LESSSON PLAN (PPP)

Date November, 29, 20012

Number of students

8

Level CLB 7 (Stage II)

Can speak on familiar concrete topics at a descriptive level.

Can extract key information and relevant detail from a page long text, and write an outline or a one-paragraph summary.

Linguistic objective

Reported Speech

Communicative Objective

Students will: Be able to report accurately statements from a person

to another by using reported speech on a daily basis.

Warm-up/ Introduction (15 Minutes)

The teacher talks about the recent Hurricane Sandy. Following this discussion, the teacher asks students to pair up and hands out “What did they say?” picture, which has 8 direct (quoted) speeches and say: for example, “The devastation is greater than our worst fears”, to elicit responses such as “He said the devastation was greater than our worst fears.” Teacher assigns each pair 2 direct quotes to come up with answers. After giving students some time to discuss their questions and write individual answers, teacher asks each student from each pair to read their sentences aloud and write their answers on the board.

Mike said __________________________________.

Presentation(20 minutes)

Teacher provides a context for input generation and an opportunity to notice the new grammatical structure inductively.

The teacher hands out a copy of article “Force four” and asks students to read the text. After giving students some time to read the text the teacher asks students if they had any difficulty with the vocabulary or expressions and provides the clarification they need. In addition, the teacher asks students to complete

“comprehension check” questions to verify that students have understood the text accurately.

Explanation(30 minutes)

The teacher writes two sentences on the blackboard:1. “Hurricane Andrew will hit Miami tomorrow

morning,” he said. 2. He said that Hurricane Andrew would hit Miami

next morning.The teacher asks students to point out changes in verb tense and time expression, and others in the second sentence. Then, the teacher explains the Meaning and Form of Indirect Speech.

Reported speech is used to tell what someone has said. It expresses the same meaning as quoted speech, but it expresses the speech from the reporter’s point of view rather than from the original speaker’s point of view.

Direct speech“Andrew may even become a force five.”Reported speech NHC said (that) Andrew might even become a force five.

We use 'say' or 'tell’ as 'reporting verbs'. if the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense

in reported speech is one tense back from the verb tense in direct speech because we are talking about the past.

.

Tense Change

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple presentHe said, “we have a hurricane.”

Simple pastHe said that they had a hurricane.

Present ProgressiveHe said, “A giant storm is coming.”

Past progressiveHe said that a giant storm was coming.

Simple PastOne family said,” we ran from room to room with windows exploding all around us.

Past perfectOne family said that they had run from room to room with windows exploding all around them.

Past Continuous He said, “he was reporting the news in the middle of the storm.”

Past Perfect ContinuousHe said he had been reporting the news in the middle of the storm.”

Present perfectHe said, “the strong wind has torn off the radar from the roof of the building.”

Past perfectHe said that the strong wind had torn off the radar from the roof of the building.

WillThey say, “Hurricane Andrew will hit Miami tomorrow”.

WouldThey said Hurricane Andrew would hit Miami the next day

CanThey say, they can not keep up with demands for canned food, bottled water, and gasoline.

CouldThey said they could not keep up with demands for canned food, bottled water, and gasoline.

MayThey said, “Andrew may even become a force five.”

MightThey said Andrew might become a force five.

MustGovernment workers told people, “you must leave homes near the coast.”

Had toGovernment workers told people they had to leave homes near the coast.

ShouldThey said, “everyone should s buy extra food and water.”

ShouldThey said everyone should buy extra food and water.

The following modal verbs do not change: Would, could, might, ought to, should.

Change of Time Adverbs

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

NowTodayTomorrowYesterdayThis weekLast weekNext week

ThenThat dayThe next dayThe day beforeThat weekThe week beforeThe following week

They say, “Hurricane Andrew will hit Miami tomorrow”.

They said Hurricane Andrew would hit Miami the next day.

Keeping the Original Tenses in Reported Speech

If reporting verb is in the present tense, Use the same reporting verb tense.

NHC says, “We have a hurricane”.NHC says they have a hurricane.

Sometimes when the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said, no verb change in noun clause is made.

When reporting facts or general truths, the present tense is maintained in noun clause.

When reporting habits and routines, the present tense is maintained in noun clause.

“What did NHC just say? I didn’t pay attention to it.”NHC said the hurricane Andrew will hit Miami tomorrow morning.

NHC said, “Hurricane usually brings very strong winds and heavy rains.”NHC said hurricane usually brings very strong winds and heavy rains.

NHC said, “a hurricane hits Florida every year.”NHC said a hurricane hits Florida every year.

In reported speech, a n imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive. Tell is used instead of Say as the reporting verb.

NHC said, “prepare for the hurricane Andrew.”NHC told people to prepare for the hurricane Andrew.

In reported speech, make changes in pronouns and possessives to keep the speaker’s original meaning.

He said, “I lost my house in just two hours.”

He said he had lost his house in just two hours.

Controlled Practice(20 minutes)

In order to ensure students understand the difference betweenDirect speech and Indirect speech, apply the knowledge that they have acquired during previous stage, and use

the target language accurately, the teacher gives the grammar exercise hand-out to practice different kinds of exercises such as find a right form of direct speech, change quoted speech to reported speech, and find the errors in these paragraphs and correct them. Students mark each other’s work as teacher goes through the answers as a class.

Then, teacher asks students to identify any mistakes on the reported speech they wrote down on the board during the warm-up stage and correct them.

Communicative Practice(30 minutes)

Students can practice target language and interact via interview in an authentic situation. They can also focus on accuracy and fluency in relaying information in Reported Speech in writing.

Teacher forms pairs of students and tells students they will conduct an interview. One person will play a reporter to call the National Hurricane Center to gather information about hurricane Sandy, what measures the government is preparing for, and what emergency measures ordinary people to take before the hurricane hits the East Cost of the United States. The other person will play an employee of NHC to answer the questions. Students use “ Text for preparing interview ” as a guide line to prepare interview questions and answers. Students take some time to brainstorm in order to formulate their interview questions and answers. Then, students perform the interview. Once the interview is done, each student should prepare a report on each partner’s questions and answers in reported speech with at least 4 sentences each. Then, each pair writes them down on a poster sheet. Once this is done, each student takes turns to read their report out loud to class.

Teacher will provide feedback on students’ performance.

References: http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/southflorida/sfl-1992-0822threatbrewing,0,4393543.storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy

http://www.infowars.com/emergency-preparedness-checklist-for-perfect-storm-hurricane-sandy-heres-what-you-need-to-get-now/Fuchs, M., & Bonner, M. (2000). Focus on Grammar: A high-intermediate course for reference & practice: LongmanBland, S, K. (2012). Grammar Sense 3: Second Edition: Oxford

Warm up activity

Write down what they said.

Mike said_____________________________________________________.David said _____________________________________________________.

“The hurricane Sandy is heading to Florida.” - Rose

“I can’t drive fast enough because of too much traffic on the road.” - Bob

“I didn’t buy enough water and food.” - Mike

“They will close the school for three days.” - Tom

“They may cut off the electricity and water.” - David

“I have already found a place to stay.” - Alex

“I must buy an emergency medical kit.” - Jim

“They may be wrong about the hurricane Sandy.” - Mary

Rose said ______________________________________________________.Jim said ____________________________________________________.Tom said ______________________________________________________.Bob said_________________________________________________________.Alex said _________________________________________________________.Mary said __________________________________________________________.

Mark called National Hurricane Center to find out if a hurricane Andrew

would hit Miami.

“I heard that the hurricane Andrew was heading toward Miami,” Mark said.

“Yes, according to our weather forecast, the hurricane Andrew will hit Miami

tomorrow morning,” said Lixion Avila of the NHC.

In late August

1992, meteorologist

from the National

Hurricane Center in

Florida noticed a small

tropical storm over West

Africa. When the storm

grew stronger and

moved west, they

named it Andrew.

A few days after that, Lixion Avila of the National Hurricane Center,

who had been tracking Andrew all night, called his boss at 3:00 A.M. and

told him that they had a hurricane. Andrew quickly grew into a force four,

and the National Hurricane Center went on the air to warn Florida residents

that a giant storm was coming. They said Andrew might even become a

force five-the most powerful class of hurricanes.

Government workers told people that they had to leave homes near

the coast, and television reporters announced that everyone should buy

extra food and water.

As Floridians prepared for Hurricane Andrew, stores and gas stations

reported that they could not keep up with demands for canned food, bottled

water, and gasoline.

In spite of their

preparation, Andrew’s 170-mile

an hour winds caused terrible

damage. After the storm,

officials at the National

Hurricane Center reported that

the electricity had gone out and

the radar had been torn off the

roof of the twelve-story center.

Those in private homes

suffered most. One family said they had run from room to room with

windows exploding all around them. Jim Jenkins, who had just moved to

Florida in June, told a reporter that if he had known what a force-four

hurricane was like, he would have left immediately. He said that he and his

family had spent a terrifying night in a closet after a trailer had blown

through the house. Jin said, “There are no words to describe this storm.”

While the government struggled to provide emergency services for the

victims, officials predicted it would cost at least $20 billion to rebuild after

Andrew.

Write T for true and F for false for each statement about the

article.

___ 1. A meteorologist from the National Hurricane Center in Florida warned

a big tropical storm over West Africa.

___ 2. Lixion Avila of the National Hurricane Center, who had been watching

Andrew all night, called his boss at 3:00 A.M. and told him that they had a

hurricane.

___ 3. They said Andrew might even become a force five-the most powerful

class of hurricanes.

___ 4. State workers told people that they had to stay homes near the coast,

and television reporters announced that everyone should buy extra food

and water.

___ 5. Jim Jenkins told a reporter that if he had known what a force-five

hurricane was like, he would have left immediately.

___ 6. Officials predicted it would cost less than $20 billion to rebuild after

Andrew.

Meaning

Reported speech is used to tell what someone has said. It expresses the same meaning as quoted speech, but it expresses the speech from the reporter’s point of view rather than from the original speaker’s point of view.

Direct speech

What a person actually said.

“Andrew may even become a force five.”

Reported speech

Reports what a person said without using the exact words.

NHC said (that) Andrew might even become a force five.

Form

We use 'say' or 'tell’ as 'reporting verbs'.

if the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense in reported speech is one tense back from the verb tense in direct speech because we are talking about the past.

.

Direct Speech

Subject Reporting Verbe

Direct Statement

Lixion Said, “Andrew may even become a force five.”

Reported Speech

Noun/pronoun

Indirect Statement

He said X (that)Is optional

Andrew might even become a force five.

Governm told Him/ they had to leave homes

ent workers

people near the coast.

Tense Change

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple presentHe said, “we have a hurricane.”

Simple pastHe said that they had a hurricane.

Present ProgressiveHe said, “A giant storm is coming.”

Past progressiveHe said that a giant storm was coming.

Simple PastOne family said,” we ran from room to room with windows exploding all around us.

Past perfectOne family said that they had run from room to room with windows exploding all around them.

Past ContinuousHe said, “he was reporting the news in the middle of the storm.”

Past Perfect ContinuousHe said he had been reporting the news in the middle of the storm.”

Present perfectH said, “the strong wind has torn off the radar from the roof of the building.”

Past perfectShe said that the strong wind had torn off the radar from the roof of the building.

WillThey say, “the hurricane Andrew will hit Miami tomorrow”.

WouldThey said the hurricane Andrew would hit Miami the next day

CanThey say, they can not keep up with demands for canned food, bottled water, and gasoline.

CouldThey said they could not keep up with demands for canned food, bottled water, and gasoline.

MayThey said, “Andrew may even become a force five.”

MightThey said Andrew might become a force five.

MustGovernment workers told people, “you must leave homes near the coast.”

Had toGovernment workers told people they had to leave homes near the coast.

ShouldThey said, “everyone should s buy extra food and water.”

ShouldThey said everyone should buy extra food and water.

THE FOLLOWING MODAL VERBS DO NOT CHANGE:

Would, could, might, ought to, should

Change of Time adverbs

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

NowTodayTomorrowYesterdayThis week/monthLast week/monthNext week/month

ThenThat dayThe next dayThe day beforeThat week/monthThe week/month beforeThe following week/month

They say, “the hurricane Andrew will hit Miami tomorrow”.They said the hurricane Andrew would hit Miami the next day.

If reporting verb is in the present tense, Use the same reporting verb tense

NHC says, “We have a hurricane”. NHC says they have a hurricane.

Sometimes when the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said, no verb change in noun clause is made.

What did NHC just say? I didn’t pay attention to it. NHC said the hurricane Andrew will hit Miami

tomorrow morning.

When reporting facts or general truth, the present tense is maintained in noun clause.

NHC said, “Hurricane usually brings very strong winds and heavy rains.” NHC said hurricane usually brings very

strong winds and heavy rains.

When reporting habits and routines, the present tense is maintained in noun clause.

NHC said, “a hurricane hits Florida every year.” NHC said a hurricane hits Florida every year.

In reported speech, an imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive. Tell is used instead of Say as the reporting verb.

NHC said, “prepare for the hurricane Andrew.” NHC told people to prepare for the

hurricane Andrew.

In reported speech, make changes in pronouns and possessives to keep the speaker’s original meaning.

He said, “I lost my home in just two hours.”

He said he had lost his home in just two hours.

Grammar Exercise

Read the indirect speech. Then circle the letter of the direct speech that is being reported.

1) The NHC said that it was going to be a terrible hurricane.a) “It was going to be a terrible hurricane.”b) “It’s going to be a terrible hurricane.”c) “It was a terrible hurricane.”

2) Officials predicted it would cost at least $20 billion to rebuild after Andrew.a) “It costs at least $20 billion to rebuild after Andrew.”b) “It will cost at least $20 billion to rebuild after Andrew.”c) “It will be going to cost at least $20 billion to rebuild after Andrew.”

3) Her husband told us that he had lost his home, his job, and his dog in just two hours.a) “He loses his home, his job, and his dog in just two hours.”b) “He had lost his home, his job, and his dog in just two hours.”c) “He lost his home, his job, and his dog in just two hours.”

4) NHC told people that they should try to leave the area.a) “You should try to leave the area.”b) “You should have tried to leave the area.”c) “You would leave the area.”

5) She reported that people were leaving the costal towns.a) “People are leaving the coastal towns.”b) People were leaving the coastal towns.”c) People left the coastal towns.”

6) One family said they had run from room to room with windows exploding all around them.a) “They ran from room to room with windows exploding all around

them.”

b) “They had to run from to room with windows exploding all around them.”

c) “They run from room to room with windows exploding all around them.”

Change quoted speech to reported speech.

1) “The hurricane changed direction last night.”They said that the hurricane had changed direction the night before.

2) They say, “Andrew has knocked out the power lines yesterday._____________________________________________________.

3) “We may close the bridge because of high tides and winds.” said the Police._______________________________________________________________.

4) Government workers say, “You must buy bottled water, canned food, and gasoline.”________________________________________________________________.

5) They say, “They won’t restore the electricity until tomorrow.”_________________________________________________________.

Find the errors in these paragraphs and correct them.

Jarrell said there is about a 1-in-3 chance that the storm will miss Florida and head north.At 11 p.m. Friday, Andrew’s center was at 25.6 degrees north latitude, 66.5 degrees west longitude, about 610 miles east of Nassau, the Bahamas, and heading west-northwest at 9 mph. He said the storm’s maximum winds is 65 mph. At 75 mph, it will become a hurricane.

Jarrell also said the storm is vaguely following the path of the killer 1947 hurricane that strikes Palm Beach County just south of Lake Okeechobee, crossed the Gulf of Mexico and hit Louisiana. But Andrew is slightly north of the 1947 storm and much weaker.

Jarrell said by Monday or Tuesday, the time Andrew is most likely to hit the coastline; it shall be a hurricane with winds of around 90 mph, maybe more. It shall have reached hurricane status overnight -- winds minimally 75 mph -- or will today.

Jarrell said the storm, especially its up-and-down intensity, has been hard to predict.Jarrell said it is such a weird duck. It has not followed the normal patterns.He said Life for Floridians should not change too much this weekend, but people should make emergency preparations, just in case.Nave said they are starting to watch it very close and they have alerted all of our people to standby status with the understanding they may be called in at any time depending on what the storm does.

Use this text as a guide to prepare interview questions and answers.

Much of the East Coast of the United States, in Mid-Atlantic and New England regions, had a good chance of receiving gale-force winds, flooding, widespread power outages, heavy rain and possibly snow early in the week of October 28 from Hurricane Sandy.

Government weather forecasters said there was a 90% chance (the chance having increased from 60% on October 24), that the East Coast would be impacted by the storm.

Utilities and governments along the East Coast attempted to head off long-term power failures that Sandy might cause. Power companies from the Southeast to New England alerted independent contractors to be ready to help repair storm damaged equipment quickly and asked employees to cancel vacations and work longer hours.

President Obama discusses preparations for Hurricane Sandy

. President Obama signed emergency declarations on October 28 for several states expected to be impacted by Sandy, allowing them to request federal aid and make additional preparations in advance of the storm.

Flight cancellations and travel alerts on the U.S. East Coast were put in place in the Mid-Atlantic and the New England areas, Over 5,000 commercial airline flights scheduled for October 28 and October 29 were canceled by the afternoon of October 28 .

The National Guard and U.S. Air Force put as many as 45,000 personnel in at least seven states on alert for possible duty in response to the preparations and aftermath of Sandy.[

Hurricane Sandy is not some simple hurricane that blows through in one night and then is over. “It’s going to be a long-lasting event, two to three days of impact for a lot of people,” said James Franklin of the National Hurricane Center in Miami. “

Another huge concern with all this is the possibility that the power may be out. As temperatures drop, this could put many people in the position of having to endure very cold indoor temperatures. The best defense against the cold is, of course, to have good shelter (a roof over your head), warm clothing and extra sleeping bags for all family members.

If this storm hits as promised, you’re going to be living in third-world conditions for about a week. You’ll need a MINIMUM of 2 gallons per day, per person, stored in your home or apartment. So if there are two of you living there, and you’re planning for six days without running water, you will need 24 gallons of water stored, got it?