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A Glimpse on Plant Sciences


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iii

A GLIMPSE ON

PLANT SCIENCES (Useful for ICAR-JRF Plant Sciences and other Agriculture

Competitive Examinations)

S. SANDEEP

Ph. D Scholar, Genetics & Plant Breeding,

Professor Jayashankar Telangana

State Agricultural University

Hyderabad - 500030

P. JALENDER Ph. D Scholar, Plant Pathology,

Professor Jayashankar Telangana

State Agricultural University

Hyderabad - 500030

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


iv


v

ABOUT THE BOOK

“A GLIMPSE ON PLANT SCIENCES” is designed to cater the need of

agricultural graduates and post graduates by providing sufficient

supplemental information for competitive examinations such as JRF,

SRF AND ICAR –ASRB NET Examinations. The book covers all the

areas of plant sciences viz., Genetics and Plant Breeding, Biotechnology,

Seed science and technology, Plant Pathology and Agricultural

Microbiology. It provides an understanding of the subject covering

important areas of the topics for students preparing various competitive

examinations. To fulfill the asaid aims an attempt was made to present

the subjects in detail as per the requirements of students of all the

universities. For convenience the book is furnished in various sections.

The book deals with the fundamental facts in the field of plant sciences

briefing introduction of various cell organelles and their functions, cell

division, Mendelian genetics, Cytogenetics, plant breeding methods,

breeding of field crops, seed science and molecular genetics aspects.

Plant pathology dealing with various crop diseases, their casual

organisms, epidemiology, diagnosis and detection and management of

plant diseases were dealt. The basics of agricultural microbiology were

also covered briefly keeping JRF and other competitive examinations in

view. Scientists and their contributions have been thoroughly covered in

various sections of plant sciences. We hope that the book will fulfil the

desires of the students preparing various competitive examinations. We

are thankful to everyone for the support in bringing out this book. Your

suggestions are highly welcome for further improvement of the book.


vi

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

The author Mr. S. SANDEEP has completed his

M.Sc (Ag) from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural

Univeristy and presently pursuing Ph.D (Ag),

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding in Prof.

Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural

University. The author was ASRB – NET

QUALIFIED and awarded wtih UGC (RGNF)

Fellowship. He had published Research Papers in

various NAAS rated international peer reviewed

journals, he had presented papers and posters in various seminars and

conferences and received various awards. The Author had published

books, book chapters and popular articles in various areas related to plant

sciences and Genetics and plant breeding.

The author Mr. P. JALENDER has completed his

M.Sc (Ag) from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural

Univeristy and presently pursuing Ph.D (Ag),

Department of Plant Pathology in Prof. Jayashankar

Telangana State Agricultural University. The author

was ASRB – NET QUALIFIED and awarded wtih

NFST-UGC Fellowship. He had published Research

Papers in various NAAS rated international peer

reviewed journals, he had presented papers and posters in various

seminars and conferences and received various awards. The Author had

published books, book chapters and popular articles in various areas

related to plant sciences and Plant pathology.


vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we offer obeisance to the „Almighty‟ for his

boundless blessing, which accompanied us in all the endeavours. With

immense delight and deep respect, we express our profound etiquette

sense of gratitude and thanks to our respected teachers. Words are not

enough to express whole-hearted and affectionate gratitude to our

beloved parents for their constant support, love, and motivation. The

authors are grateful to educreation publishers for their efforts in bringing

out this book into a reality. We also acknowledge Professor Jayashankar

Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) for providing us

healthy environment to explore knowledge and share through this book.

Finally we thank everyone who directly or indirectly lent us their helping

hands for completion of this book.


viii

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED PARENTS

(Mr. & Mrs. Siluveru Komuraiah – Parijatham)

And

(Mr. & Mrs. Porika Jayapal –Jhansi)


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SYLLABUS FOR JRF PLANT SCIENCES

SUBJECTS: 1. Plant Breeding & Genetics, 2. Plant Pathology, 3.

Agricultural Microbiology/Microbiology, 4. Seed Science &

Technology, 5. Plant Genetic Resources.

UNIT-I: Importance of Agriculture in national economy; basic principles

of crop production; cultivation of rice, wheat, chickpea, pigeon-pea,

sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, potato and mango. Major soils of India,

role of NPK and their deficiency symptoms.

UNIT-II: Structure and function of cell organelles; mitosis and meiosis;

Mendelian genetics; elementary knowledge of photosynthesis;

respiration, and transpiration; structure and functions of carbohydrates,

proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes and vitamins. Major pests and diseases

of rice, wheat, cotton, chickpea, sugarcane and their management.

UNIT-III: Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms,

differences between fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses; physical

and chemical basis of heredity; chromosome structure; genes/operon

concept; protein biosynthesis; transformation, recombination, Heterosis;

Elements of economic botany; integrated diseases management;

sterilization, disinfection and pasteurization; Koch‟s postulates;

etiological agents of rusts, smuts, powdery/downy mildews, wilts,

yellows, mosaic, necrosis, enations, blights and witches- broom; pH,

buffer, vitamins, role of plant hormones in seed germination and

dormancy; pollination/ fertilization in flowering plants; methods of seed

testing; breeders, foundation and certified seeds; seed production in self

and cross pollinated crops, nitrate assimilation; biological nitrogen

fixation and other uses of microorganisms in agriculture.

UNIT-IV: Food and industry; composting and biogas production.

Important rural development programmes in India; organizational set up

of agricultural research, education and extension in India.


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CONTENTS

S.NO TOPICS PAGE NO

1.

GENETICS

1

2. PLANT BREEDING 36

3. SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 64

4. PLANT PATHOLOGY 68

5. AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY 98


A GLIMPSE ON PLANT SCIENCES

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GENETICS

Multiple choice questions

1. An exception to Mendel‟s law of independent assortment

a) Linkage

b)Paramutations

c) Mutation

d) Epistasis

2. The diploid chromosome number of rice is 24. The number of

linkage groups in this plant will be

a) 6

b) 12

c) 24

d) 48

3. Plants with a genomic formula 2n-1-1 are

a) Monosomics

b) Monoploid

c)Double monosomic

d) Nullisomic

4. DNA synthesis takes place during

a) G1 phase of interphase

b) G2 phase of interphase

c) S phase of interphase

d) Mitosis

5. Linkage was first reported in sweet pea in 1906 by

a) Morgan

b) Bridge

c) Bateson & Punnet

d) Levine

6. The maximum percent of recombination between two genes will

be

a) 25

b) 50

c) 75

d) 100

7. Nilsson – Ehle worked on

a) Qualitative inheritance

b) Maternal inheritance

c) Quantitative inheritance

d) Cytoplasmic inheritance

8. When a bit of a chromosome gets attached to the end of a non

homologous chromosomes, it is called on

a) Crossing over

b) Translocation

c) Inversion

d) Deletion

9. The F2 phenotypic ratio of Additive factor is

a) 9:7

b) 15:1

c) 9:6:1

d) 12:3:4


SILUVERU SANDEEP

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10. The expression of recessive gene in the following condition is

termed as pseudo dominance

a) Homozygous

b) Heterozygous

c) Hemizygous

d) Homogeneous

11. The sex determination mechanism in Birds including the

domestic fowl and butterflies

a) XX- XO

b) XX – XY

c) ZZ – ZW

d) X/A

12. Genes present in Y chromosome and transmitted from father to

son are known as

a) Diagenic

b) Holandric

c) Sex linked

d) Hologenic

13. An individual which lacks a single pair of homologous

chromosome complement is known as

a) Monosomic

b) Trisomic

c) Nullisomic

d) Tetrasomic

14. The power house of cell

a) Ribosome

b) Chloroplast

c) Mitochondria

d) Golgicomplex

15. Male sterility is exploited to produce

a) inbred lines

b) Synthetics

c) Composites

d) Hybrids

16. Geitinogamy is equal to

a) Self pollination

b) Cross pollination

c) Often cross pollination

d) None of these

17. The progeny of an open pollinated variety is

a) Homozygous and

homogeneous

b) Heterozygous and

Heterogeneous

c) Homozygous and

heterogeneous

d) Heterozygous and

homogeneous

18. The condition in which male and female flowers situated in

different plants of same species is called as

a) Heterostyly

c) Dioecy



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b) Monoecy d) Protandry

19. In gametophytic system of incompatibility, the fully compatible

mating is between

a) S1S3 x S1S3

b) S1S2 x S1S3

c) S1S2 x S1S2

d) S1S2 x S3S4

20. Spontaneous mutations occur in the natural populations at a

frequency of

a) 10-4

b) 10-6

c) 10-8

d) 10-10

21. Natural selection plays an important role in the method of

breeding

a) Pedigree

b) Bulk

c) Back cross

d) Pure line

22. In crop plants, clonal selection is used in

a) Non flowering species

b) Low seed setting species

c) Apomictic species

d) All of the above

23. Bald head in human beings is a

a) Sex linked character

b) Sex limited character

c) Secondary sex character

d) Sex influenced character

24. In human beings, the type of sex determination is

a) XX-XO

b) ZP-ZZ

c) XX-XY

d) ZW-ZZ

25. The histones (H1 H2a, H2b, H3& H4) in chromosome organization

are present in the molar ratio of

a) 3 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2

b) 2 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2

c) 2 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1

d) 1 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2

26. Supernumerary chromosomes are also known as

a) Autosomes

b) A chromosomes

c) B chromosomes d) Allosomes

27. The histone octamer in nucleosome core is composed of two

molecules each of histones.

a) H1, H2a, H3; H4

b) H1, H2b, H3; H5

c) H1a, H2b, H3; H4

d) H2a, H3a, H3b; H4


SILUVERU SANDEEP

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28. The Melandrium album, plant with two „X‟ and on „Y‟

chromosomes will be

a) Female

b) Super female

c) Inter sex

d) Male

29. The colorblindness in human beings is a

a) Sex limited character

b) Sex linked character

c) Sex influenced character

d) All of these

30. Milking ability is cattle is an example of



c) Sex influenced character

d) None of the above

31. A chromosome which have no relationship with sex but contain

genes which determine the somatic characters of the individual

are known as

a) Allosomes

b) Autosomes

c) Lysosomes

d) Polysomes

32. The colour blind mother and normal father can give birth of

colour blind

a) Daughter

b) Son

c) Daughter and Son


33. In three point test cross, the least frequency progeny is

a) Parental types

b) Single cross overs – I c) Double cross overs d) Single cross overs – II

34. If the map distance between A and B genes is 5, B and C is 12

and A and C is 7 the gene order is

a) A B C

b) B A C

c) A C B

d) B C A

35. If 60% crossing over occurs in meiotic mother cells the number

of recombinant gametes out of total 1000 gametes will be

a) 400

b) 200

c) 300

d) 600

36. Tendency of one cross over to reduce the chance of another cross

over in its adjacent region is referred to as



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a) Coincidence

b) Positive interference

c) Negative interference

d) Coupling

37. The map units of a linkage map are expressed in

a) Muller units

b) Morganunits

c) Roentgen units

d) Stadler units

38. The chromatids of a homologous chromosome pair are

considered as

a) Non sister chromatids

b) Sister Chromatids

c) Homologous chromatids

d) Heterologous chromatids

39. When three are no recombinats in the test cross progeny the

linkage is said to be

a) Coupling

b) Repulsion

c) Complete d) Incomplete

40. The chromosome number of human being is 46. The number of

linkage groups formed in males are

a) 21

b) 22

c) 23

d) 24

41. The maximum percent of recombination between two genes will

be

a) 25

b) 50

c) 75

d) 100

42. In balanced lethal system, the lethal genes are linked in

a) Coupling phase

b) Repulsion phase

c) Either a or b

d) Both a & b

43. Crossing over takes place between

a) Non sister chromatid of non

homologous chromosomes

b) Sister chromatids of non


c) Sister chromatids of


d) Non sister chromatids of


44. The genotype Ab / ab produced 15% each of the cross over

gametes AB and ab, the distance between A and B is estimated to

be

a) 15 map units

b) 60 map units c) 30 map units d) 7.5 map units


SILUVERU SANDEEP

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45. Tendency of one cross over to enhance the chance of another

cross over in its adjacent region is referred to as

a) Positive interference

b) Negative interference

c) Coincidence

d) Coupling

46. Which is related to three-point test cross

a) Highest progeny is double

cross over types

b) Lowest progeny is parental

types

c) Three marker genes are

present

d) Above all

47. Para mutation is an exception of Mendel‟s law of

a) Purity of gametes

b) Independent assortment

c) Dominance

d) Unit characters

48. An example of a spontaneous mutant variety is

a) Aruna in castor

b) GEB – 24 in rice

c) Jagannadh in rice

d) Sharbati sonara in wheat

49. The wave length of soft X-rays.

a) 0.1 – 0.01

b) 0.1-0 .001

c) 1-10

d)1-100

50. The acridine dyes cause mutations through the reaction of

a) Alkalysation

b) Oxidation

c) Intercalation

d) Ionization

51. For the mutation of pollen grains, the type of mutagen used is

a) Thermal neutrons

b) X-rays

c) Gama rays

d) UV rays

52. In the CIB stock or Drosophila for the detection of sed linked

lethals, the „C‟ represents

a) Recessive lethal genes

b) Pericentric inversion

c) Dominant lethal gene


53. Bald head in human beings is a



c) Secondary sex character

d) Sex influenced character

54. When a translocation heterozygote is selfed the progeny

segregates in the ratio of



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a) 1 Normal : 2 Trans.

Heterozygotes : 1 Trans.

Homozygote

b) 1 Trans. Heterozygote : 2

Normal : 1 Trans.

Homozygote

c) 1 Normal : 2 Trans.

Homozygotes : 1 Trans.

Heterozygote

d) 2 Trans. Heterozygotes : 2

Normal.

55. Pseudo dominance is associated with

a) Translocations

b) Deletions

c) Duplications

d) Inversions

56. An example for Duplication (chromosomal aberration)

a) Philadelphia 22

b) Bar eye of Drosophila

c) None of these

d) CIB stock of Drosophila

57. Number of possible monosomics in hexaploid wheat / bread

wheat is

a) 7

b) 14

c) 21

d) 42

58 An autotetraploid with „1‟ dominant and „3‟ recessive alleles is

termed as

a) Simplex b) Nulliplex

c) Singleplex

d) Triplex

59. In cultivated hexaploid wheat D genome is obtained from

a) Aegilops squarrosa

(Triticum tauschii)

b) Aegilops speltoides

c) Triticum aegilopoides

d) Triticum dicoccoides

60. In secondary trisomy condition, the extrachromosome is a

a) Homologous chromosome

b) B-chromosome

c) Acessary chromosome

d) Isochromosome

61. The number of chromosomes present in tetraploid cotton is

a) 13

b) 26

c) 39

d) 52

62. The chromosome number of nullisomic of rice (2n = 24) is

a) 22 b) 23

c) 25

d) 26


SILUVERU SANDEEP

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63. The F1 progeny mated to any one of their parents is called

a) Back cross

b) Test cross

c) Top cross

d) Multiple cross

64. Plant cells with more than one nucleus are called

a) Leucocytes

b) Erithrocytes

c) Coenocytes

d) Syncytia

65. In a cell, the packaging of food material is related to

a) Plastids

b) Ribosomes

c) Motochondria

d) Golgibodies

66. Middle lamella is composed of

a) Cellulose

b) Hemi cellulose

c) Lignin

d) Ca & Mg pectates

67. Animal cells with more than one nucleus are called

a) Leucocytes

b) Erithrocytes

c) Coenocytes

d) Syncytia

68. Following cells do not have nucleus / related material.

a) Bacteria

b) Bacteriophage

c) RBC of human beings

d) Blue green algae

69. Cilia are formed from

a) Nucleus membrane

b) Basal bodies

c) Plasma membrane

d) Mitochondria

70. Cytoplasm that surrounds a vacuole is called

a) Ectoplasm

b) Endoplasm

c) Tonoplasm

d) Hyaloplasm

71. The formation of nucleolus is associated with

a) Centromere

b) Chromomere

c) Primary constriction

d) Secondary constriction

72. The number of DNA double helix present in metaphase

chromosome based on multistranded model.

a) 64

b) 32

c) 16

d) 8

73. The number of microfibrils present in a basal granule



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a) 9

b) 6

c) 12

d) 27

74. Which of the following structures in not found in a prokaryotic

cell?

a) Plasma membrane

b)Nuclear envelope

c) Ribosome

d) Cell wall

75. Bacteria are examples of

a) Prokaryotic cells

b) Eukaryotic cells

c) organelles

d) Plastids

76. In a eukaryotic cell, the region between the nucleus and the

plasma membrane is called the

a) Junction

b) Nucleoplasm c)Cytoplasm d) Lumen

77. The resolving power of an electron microscope is how much

greater than the resolving power of a light microscope?

a) Ten times

b) One hundred times

c) One thousand times

d) One million times

78. How many membranes comprise the nuclear envelope?

a) None;

b) One; c) Two; d) Three

79. Which of the following molecules moves regularly from the

nucleus to the cytoplasm?

a) Glycogen;

b) RNA;

c) DNA;

d) Cholesterol

80. Which of the following molecules moves regularly from the

nucleus to the cytoplasm?

a) Nuclear envelope

b) Nucleoplasm

c) Chromosomes

d) Nucleolus

e) Nucleus

81. 23. Which of the following cellular organelles extracts energy

fromcarbohydrates and from ATP molecules?

a) Lysosome;

b) Chloroplast; c) Mitochondrion; d) Chromoplast


SILUVERU SANDEEP

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82. Which of the following cellular organelles breaks down complex

macromolecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins?

a) Golgi complex;

b) Lysosome;

c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

d) Mitochondrion

83. Which of the following is not the correct pairing of structure with

function?

a) Golgi complex:

breakdown of complex

molecules;

b) Mitochondrion: production

of ATP;

c) Endoplasmic reticulum:

synthesis of proteins

d) Chloroplast: photosynthesis

84. Proteins that are to be used outside the cell are synthesized

a) In the mitochondria

b) on the rough endoplasmic

reticulum

c) on the smooth endoplasmic

reticulum

d) on free ribosomes

85. Lysosomes contain enzymes capable of

a) Aerobic cellular respiration

b) Digesting part of the cell

c) Synthesizing proteins

d) Synthesizing lipids

86. Mitochondria are found

a) in all cells

b) only in plant cells

c) only in animal cells

d) in all eukaryotic cells

87. Green pigments capable of capturing the energy of sunlight are

located within the

a) Golgi complex

b) Endoplasmic reticulum c) Chloroplasts d) Cell wall

88. The two types of cellular organelles that transform energy are

a)Chromoplasts and

leucoplasts

b) Mitochondria and

chloroplasts

c) Mitochondria and

chromoplasts

d) Chloroplasts and leucoplasts

89. The plastids that give fruits and flowers their orange and yellow

colors are the

a) Leucoplasts

b) Chloroplasts

c) Proplasts

d) Chromoplasts



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