the ( / naJNj) to express the action not being done. So, to the the (tvaach) form of (a) has been these verbs. prefixed

Grammatical Rule: If the verb is preixed with preposition ( then the verb will follow (ktvaach).

/ upasarga)

(lyap pratyaya) instead of the

In the sentences 19 and 20 the verbs "bring" and "enter" have the prepositions ( / upasarga) (aa) and (pra) prefixed. So, instead of (ktvaach) the Followings are the verbs.Commonly Used Verb dhaatu ktvaach Verb dhaatu ktvaach (ktvaach pratyaya) Forms Verb dhaatu ktvaach

(lyap pratyaya) has been used. (tvaach pratyaya) form of few commonly used

laugh hasitvaa has salute nam free much remember smRRi steal chur

serve sev eat natvaa bhaksh fall muktvaa pat forgive smRRitvaa ksham go chaurayitvaa gam

protect sevitvaa raksh worship bhakshitvaa puuj beg pativtaa yaach compose kshamitvaa rach gatvaa

rakshitvaa puujayitvaa yaachitvaa rachayitvaa

>

In this chapter we will study the (lyap pratyaya). This verb form is used for the same purpose as/ lyap pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):

(ktvaach pratyaya). In other words this represents the verb form to express - an action which preceeds another action. However, it is used only if the verb is prefixed with any preposition or (upasarga) like (pra), (niH), the verb (aa), (vi), (upa), (paraa), the (sam), (ni), (lyap) (abhi), suffix. (adhi), (nir), root gets (ut), (pari), (anu) etc. In this

Study the following sentences. These are using

(lyap pratyaya).

English 1. The boy slept after coming from

Sanskrit

Verb + lyap Suffix + (dhaatu + lyap) = + -

Comments

school.

baalakaH vidyaalayaat aagamya shete

+ aagamya = aa + gam + lyap = +

2. The teacher taught after shikshakaH reading the book. pustakam adhiya apaaThayat 3. The girl wants baalaa to play after sa.npuujaya worshiping. kriiDitum ichchhati 4. I asked the aha.n pustakam question after reading the book. adhitya prashna.n apRRiShTaH 5. You write the letter after tva.n likhaniim bringing the pen. aaniiya patra.n likha 6. Both the boys play after coming baalau gRRiham home. aagamya kriiDataH

+ adhitya = adhi + i + lyap = +

+ sa.npuujya = sam + puuj + lyap

=

+

+ adhitya = adhi + i + lyap = + +

aaniiya = aa + nii + lyap = +

+ aagamya = aa + gam + lyap

= + 7. Both the girls + sing referring baalike pustakam anukRRitya = anu the book. anukRRitya + kRRI + lyap gaayataH

8. Both of us worshipped after entering the temple. aavaa.n devaalaya.n pravishya puujitavaan

=

+

+

pravishya = pra + vish + lyap

= + 9. Both of you write the essay + yuvaa.n pustakam after reading the adhiya adhitya = adhi + book. pravandha.n i + lyap likhatam 10. The girls stitched the garland after collecting flowers. baalaa puShpaaNi.n sa.ngRRihya maalaam sitavaan = +

+ sa.ngRRihya = sam + grah + lyap = +

11. Students spoak after going chchhaatraaH near the teacher. durum upagamya avadaH

+ upagamya = upa + gam + lyap

In setences 1 to 11 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "come", "read", "refer", "enter", "collect", and "go near" are suffixed with (lyap pratyaya), as these represent the action preceeding the other action, and are prefixed with prepositions ( / upasarga).

Grammatical Rule: If the verb expressing the action preceeding another action, is prefixed with preposition or (upasarga) like (pra), (aa), with (upa), (paraa), (nir), (sam), (ni), (abhi), (niH), (lyap (vi), (adhi), (ut), (pari), (anu) etc., will be suffixed pratyaya).

Grammatical Rule: The verb prefixed with preposition ( / upasarga) can have a different meaning, than the original verb.

In the sentences 1, 5, 7 and 11 the prefixed verbs have a different meaning

than

the

original

verbs.

Grammatical Rule: The verb with (lyap) suffix is independent of number and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.

In the above sentences the

(lyap) suffixed verbs are independent of

the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects. Followings are the verbs.Commonly Used Verb dhaatu lyap Verb dhaatu lyap (lyap pratyaya) Forms Verb dhaatu lyap

(lyap pratyaya) form of few commonly used

get aap save chi bring nii go gam

praapya saJNchitya aaniiya upagamya

go sthaa read i collect, accept grah

prasthaaya adhitya sa.ngRRihya

defeat ji enter vish salute nam

paraajitya pravishya praNamya

>

/ lyuT pratyaya (Verb As Object):

In this chapter we will study the the sentence. action This in helps the

(lyuT pratyaya). Using this an object ( used to / karma) express in

(pratyaya) the verb can be expressed as substituting / kRRi) is sentence.

complex verb forms with simpler alternatives. The verb "do" ( the

In other words - the subject, object and verb of a sentence undergoes the following transformation, when (lyuT) is applied to the verb. Sentence Elements Subject kartaa Object karma Verb kriyaa Normal Form Nominative Case prathamaavibhakti Accusative Case dvitiiyaavibhakti tipN^tapada Form With (lyuT) Applied Nominative Case prathamaavibhakti Genitive Case ShaShThiivibhakti

lyuT pratya

Study the following sentences. These are using English 1. The boy will go. Sanskrit Verb + lyuT Suffix + (dhaatu + lyuT) = +

(lyuT pratyaya).

Comments

baalakaH gamanam kariShyati saa shayanam kariShyati

If the sentences were not in (lyuT pratyaya) form gamanam = gam the verb forms would + lyuT have been = + (gamiShyati), (shayaate) shayanam = shii + lyuT = + dhaavanam = dhaav + lyuT = +

2. She will sleep.

(dhaaviShyataH), (daasyanti), (paThiShyaami), (smatiShyaamaH),

3. Both of them will run. tau dhaavanam kariShyataH 4. They

(gamiShyasi), (paThiShyathaH) and (drakshatha).

will donate rice.

te taNDulasya daanam kariShyanti

daanam = daa + lyuT

5. I will read the aha.n pustakasya book. paThanam kariShyaami 6. Both of us will listen. aavaa.n shravaNam kariShyaavaH 7. We will remember the subject.

=

+

paThanam = paTh + lyuT =

+

shravaNam = shru + lyuT

vaya.n viShayasya smaraNam kariShyaamaH tva.n kaaryaalayasya gamanam kariShyasi yuvaa.n paThanam kariShyathaH yuya.n devaalayasya

=

+

smaraNaani = smRRi + lyuT

8. You will go to office.

= +

+

gamanam = gam + lyuT =

9. Both of you will read. 10. All of you will see the temple.

+

paThanam = paTh + lyuT = +

darshanam = dRRish + lyuT

darshanam kariShyatha 11. You should not speak tava kathana.n like na uchitam this. 12. Roaming in the evening is good. saaya.n bhramaNa.n hitakaram kathana.n = kath + lyuT = = + -

+

bhramaNa.n = bhram + lyuT

In setences 1 to 12 the verbs "go", "sleep", "run", "donate", "read", "listen", "remember", "see", "speak" and "roam" have been substituted with their (lyuT) form, converting them into object or represent the action or (kRRi dhaatu) (karma) of the setence. To been used. (kriyaa) the appropriate verb form of "do" or has

Grammatical Rule: The verb form is used as the object or (karma) in the setence, and has the same form as the accusative case singular of word "fruit" ( / phalashabda dvitiiyaavibhakti ekavachana). Grammatical Rule: If the sentence has case is replaced with the genitive case. a (object) then the accusative

In setences 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 the words "rice", "book", "subject", "office" and "temple" are the objects. Since, the (lyuT) form of the verbs are used in the setences, the objects are in genitive case form instade of accusative case form.Grammatical Rule: The (lyuT pratyaya) can also be used as subject.

In setences 11 and 12 the (lyuT) form of the words "speak" and "roam" are used as subjects. Followings are the verbs. (lyuT pratyaya) form of few commonly used

Commonly Used Verb dhaatu lyuT Verb dhaatu

(lyuT pratyaya) Forms Verb lyuT dhaatu lyuT

read paTh sleep shii run dhaav take nii go gam remember smRRi

paThanam shayanam dhaavanam nayanam gamanam smaraNam

do kRRi roam bhram listen shru give daa speak vach be bhuu

karaNam bhramaNam shravaNam daanam vachanam bhavanam

drink paa speak bhaaSh see dRRish accept grah serve sev come + aa + gam>

/ ktavatu pratyaya (Past Tense):

In this chapter we will study the

(ktavatu pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in active voice ( / kartRRivaachya) sentences to express past tense. This is a simpler alternative to (laTlakaara) verb-form. (ktavatu

Study the following sentences. These are using pratyaya). English Sanskrit Verb + ktavatu Suffix (gender, number)

Comments

+

(

,

) dhaatu + ktavatu (liN^ga, vachana) = + The sentences are in active 1. I went to aha.n (, ) voice with temple. devaalaya.n gatavaan = gam + (ktavatu) gatavaan ktavatu (pu.n, eka) suffixed words expressing past = + tense. The 2. You went verb-forms are (, ) tva.n to school. same gatavaan = gam + vidyaalaya.n ktavatu (pu.n, eka) irrespective of gatavaan the person ( / puruSha). = + 3. He went (, ) saH to office. gatavaan = gam + kaaryaalaya.n ktavatu (pu.n, eka) gatavaan 4. The boy went home. baalakaH gRRiha.n gatavaan = + (, ) gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka) = + (, ) gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) = + (, ) gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) = + (, ) gatavantau = gam +

5. Both of us went.

aavaa.n gatavantau

6. Both of you went.

yuvaa.n gatavantau

7. Both of them went.

tau gatavantau

ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) 8. All of us vaya.n went. gatavantaH = + (, ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu) = + (, ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu) 10. All of them went. te gatavantaH = + (, ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahu) The subject in each sentence ( , ) is in feminine gatavatii = gam + gender ( ktavatu (strii, / striiliN^ga). eka) The verb-form = + has taken the form of the ( , ) word "river" gatavatyau = gam + ( / nadii). ktavatu (strii, dvii) = + ( , ) gatavatyaH = gam + ktavatu (strii, bahu) = + (, ) gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka) The subject in each sentence is in masculine gender ( / = +

9. All of you went.

yuuya.n gatavantaH

11. The girl went to baalikaa temple. devaalaya.n gatavatii 12. Both the girls went baalike to school. vidyaalaya.n gatavatyau 13. All the girls went home. baalikaaH gRRiha.n gatavatyaH baalakaH vipaNi.n

14. The boy went to market.

gatavaan 15. Both the boys went to baalakau school. vidyaalaya.n gatavantau 16. All the boys went home. baalakaaH gRRiha.n gatavantaH yaanam gatavat

puliN^ga). The verb-form has = + taken the form of the word (, ) gatavantau = gam + "you" ( / ktavatu (pu.n, bhavat). dvii) = + (, ) gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu) The subject in each sentence ( , ) is in neuter gatavat = gam + gender ( ktavatu (na, eka) / = + napu.nliN^ga). The verb-form (, ) has taken the gatavatii = gam + form of the ktavatu (na, dvii) word "sir" = + ( / shriimat). ( , ) gatavanti = gam + ktavatu (na, bahu) / kartRRivaachya) / vachana) = +

17. The vehicle went.

18. Both the vehicles yaane gatavatii went.

19. All the vehicles went.

yaanaani gatavanti

Grammatical Rule: In active voice ( sentences the verb with and gender (

(ktavatu) suffix is used to express

action in past tense; and it follows the number (

/ liN^ga) of the subject ( / kartaa). (ktavatu) suffixed word does not / puruSha) of the subject, and has the / uttamapuruSha), second /

Grammatical Rule: The follow the person (

same verb-form for first person (

person ( / madhyamapuruSha) and third person ( prathamapuruSha). The sentences 1, 2, 3 and 4 have "I" ( / asmad), "you" ( /

yuShmad), "he" ( / tad) and "boy" ( / baala) as subjects in singular ( all is are in dual ( in plural ( / ekavachana) form. The verb-form used for (gatavantyau) as the (gatavantaH) as the (ktavatu) verb-form is (gatavaan). Similarly, sentences 5 to 7 subjects ( / kartaa) / dviivachana) form with / bahuvachana) form with

(ktavatu) verb-form. The sentences 8 to 10 subjects ( / kartaa) are (ktavatu) verb-form. In all the sentences the not affected by the persons or

(puruSha) of the subject ( / kartaa). (puruSha) follows a different verb-

This makes (ktavatu) suffix a simpler alternative to (laTlakaara) where each person or form.

Grammatical Rule: The

(ktavatu) suffixed word follows the / /

noun-form of "you" ( / bhavat), "river" ( / nadii) and "sir" ( / shriimat) words to express masculine ( puliN^ga), feminine ( / striiliN^ga) and neuter ( napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.

The sentences 1 to 19 are expressing action in past tense. In sentences 1 to 10 and 14 to 16 the subjects are in masculine gender ( / puliN^ga) and the corresponding (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form of word "you" ( / bhavat). The subjects in sentences 11 to 13 are in feminine gender ( / striiliN^ga), and the respective (ktavatu) / suffixed words are following the form of word "river" ( / nadii). Similarly, in the sentences 17 to 19 the subjects are in neuter gender ( of word "sir" ( / shriimat). napu.nliN^ga), and the (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form

Followings are the used verbs. Only

(ktavatu pratyaya) form of few commonly case singular ( /

the nominative

prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun-form of "you" ( / bhavat), "river" ( / nadii) and "sir" ( / shriimat) words, for each gender.Commonly Used Verb dhaatu ktavatu Verb dhaatu ktavatu (ktavatu pratyaya) Forms Verb dhaatu ktavatu

eat khaad

, , khaaditavaan, khaaditavatii , khaaditavat

go gam

,

,

sing gai

,

,

gatavaan, gatavatii, gatavat , , patitavaan, patitavatii, patitavat

giitavaan, giitavatii, giitavat , ,

take , , nii niitavaan, niitavatii, niitavat see ,

fall pat

worship puuj

puujitavaan, puujitavatii, puujitavat , , kathitavaan, kathitavatii, kathitavat , ,

, accep , t , dRRis dRRiShTavaan, gRRihiitavaan, h grah dRRiShTavatii gRRihiitavatii , dRRiShTavat , gRRihiitavat know dnyaa , , dnyaatavaan, dnyaatavatii, dnyaatavat , , bhiitavaan, do kRRi , ,

tell kath

ask

fear bhii

-

kRRitavaan, kRRitavatii, kRRitavat -

prachch pRRiShTavaan, h pRRiShTavatii , pRRiShTavat -

bhiitavatii, bhiitavat> (kta

/ kta pratyaya (Past Tense):

In this chapter we will study the

pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in passive voice and impersonal voice sentences to expresspast tense. This is a simpler alternative to (laTlakaara) verb-form. Study the following sentences. These are using Verb + kta Suffix (gender, number) + ( , ) dhaatu + kta (liN^ga, vachana) (, ) gataH = gam + / karmavaachya). The kta (pu.n, suffixed words are eka) following the number ( / vachana) and = gender ( / liN^ga) + (, ) likhitaani = of the objects ( / karma). likh + kta (na, bahu) = + ( , ) pRRiShTaa = pRRichchh + kta (strii, eka) = + Sentences are in passive voice( (kta pratyaya).

English

Sanskrit

Comments

1. The school was gone by Rama 2. The answers were written by the students.

raameNa vidyaalayaH gataH chchhaatraiH uttaraaNi likhitaani

3. The girl was asked shikshakena by the baalaa teacher. pRRiShTaa

4. The fruit was eaten by him.

= (, ) khaaditam = khaad + kta (na, eka) = + (, ) paThite = paTh + kta (na, dvii) =

+

tena phalam khaaditam

5. The two books were read by you.

tvayaa pustake paThite

6. The book was read by yuvaabhyaam both of pustakam you. paThitam 7. The fruits were yusmaabhiH eaten by all of you. phalaani khaaditaani 8. The village was mayaa graamaH gone by me. gataH 9. The game was played by both of aavaabhyaam kriiDaa us. kriDitaa 10. The books were asmaabhiH read by us. pustakaani paThitaani 11. Gone by

+

(, ) paThitam = paTh + kta (na, eka) = + (, ) khaaditaani = khaad + kta (na, bahu) = + (, ) gataH = gam + kta (pu.n, eka) = + ( , ) kriDitaa = kriD + kta (strii, eka) = + (, ) paThitaani = paTh + kta (na, bahu) = + Sentences are

Rama.

raameNa gatam

12. Laughed baalaabhiH by girls. hasitam

13. Written tvayaa by you. likhitam

(, ) in impersonal voice or / gatam = gam + ( kta (na, eka) bhaavavaachya). The = + (kta) suffixed words are innominative (, ) case singular( hasitam = has / + kta (na, prathamaavibhakti eka) ekavachana) of the = neuter word "fruit" + (, ) (phala). likhitam = likh + kta (na, eka) = + ( , ) kRRitam = kRRi + kta (na, eka) = (, ) kriiDitam = kriiD + kta (na, eka) = + (, ) niitaH = nii + kta (pu.n, eka) = + (, ) dattau = daa + kta (pu.n, dvii) = + (, ) paThitaaH = Senences are in active voice( / kartRRivaachya). The (kta) suffixed words are following the gender ( / +

14. Done by me. mayaa kRRitam

15. Played by us. asmaabhiH kriiDitam

16. I took money.

aha.n dhana.n niitaH

17. Both of us gave aavaa.n tasmai him. dattau 18. We read the book. vaya.n

liN^ga), number ( / vachana) and case ( / vibhakti) of the subject ( / kartaa).

pustakam paThitaaH 19. You took the book. tva.n pustaka.n niitaH

paTh + kta (pu.n, bahu) = + (, ) niitaH = nii + kta (pu.n, eka) = + (, ) dRRiShTau = dRRish + kta (pu.n, dvii) = +

20. Both of you saw the yuvaa.n chandra.n moon. dRRiShTau

21. All of you drank water.

(, ) yuuya.n jala.n niitaaH = pii piitaaH + kta (pu.n, bahu) = + (, ) gataH = gam + kta (pu.n, eka) = +

22. He went saH gRRIha.n home. gataH

23. Both of them went tau to school. vidyaalaya.n gatau te anna.n khaaditaaH

(, ) gatau = gam + kta (pu.n, dvii) = + (, ) khaaditaaH = khaad + kta (pu.n, bahu) = + (, ) sthitaH = sthaa + kta

24. They ate rice.

25. Rama stayed in forest.

raamaH vane sthitaH

(pu.n, bahu) 26. The girl laughed loudly. baalikaa uchchaiH hasitaa = + ( , ) hasitaa = has + kta (strii, eka) = +

27. Both the girls sat on the seat.

( , ) aaste = aas + baalike aasane kta (strii, aaste dvii) kannyaaH chalachitra.n dRRiShTaaH yaana.n gatam ( , ) dRRiShTaaH = dRRish + kta (strii, bahu) = + (, ) gatam = gam + kta (na, eka) = + (, ) patitam = patite + kta (na, dvii) = + = +

28. The girls were watching movie.

29. The vehicle went.

30. Two fruits fall from the tree.

phale vRRikshaat patite

31. The books were in the box. pustakaani peTikaayaam sthitaani

(, ) sthitaani = sthaa + kta (na, bahu) The (kta) suffixed words have been used ( , ) / datta.n = daa as adjective( + kta (na, visheShaNa) while eka) expressing sense = +

32. The given book. datta.n pustakam

33. The written poem.

likhita.n giitam

=

+ of past tense.

(, ) likhita.n = likh + kta (na, eka) = + (, ) kriitaani = krii + kta (na, bahu) = + (, ) pat = itrans_verb + kta (na, bahu) = (, ) khaaditam = khaad + kta (na, eka) (kta) suffix follows the / / +

34. The bought books.

kriitaani pustaka

35. The fallen leaves.

patitaani patraani

36. The eaten food. khaaditam khaadyam

Grammatical Rule: The verb with

noun-form of "boy" ( / baala), "creeper" ( /lataa) and "fruit" ( / phala) words to expressmasculine ( puliN^ga), feminine ( / striiliN^ga) and neuter ( napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively. In the sentences above all the verbs with (kta) suffix are following the noun-form of these words to express different genders.

Grammatical Rule: In passive voice ( case (

/ karmavaachya),

the subject ( / kartaa) will be in instrumental / tRRitiiyaavibhakti), the object( / karma) / prathamaavibhakti) and will be in nominal case (

the verb with

(kta) suffix will follow the number (

/

vachana) and gender (

/ liN^ga) of the object ( / karma).

The sentences 1 to 10 are in passive voice, and are following this rule.

Grammatical Rule: In impersonal voice or the verb with case singular ( of the neuter form.

(bhaavavaachya),

(kta) suffix follows the nominative / prathamaavibhakti ekavachana)

The sentences 11 to 15 are in impersonal voice, and are following this rule.

Grammatical Rule: In active voice ( sentence the verb with tense ( liN^ga), number (

/ kartRRivaachya) /

(kta) suffix expressing past

/ laN^lakaara), follows the gender(

/ vachana) and case ( / vibhakti) of

the subject ( / kartaa). The sentences 16 to 31 are in active voice, and the verb form in each follows the noun form of the subject ( / kartaa).

Grammatical Rule: The

(kta) suffixed word expressing past / visheShaNa).

tense can be used as adjective (

The sentences 32 to 36 express sense of past tense using (kta) suffix, and these words are used as adjective ( / visheShaNa).

Followings are the verbs. Only

(kta pratyaya) form of few commonly used case singular ( /

the nominative

prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun form of boy ( / baala), creeper ( /lataa) and fruit ( / phala) words, for each gender.Commonly Used Verb dhaatu kta Verb dhaatu kta (kta pratyaya) Forms Verb dhaatu kta

do kRRI

,

,

kRRitaH, kRRitaa, kRRitam , ,

go gam

,

,

gataH, gataa, gatam , , ukta, uktaa, uktam , , piitaH, piitaa, piitam

read paTh

, , paThitaH, paThitaa, paThitam

write likh

speak vad

likhitaH, likhitaa, likhitam , , niitaH, niitaa, niitam

tell kath

, , kathitaH,kathitaa, kathitam

take nii

drink paa

accept grah

, , gRRIhiitaH, gRRIhiitaa, gRRIhiitam

see dRRish

, ,

ask

, ,

prachchh dRRiShTaH, pRRiShTaH, dRRIShTaa, pRRiShTaa, dRRiShTam pRRiShTam play stay , , , , kriiD sthaa kriiDitaH, sthitaH,

be, , , happen bhuutaH, bhuutaa, bhuutam bhuu give daa , , dattaH, dattaa, dattam

kriiDitaa, kriiDitam know dnyaa , , listen shru dnyaataH, dnyataa, dnyatam

sthitaa, sthitam , , shrutaH, shrutaa, shrutam kill han , , hataH, hataa, hatam

>