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252'

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253'

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254'

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255'

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256'

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257'

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258'

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259'

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260'

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261'

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264'

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265'

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266'

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267'

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268'

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269'

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270'

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271'

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272'

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273'

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274'

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275'

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ƒ&Ðic*Š{ŒÛd$ìÔZknŒV6,gzÝQ¬ÐZz6,Å‚lÃWñÏXóó

298'

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D113 ]ÖÓ^h!E÷÷ªZ#Îg`i}ÆnQ¬ÆŒÛd$ƒÇÂi}

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299'

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D114E

300'

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301'

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302'

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303'

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304'

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305'

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306'

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307'

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308'

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309'

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310'

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311'

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312'

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313'

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D122 ]Ö^æÙÖ^Þä]æÙÞçm¿`!Eð°æO>Z‡g~z{gzÝì�Îg`Æ‚tQ¬Ñ¹ ÷÷

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314'

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315'

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316'

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317'

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318'

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319'

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320'

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322'

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323'

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324'

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325'

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326'

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327'

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328'

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329'

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330'

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332'

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333'

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334'

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335'

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338'

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339'

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340'

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341'

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342'

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D155 ]ÖÛìÛèÂqð$Üm¿`]ÖvÛé!EªZ#Îg`Q¬ÐZVg{ŠgzŒÛd$ƒÇXXX ÷÷

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343'

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D156 æ]eÃnàæÞË÷!EšµŠ/Ð¥xƒ[ìÀZzwðZzgWy%yQk ÷÷

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344'

]Þv_^½]?Êj^hmàæÎk]aråÞÛn,æ]öÊÏoÒäÂem^å]ÚÒçe^ËÐeß`^mkÞ^nåfxµn]ç!E^ÖäÊo]Öãnòè!

D157 e^hajÜen^áfxæËÐEÎ×ÛoDEª:Š/ZzgYõ7,@*wÐzZãƒZìÀðÅZ’ZZzg ÷÷

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YñÏZzgZkz‰ÜZzoWë[ZVg{ŠgzÐic*Š{:ƒÇXZzgQ¬»²n£Z¤/‚hñZh@*:ŠgzÐZz6,ƒÇÂyÅZ•ÐI„ð%ŠZgƒYñÏXªTà»

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ƒq™W}ÏXóó

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345'

(158 $Û^Þnèæ]eÃnàæÞÌmj¡áÚÃ^!EðætÅY+$°æO>Z‡g~ƒqÒЬŠ÷÷

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ZZ]ÞäÎÂ×Üe^Öjreè(]ÎÂ×Üe^Öjreè]æÎÂÍe^Öjreè]á]æÙ]Öfxæ]?ì]ÖËÐ]ÞÛ^mÓçá]]Ò^á]Þv_^½]ÖÛ$Û^ÞnèÂqðXXW\Æ‚t‰ZzgZyÆZLx@Z]Zy’k,Z]Æ_.

:ƒDÂW\Zy„gZ]Ť&Zk§b:™D:Ò]ÖáÚè]ÖÛuçÝ]Önîì×nØ]ÖÓ^Ú×oÊou^nèÂ×o^Öè]Ö^_Ö^hÖnîÚ^míß^]ÖáÚè]øÏÐÂ×o]?Êßp]Ö]Æj^ÞoV]ÿá]ÖjË^æl

D159 enà]ÖËrmà!!!!!]ÞÛ^âçe%¡'tE

346'

ªð»f[Zzg™ŠtÆŠgxy&Šgz»�ÛtìX

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347'

e^Öfx]Ö^ÑÖ^án^ñä]ÑÚà]Ö^æÙÖ^Ö^ÞämÃÏfä¾×Ûèeí¡Í]ÖÓ^hÊ^ÞäiÃÏfä¾×ÛèiÓeäÂ×oÚ^¾àÖ^á]ÖvnxÚ^ifnà]á]Ö^æÙÖ^mßjËoeØmíËoeÇ×fè]Öçð]Ö_^pÒÛ^Ö^míËoçð]ÖÛ]çð]ÖÛ^ÂØæ]Ößn]á$Ü]ÖvÛéæ]ÖËÐeÃÓ]ÖÔ]eÃ]ÖÇæhmÓçáuÛé$Ü]Öfn^]ÖÃm]ÖÛßf¼$Ü]Öfn^]ÖÛjÑ

D160 ]ÖÛj_nØ]Öo]ámíËo!EâCÙ+ƒ]ÅÃÐqz!*ÑjZ!Y]Ðt!*]Z×ð

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(ÐÃðm7X Zodiacal Light)

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(ÃòZzwŒÛZgŠ}™Q¬6,Îg`ÅÃúV Zodiacal Light Z_z`)

348'

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ìXªòlQ¬6,%ŠZgƒäzZàgzÝìZzgZk»!3‹ªî EGGZ_z`

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(ÅZôm,~~°pß: Dawn ò): �gâCÙƒ]eZËc*©(˜�À

There is no general agreement on a precise

definition of "dawn"; it is sometimes even identified

with sunrise itself. If, however, it is interpreted as the

time of "first light", dawn corresponds to a depression

between 18° and 12° but it is not possible to be more

precise.(161)

(ÃðYì°pß7ìX‰Zz‡] Dawn Zôm,~~ò)ƒqÒÆnÌÙìXZ¤/ZkÆpÐ%ZŠ«gzÝ Dawn

ŠgZZzoÒùZѬ 12Ð18 (Æp Dawn ÆnYNÂò)

349'

(ÅYì°pß7ÅY$ËX Dawn ƃ**�XZkÐ4ò)Technical definitions

There are also more technical definitions of

dawn, including the following:

Astronomical dawn The moment after which the sky is no longer

completely dark; formally defined as the time at which

the sun is 18 degrees below the horizon in the

morning.

Nautical dawnThe time at which there is enough sunlight for

the horizon and some objects to be distingui-- shable;

formally, when the sun is 12 degrees below the

horizon in the morning.

Civil dawn That time at which there is enough light for

objects to be distinguishable, so that outdoor activities

can commence; formally, when the sun is 6 degrees

below the horizon in the morning.

During dawn (and dusk) it is usually possible

(provided that the sky is cloud-free) to see

approximately in which direction the sun is (though it's

below the horizon). Though it is possible to localize

the direction of the sun during astronomical dawn and

dusk, people in general experience astronomical dawn

and dusk as night, even without clouds. Zenith is dark

and more than just the brightest shining stars can be

seen (except low above the horizon in the direction of

the sun).

At civil dawn there is no darkness in any

direction, nor at zenith. The sky is bright, even when

350'

cloudy. In mid and northern Scandinavia, summer

nights never get any further than to civil dusk or dawn.

This period of "bright nights" is longer at higher

latitudes (further north).

(Å=%] Twilights IZQ)

Astronomical Twilight

ŠgZѹZ¬Æn( 18 gZ]ÆWy%~z~Z#Wë[ìÂZ7z**aIZ^V$ÑzqƒCìZzg¾z[Wë[ƈZ#Wë[

ŠgZnƒY@*ìW7z**aIZ^V$»ƒYCìX 18 ¾!Z¬ÐW7z**aIZ^V$ÅZ•ÆÎg`ÅgzÝWyÆËzÃgz×

7™CZzgQ¬Z0+ƒ}~¸T$ƒY@*ìXQgZ]ÆWy%~z~Z#Îg`Q¬ÐnZVg{ŠgZ6,(ìÂW7z**aIZ^V$ÑzqƒYCì

Nautical Twilight

ŠgZnî6,d~y 6 «gÅR6,áxÃZ¬ÐÎg`ÆŠgZ 12 (ÑzqƒYCìZzgÎg`»Q¬Ð Nautical Twilight)

nî6,Zky»Z!ºxƒY@*ìX¬x£œÆnZ0+ƒZƒY@*ìZzgZkyÆZ!ºx6,Q¬Š3ð7ŠêXðÆz‰Üßg]ZkÆ!*�

ŠgZnƒÇÂR«g 12 ƒCìXŠzu}ZÖp~Z#Îg`Z¬Ð

351'

6,y²!»Z!ºxƒYñÏZzgZâxZWZ1�g¶ZvmÆw6,z‰Ü(YÅZ’ZƒYñÇX

(Üs˜igZãÆ£œÆ Nautical Twilight d~y)nZEwƒCìZzgZk».6,úizVÆZz‡]ÐÃðm7ìX

(ÆZ!ºx6,Zâx™r#ò Nautical Twilight «gÅR6,d~y)Æw6,úi(YÆz‰ÜÅZ’ZƒYCìX

Rise, Set, and Twilight Definitions

Horizon:

Wherever one is located on or near the Earth's

surface, the Earth is perceived as essentially flat and,

therefore, as a plane. The sky resembles one-half of a

sphere or dome centred at the observer. If there are no

visual obstructions, the apparent intersection of the sky

with the Earth's (plane) surface is the horizon, which

appears as a circle centred at the observer. For rise/set

computations, the observer's eye is considered to be on

the surface of the Earth, so that the horizon is

geometrically exactly 90 degrees from the local

vertical direction.

Rise, Set:

During the course of a day the Earth rotates

once on its axis causing the phenomena of rising and

setting. All celestial bodies, stars and planets included,

seem to appear in the sky at the horizon to the East of

any particular place, then to cross the sky and again

352'

disappear at the horizon to the West. The most

noticeable of these events, and the most significant in

regard to ordinary affairs, are the rising and setting of

the Sun and Moon. Because the Sun and Moon appear

as circular disks and not as points of light, a definition

of rise or set must be very specific, for not all of either

body is seen to rise or set at once.

Sunrise and sunset conventionally refer to the

times when the upper edge of the disk of the Sun is on

the horizon, considered unobstructed relative to the

location of interest. Atmospheric conditions are

assumed to be average, and the location is in a level

region on the Earth's surface.

Moonrise and moonset times are computed for

exactly the same circumstances as for sunrise and

sunset. However, moonrise and moonset may occur at

any time during a 24 hour period and, consequently, it

is often possible for the Moon to be seen during

daylight, and to have moonless nights. It is also

possible that a moonrise or moonset does not occur

relative to a specific place on a given date.

Transit:

The transit time of a celestial body refers to the

instant that its center crosses an imaginary line in the

sky - the observer's meridian - running from north to

south. For observers in low to middle latitudes, transit

is approximately midway between rise and set, and

353'

represents the time at which the body is highest in the

sky on any given day. At high latitudes, neither of

these statements may be true - for example, there may

be several transits between rise and set. The transit of

the Sun is local solar (sundial) noon. The difference

between the transit times of the Sun and Moon is

closely related to the Moon's phase. The New Moon

transits at about the same time as the Sun; the First

Quarter Moon transits about 6 hours after the Sun; the

Full Moon transits about 12 hours after/before the

Sun; and the Last Quarter Moon transits about 6 hours

before the Sun.

Twilight:

Before sunrise and again after sunset there are

intervals of time, twilight, during which there is

natural light provided by the upper atmosphere, which

does receive direct sunlight and reflects part of it

toward the Earth's surface. Some outdoor activities

may be conducted without artificial illumination

during these intervals, and it is useful to have some

means to set limits beyond which a certain activity

should be assisted by artificial lighting. The major

determinants of the amount of natural light during

twilight are the state of the atmosphere generally and

local weather conditions in particular. Atmospheric

conditions are best determined at the actual time and

place of events. Nevertheless, it is possible to establish

354'

useful, though necessarily approximate, limits

applicable to large classes of activities by considering

only the position of the Sun below the local horizon.

Reasonable and convenient definitions have evolved.

Civil twilight

Civil twilight is defined to begin in the

morning, and to end in the evening when the centre of

the Sun is geometrically 6 degrees below the horizon.

This is the limit at which twilight illumination is

sufficient, under good weather conditions, for

terrestrial objects to be clearly distinguished; at the

beginning of morning civil twilight, or end of evening

civil twilight, the horizon is clearly defined and the

brightest stars are visible under good atmospheric

conditions in the absence of moonlight or other

illumination. In the morning before the beginning of

civil twilight and in the evening after the end of civil

twilight, artificial illumination is normally required to

carry on ordinary outdoor activities. Complete

darkness, however, ends sometime prior to the

beginning of morning civil twilight and begins

sometime after the end of evening civil twilight.

Nautical twilight

Nautical twilight is defined to begin in the

morning, and to end in the evening, when the centre of

the sun is geometrically 12 degrees below the horizon.

At the beginning or end of nautical twilight, under

355'

good atmospheric conditions and in the absence of

other illumination, general outlines of ground objects

may be distinguishable, but detailed outdoor

operations are not possible, and the horizon is

indistinct.

Astronomical twilight is defined to begin in the

morning, and to end in the evening when the centre of

the Sun is geometrically 18 degrees below the horizon.

Before the beginning of astronomical twilight in the

morning and after the end of astronomical twilight in

the evening the Sun does not contribute to sky

illumination; for a considerable interval after the

beginning of morning twilight and before the end of

evening twilight, sky illumination is so faint that it is

practically imperceptible.

Technical Definitions and Computational

Details

Sunrise and sunset. For computational

purposes, sunrise or sunset is defined to occur when

the geometric zenith distance of centre of the Sun is

90.8333 degrees. That is, the centre of the Sun is

geometrically 50 arc minutes below a horizontal plane.

For an observer at sea level with a level, unobstructed

horizon, under average atmospheric conditions, the

upper limb of the Sun will then appear to be tangent to

the horizon. The 50-arcminute geometric depression of

the Sun's centre used for the computations is obtained

356'

by adding the average apparent radius of the Sun (16

arc minutes) to the average amount of atmospheric

refraction at the horizon (34 arc minutes).

Moonrise and moonset

Moonrise and moonset are defined similarly,

but the situation is computationally more complex

because of the nearness of the Moon and the

eccentricity of its orbit. If the computations are carried

out using coordinates of the Moon with respect to the

Earth's centre (the usual method), then moonrise or

moonset is defined to occur when the geometric zenith

distance of the centre of the Moon is 90.5666 degrees

+ Moon's apparent angular radius - Moon's horizontal

parallax. Under normal atmospheric conditions at sea

level, the upper limb of the Moon will then appear to

be tangent with a level, unobstructed horizon. No

account is taken of the Moon's phase; that is, the Moon

is always regarded as a disk in the sky and the upper

limb might be dark. Here again, a constant of 34 arc

minutes (0.5666 degree) is used to account for

atmospheric refraction. The Moon's apparent radius

varies from 15 to 17 arc minutes and its horizontal

parallax varies from 54 to 61 arc minutes. Adding all

the terms above together, the centre of the Moon at

rise or set is geometrically 5 to 10 arc minutes above

the observer's "geocentric horizon" - the horizontal

plane that passes through the Earth's centre,

357'

orthogonal to the observer's local vertical.

Accuracy of rise/set computations. The times of

rise and set phenomena cannot be precisely computed,

because, in practice, the actual times depend on

unpredictable atmospheric conditions that affect the

amount of refraction at the horizon. Thus, even under

ideal conditions (e.g., a clear sky at sea) the times

computed for rise or set may be in error by a minute or

more. Local topography (e.g., mountains on the

horizon) and the height of the observer can affect the

times of rise or set even more. It is not practical to

attempt to include such effects in routine rise/set

computations.

The accuracy of rise and set computations

decreases at high latitudes. There, small variations in

atmospheric refraction can change the time of rise or

set by many minutes, since the Sun and Moon intersect

the horizon at a very shallow angle. For the same

reason, at high latitudes, the effects of observer height

and local topography are magnified and can

substantially change the times of the phenomena

actually observed, or even whether the phenomena are

observed to occur at all.

Twilights

There are three kinds of twilight defined: civil

twilight, nautical twilight, and astronomical twilight.

For computational purposes, civil twilight begins

before sunrise and ends after sunset when the

358'

geometric zenith distance of the centre of the Sun is 96

degrees - 6 degrees below a horizontal plane. The

corresponding solar zenith distances for nautical and

astronomical twilight are 102 and 108 degrees,

respectively. That is, at the dark limit of nautical

twilight, the centre of the Sun is geometrically 12

degrees below a horizontal plane; and at the dark limit

of astronomical twilight, the centre of the Sun is

geometrically 18 degrees below a horizontal plane.

This information is derived from the

Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical

Almanac, ed. P. K. Seidelmann (1992), pp 482ff.

Twilight:

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Twilight is the time between dawn and sunrise

or between sunset and dusk, during which sunlight

scattering in the upper atmosphere illuminates the

lower atmosphere, and the surface of the earth is

neither completely lit nor completely dark. The sun

itself is not directly visible because it is below the

horizon.[1] Owing to the distinctive quality of the

ambient light at this time, twilight has long been

popular with photographers, who refer to it as Sweet

Light, and painters, who refer to it as the "blue hour",

after the French expression l'heure bleue.

Civil, nautical, and astronomical twilight.

Twilight is defined according to the solar

359'

elevation angle ?s, which is the position of the

geometric center of the sun relative to the horizon.

There are three established and widely accepted

subcategories of twilight: civil twilight (brightest),

nautical twilight, and astronomical twilight

(darkest).[3]

Civil twilight

Morning civil twilight begins when the

geometric center of the sun is 6° below the horizon

(civil dawn) and ends at sunrise. Evening civil twilight

begins at sunset and ends when the geometric center of

the sun reaches 6° below the horizon (civil dusk). The

brightest planets appear during the civil twilight, as

well as planets, such as Venus, which is known as the

"morning star" or "evening star". During this period

there is enough light from the sun that artificial

sources of light may not be needed to carry on outdoor

activities. This concept is sometimes enshrined in

laws, for example, when drivers of automobiles must

turn on their headlights (called lighting-up time in the

UK); when pilots may exercise the rights to fly

aircraft; restrictions on hunting; or if the crime of

burglary is to be treated as nighttime burglary, which

carries stiffer penalties in some jurisdictions. A fixed

period (most commonly 30 minutes after sunset or

before sunrise) is typically used in such statutes, rather

than how many degrees the sun is below the horizon.

Civil twilight can also be described as the limit at

360'

which twilight illumination is sufficient, under clear

weather conditions, for terrestrial objects to be clearly

distinguished; at the beginning of morning civil

twilight, or end of evening civil twilight, the horizon is

clearly defined and the brightest stars are visible under

clear atmospheric conditions.

Nautical twilight

Nautical twilight is the time when the center of

the sun is between 6° and 12° below the horizon. In

general, nautical twilight ends when navigation via the

horizon at sea is no longer possible.[2]

During nautical twilight, sailors can take

reliable star sightings of well-known stars, using a

visible horizon for reference. The end of this period in

the evening, or its beginning in the morning, is also

the time at which traces of illumination near the sunset

or sunrise point of the horizon are very difficult, if not

impossible, to discern (this often being referred to as

"first light" before civil dawn and "nightfall" after civil

dusk). At the beginning of nautical twilight in the

morning (nautical dawn), or at the end of nautical

twilight in the evening (nautical dusk)-under good

atmospheric conditions and in the absence of other

illumination-general outlines of ground objects may be

distinguishable, but detailed outdoor operations are not

possible, and the horizon is indistinct.

Nautical twilight has military considerations as

well. The initialisms BMNT (begin morning nautical

361'

twilight, i.e. nautical dawn) and EENT (end evening

nautical twilight, i.e. nautical dusk) are used and

considered when planning military operations. A

military unit may treat BMNT and EENT with

heightened security, e.g. by "standing to", in which

everyone assumes a defensive position. This is

partially due to tactics dating back to the French and

Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War of

1756-1763), when combatants on both sides would

launch attacks at nautical dawn or dusk.

Astronomical twilight

Astronomical twilight is the time when the

center of the sun is between 12° and 18° below the

horizon. From the end of astronomical twilight in the

evening to the beginning of astronomical twilight in

the morning, the sky (away from urban light pollution)

is dark enough for all astronomical observations.

Most casual observers would consider the entire

sky fully dark even when astronomical twilight is just

beginning in the evening or just ending in the

morning, and astronomers can easily make

observations of point sources such as stars, but faint

diffuse items such as nebulae and galaxies can be

properly observed only beyond the limit of

astronomical twilight. In some places, especially those

with sky glow, astronomical twilight may be almost

indistinguishable from night. Theoretically, the

dimmest stars ever visible to the naked eye-those of

362'

the sixth magnitude-will become visible in the evening

once the sun falls more than 18° below the horizon

(i.e., at astronomical dusk) and become invisible when

the sun moves to within 18° of the horizon in the

morning (at astronomical dawn). However, because of

light pollution, some localities-generally those in large

cities-may never have the opportunity to view even

fourth-magnitude stars, irrespective of the presence of

any twilight at all.

363'

12 !*[

ð™Št»ŠgY]~Òy

364'

ð™Št»z‰Ü

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C~ð™ŠtìXŠzu}ZÖp~æt~˜VÐÎg`ƒqƒ**ìz;V6,ahZð~ic*Š{ZzgMð~ÁZ¬6,’™zZãƒäzZàgzÝð™ŠtìX

}Å�gÂH[Šzg~~ì:ZZ]æÙæÎk]ÖËr]]×Ä]ÖËr]Ö%^Þoæâç]Öfn^]ÖÛÃjÊo]Ö^ÊÐæ]?ìæÎjã^Ú^ÖÜi_×Ä

D162 ]ÖÛXX!Ez‰ÜòÅZ’ZòU*ãƃqÐìZzgz{Z¬6, ÷÷

365'

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D164 t!E

366'

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367'

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D165 ]ÖÛßjÊo]Ö^ÊÐ!Eª™r#+Z−‡ë»�Ûâ**Àò»z‰Üð™ŠtÐ ÷÷

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368'

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(167 ìtDZ)¦ð™ŠtìXóó)qgz!*Ñ|]ZâxZ£gŸ‡Šg~Šku{Æx@Z]�X»

369'

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370'

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371'

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372'

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373'

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374'

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(169 ÐZ£wƒÇóó)Å=ôZk§b�Ûâð;

375'

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376'

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