Safety Management in Sea Reclamation Construction: A Case ...

Research ArticleSafety Management in Sea Reclamation Construction A CaseStudy of Sanya Airport China

Jinchao Ma1 Wei Zhong 1 and Xiaoliu Zhu2

1School of Management Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 China2China Construction Sixth Engineering Division Corp South China Branch Tianjin China

Correspondence should be addressed to Wei Zhong zhongweitjuteducn

Received 8 November 2019 Revised 3 June 2020 Accepted 18 June 2020 Published 16 July 2020

Academic Editor Rafael J Bergillos

Copyright copy 2020 Jinchao Ma et al -is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Urbanization has increased the burden on land resources Artificial island construction has been proven as an effective method foraddressing these land resource problems however few studies have been conducted on the safety of sea reclamation construction-is paper proposes a systemic approach to the complete safety management process in sea reclamation engineering includingsafety system design analysis control and assessment using the Sanya Sea Reclamation Airport Hainan Province China as acase study A total of 145 steel cylinders must be vibrated and sunk into the seafloor to create a 9 km quay wall Owing to their largesize the steel cylinders have been divided into different segments and an assembly jig is employed to ensure a safe productionprocess Considering the hazardous working environment in sea reclamation construction a numerical analysis is conducted toinvestigate the safe repertory of these steel cylinders and verify the reliability of the selected scheme for their transportationFinally control measures are adopted to ensure a safe vibration and sinking procedure for the steel cylinders -e proposedapproach could be used to provide safety management guidelines for artificial island engineering and construction

1 Introduction

Owing to the rapid increase in urbanization and urbansprawl the area of land available to address the myriad needsof large urban centers has been decreasing consequently thedevelopment and utilization of marine space have alsoattracted considerable attention in recent years To alleviatethe problem of increasing urban space volumes artificialislands are being used widely and increasingly as they havelittle impact on the marine and coastal environments In thissense quay walls play a crucial role in sea reclamationconstruction Currently caisson revetments riprap struc-tures and steel cylinders are among the most commonlyused methods in the development of quay wall structuresCompared to other structures steel cylinders require lessearthwork excavation and filling moreover constructionusing steel cylinders is rapid and produces little environ-mental pollution under complex working environments atsea -erefore steel cylinders have become the primarychoice in sea reclamation constructions [1] During the

marine construction process safety accidents occur fre-quently because of the numerous risk factors involved inthese complex marine environments which pose tremen-dous danger to marine engineering structures [2]

Quality time and budget play significant roles in projectmanagement measures should be taken to balance their keyfunctions [3] Furthermore many projects operate on tightworking schedules and the occurrence of construction ac-cidents may lead to delays in their completion [4] An in-creasing number of studies have focused on safetymanagement in marine engineering Owing to their lack ofsafety awareness humans are prone to participate in unsafeactivities Research has indicated that numerous accidents inmarine construction projects can be attributed to humanerror which may lead to serious consequences [5ndash7] Toreduce marine accidents during sea reclamation construc-tion it is important to concentrate on the different categoriesof human error [8 9]

Sea transportation of marine construction materials andequipment has increased gradually and the safety of ships

HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2020 Article ID 2910612 18 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520202910612

has become a significant concern To evaluate the capabilityof marine emergency evacuation system schemes accuratelyTong et al [10] presented a scheduling simulation methodthat integrates evacuation demand analysis and marinenetwork analysis Owing to poor sea routes many shipaccidents have been attributed to collisions [11 12]grounding [13] or fireexplosions [14] Such cases have beencarefully analyzed to help safety practitioners avoid similaraccidents [15] Moreover novel technological innovationshave been introduced in the safety management protocols ofmarine construction [16] Grabowski et al [17] developed asafety-critical system by employing wearable immersiveaugmented reality (WIAR) technology to improve decision-making in marine navigation Furthermore Tan et al [18]proposed a digital construction system integrating buildinginformation modeling (BIM) and geographical informationsystem (GIS) to effectively obtain optimal schemes of dis-assembling topsides for multiple offshore platforms cur-rently this is widely used in marine construction -reeintelligent algorithms were employed in that system to solvethe lift panning optimization problem In general previousstudies have demonstrated independent safety managementapproaches in marine engineering but their consideration ofsteel cylinders in marine construction is limited-erefore acomprehensive methodology of the overall safety manage-ment process in sea reclamation engineering must be de-veloped to fill this research gap

-e quay wall of the Sanya Sea Reclamation Airport(SSRA) which has a total length of 9 km is known to be thelargest steel cylinder structure used in an artificial island inChina To construct an artificial island steel cylinders arerequired to vibrate and sink into the seafloor Owing to thecomplex and hazardous working environment at sea a poorlocation system is likely to be produced and causes con-struction damage To achieve successful steel cylinder vi-bration and sinking a systemic approach for the completesafety management process is proposed including safetysystem design analysis control and evaluation -e resultsof this study could be used to provide guidelines for safetymanagement in artificial island engineering andconstruction

2 Project Profile

SSRA is a sea reclamation airport located in the Hainanprovince China with a total area of approximately 24 km2

and an offshore distance of approximately 36 km as seen inFigure 1 It is located between Nanshan Guanyin and Ultima-ule in the Southern China Sea-e average water depth onthe artificial island is 20ndash30m SSRA was constructed tomeet the growing requirements of international trade co-operation and the development of surrounding countries Itcan accommodate almost 60 million passengers annuallyand its total construction cost was 87 billion yuan

Known as the ldquosuper-largerdquo steel cylinder constructionof China the steel cylinder quay wall structure contains 145steel cylinders for a total length of 9 km as seen in Figure 2Steel cylinders are arranged along the shore wall front line onthe southern side of the artificial island -e steel cylinders

have a diameter of 30m and a thickness of 22mm In ad-dition the height of the steel cylinder ranges from 25 to 39mwith a weight of approximately 500ndash800 t -e distancebetween steel cylinders is 3m and the steel cylinders areconnected via auxiliary cells-e weight of an auxiliary cell is65ndash105 t and its thickness is 20mm on the seaside and16mm on the continental side Both sides of the auxiliarycellrsquos subgrid curved steel plate are welded with a t-type lockwhich is connected with the wide mortise welded on the steelcylinder Q345B steel is selected for the steel cylinderauxiliary cell and wide mortise T250times 200times10times16 steelis selected for the longitudinal reinforcing rib and aPL16 strip is employed for the transverse reinforcing ribQ235B steel is selected for the longitudinal and transversereinforcing ribs-e designed service life of the steel cylinderis 100 years ZF series marine engineering special epoxyheavy anticorrosive coating is employed to protect the steelcylinders from corrosion

21 Environmental Impact Assessment -e environmentalimpact assessment scope in relation to Sanya Airport isdepicted in Figure 3 and the SSRA construction project islocated in the Hongtang Bay coastal industrial and urbanzones -e scope contains three tourism zones two fisheryzones a marine protected zone and a seaport It is worthnoting that in this scope there are three coral reef habitatsalong the shoreline namely a coral reef marine protectedarea and two coral reef habitats

To comprehensively assess the environmental impact ofSSRA construction hydrodynamics seawater quality ero-sion environmental deposition and the health of the marineecosystem were examined -e results are presented inTable 1

22 Hydrodynamic Impact Assessment -e hydrodynamicsof the Sanya Airport construction project was examined byanalyzing changes in tidal current speed Figure 4 shows thattidal current speed changes will mainly occur in the Hon-gtang Bay industrial and urban sea zones and that thehydrodynamics of other critical surrounding zones will notchange significantly

23 Seawater Quality Impact Assessment In the SanyaAirport construction process during dredging and riprap-ping of the bank revetment foundation trench a massiveeffusion in overflow vent leads to suspended solids whichnegatively impacts seawater quality According to numericalsimulation results these suspended solids will mainly beconstrained to the Hongtang Bay industrial and urban zonesand will not impact the seawater quality of other criticalsurrounding zones (Figure 5)

24 Erosion and Deposition Environmental ImpactAssessment Seabed and coastline evolution were examinedto investigate the erosion and deposition environmentalimpact due to the construction of Sanya Airport Figure 6shows that the largest annual seabed deposition thickness

2 Advances in Civil Engineering

will occur in the Hongtang Bay industrial and urban zoneswhile other zones will remain relatively unaffected

Tables 2 and 3 show the shoreline evolution before andafter SSRA Based on the comparison from Sanmei Bay toTaling Zone coastline deposition amounts will extend 124mand the coastline thickness will increase 41m annuallyduring the next 30 years following construction HongtangPort is in the center of Sanmei Bay and Taling Zone so it isexpected that it will be impacted But taking into consid-eration that Hongtang Bay is a port the influence should belimited

25 Marine Ecosystem Impact Assessment -e habitatconditions of benthos fish eggs larvae photosynthesis andcoral reef were examined to investigate the marine eco-system impact of SSRA construction Sea reclamationprojects completely change the environmental conditions ofthe sea area around the construction site which have anadverse impact on benthos -e majority of them will beburied covered and eventually die -e increase in sus-pended solid concentration will also affect seawater qualityin a negative manner leading to fish eggs and larvae death-erefore ecological compensation measures need to beimplemented to ease this situation Suspended solids willalso increase the turbidity of the surrounding sea area re-ducing the photosynthesis rate of phytoplankton But thisimpact is expected to have a short-term environmental ef-fect After construction suspended solid concentration willgradually decrease Consequently the phytoplanktoncommunity will start rebuilding within a few weeks untileventually recovering to their original level

Coral reefs were distributed in the Sanya Coral ReefMarine Protected Zone and the area from Sanmei Bay toTaling Zone According to the hydrodynamics suspendedsolids and deposition thickness assessments coral reefs inthe marine protected zone will not be significantly impactedHowever coral reefs in the area comprising Sanmei Bay toTaling zone will be impacted Due to coastline deposition inthis area six hectares of habitat will be occupied which willadversely impact coral reefs

26Noise ContaminationAssessment Environmental healthimpact assessment focuses on environmental impact espe-cially on human being During SSRA noise may influencehuman health so an investigation should be performedduring the SSRA construction process to assess noise con-tamination levels Table 4 depicts the noise value of variousconstruction machines Based on these data the noise in-fluence range of these machines can be calculated

Li L0 minus 20lgri

r01113888 1113889 (1)

where Li is the noise value of ri L0 is the noise value of r0 ri

is the distance from prediction point to noise source and r0is the noise monitoring distance

Table 5 shows that daytime construction noise shouldhave a range of at least 89m from construction site to humanresidence and at least 500m at night Considering that thenearest human residence to the construction site is at adistance of 46 km it is determined that it meets the envi-ronmental noise emission standard requirements for con-struction site boundary (GB12523 2011) -erefore noisewill not impact human healthy in a negative manner

3 Safety System Design

-e production and transportation of steel cylinders play asignificant role in the security management of sea reclamationengineering projects especially under the complex oceanicconditions As shown in Figure 7 the large steel cylinders weredivided into several small segments to facilitate their processingat the factory -en these segments are transported to a wharfand assembled using an assembly jig and lifting machinesFinally the assembled steel cylinders are transported to theconstruction site for further work -erefore the design of theassembly jig and the steel cylinder segments should be con-sidered in detail to ensure a successful process

31 Design of Steel Cylinder Segments To address the chal-lenges of construction and to increase construction effi-ciency the steel cylinders used for the SSRA quay wall were

Nanshan Guangyin

36km

Hongtang Bay Sanya Ultima ule

Sanya AirportOperation Area

Figure 1 SSRA location

Advances in Civil Engineering 3

18deg1

9prime5

22primeprimeN

18deg1

0prime3

25primeprimeN

18deg1

7prime13

49primeprimeN

18deg1

0prime3

25primeprimeN

15 km

Sanya Airport

Hongtang Bay industry andurban sea area

Nanshan tourismzone

Coral reef habitatHongtang

Port

Ultima ule tourismzone

Sanya Airport

Environmental impact assessment scope

Sanya Baytourism zone

Sanya Bayfishery zone

Coral reef marineprotected zone

Nanshan fisheryzone

109deg26prime2120primeprimeE109deg8prime1575primeprimeE

Figure 3 Environmental impact assessment scope of SSRA

9km

Steel cylinder

Auxiliary cell

Type T locker

Wide mortise

Auxiliary cell

Figure 2 Steel cylinder quay wall


Table 1 SSRA environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact indicator Assessment item Impact degreeHydrodynamics Tidal current speed change No impactSeawater quality Suspended solids No impact

Erosion and deposition environment Seabed evolution No impactCoastline evolution Hongtang Bay will suffer limited impact

Marine ecosystem

Benthos Benthos will be impactedFish eggs and larvae Fish eggs and larvae will be impacted

Photosynthesis Short-term impact and will recover soonCoral reef 6 hectares of coral reef along the coastline will be impacted

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000

Current speed change (ms)

A5ndash33 Nanshan tourism zoneB3ndash01 Hongtang Bay industry and urban zoneA2ndash10 Hongtang PortA5ndash32 Ultima ule tourism zoneB1ndash05 Sanya Bay fishery zone

Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008

002 to 004ndash002 to 002ndash004 to ndash002ndash008 to ndash004ndash012 to ndash008

ndash016 to ndash012ndash020 to ndash016ndash022 to ndash020Below ndash022Undefined value

N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(a)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000


Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N


B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(m)

(b)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(c)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(d)

Figure 4 Tidal current speed change (a) high tide rising (b) high tide ebbing (c) neap tide rising (d) neap tide ebbing


vertically divided circumferentially into eight units andhorizontally into two segments (the upper and lower sec-tions) as shown in Figure 8 -e length of the upper andlower sections is 127 and 208m respectively

To avoid weld overlapping the eight segments of thesteel cylinder lower section are divided into two types (typeA and type B) as shown in Figure 9(a) Type A comprises six32m wide plate units on the bottom side of the barrel andone 16m wide plate unit on the top of the barrel as shown

in Figure 9(b) Type B is composed of six 32m wide plateunits and one 16m wide plate unit on the bottom side of thebarrel as shown in Figure 9(c)

Meanwhile the eight segments of the steel cylinderupper section are also divided into two types (type C andtype D) as shown in Figure 10(a) Type C comprises three32m wide plate units on the bottom side of the barrel andone 16m wide plate unit on the top side of the barrel asshown in Figure 10(b) Type D is composed of three 32m

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000 A5ndash33 Nanshan tourism zoneB3ndash01 Hongtang Bay industry and urban zoneA2ndash10 Hongtang PortA5ndash32 Ultima ule tourism zoneB1ndash05 Sanya Bay fishery zone

Sanya Airport

Statistical maximum SSC fraction 1 (msl)Above 150100ndash15050ndash100

20ndash5010ndash20Below 10

B1-05B3-01

2000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000(m)

A5-33

A2-10A5-32

(m)

10000

N

Figure 5 Statistical maximum fraction of suspended solid diffusion

2027000

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2021000

2020000

2019000

2018000630000 635000 640000

Deposition thickness (m)Above 030020 to 030015 to 020010 to 015005 to 010000 to 005ndash010 to 000ndash020 to ndash010

ndash030 to ndash020ndash040 to ndash030ndash050 to ndash040ndash060 to ndash050ndash080 to ndash060ndash100 to ndash080Below ndash100Undefined value

(m)

(m)

N

Sanya Airport

Figure 6 Annual seabed erosion and deposition distribution


wide plate units and one 16m wide plate unit on the bottomside of the barrel as shown in Figure 10(c)

32 Assembly Jig Design -e assembly jig for the steelcylinders is divided into the upper and lower assembly jigsthey are integrated by assembly jig A As shown in Figure 11the horizontal base and vertical support of assembly jig Aconsist of an H-beam (HW 200times 200times 8times12) A steel platewith a 12mm thickness and a 15m arc radius is placed abovethe beam

-e lower assembly jig contains eight 11772times

3200times 22mm steel plates and one 11772times 3200times 22mmsteel plate welded together as shown in Figure 12 To ensurethe integrity and reliability of the steel plates and assemblyjig several assembly jigs A are placed under the steel plates-ese assembly jigs A are welded together by C20 steelchannels

Similarly the upper assembly jig contains three11772times 3200times 22mm steel plates and one 11772times

3200times 22mm steel plate welded together as shown inFigure 13 Four assembly jigs A are placed under the steel

plates As with the lower assembly jig these assembly jigs Aare welded together by C20 steel channels

-e assembly jig for the auxiliary cells is integrated byseveral assembly jigs B as shown in Figure 14-e horizontalbase and vertical support of assembly jig B consist of anH-beam (HW 200times 200times 8times12) A 12 mm thick steel plateis placed above the beam to form an arc with an 8635mmradius

-e assembly jig of the auxiliary cells contains ten14017times 3200times16mm steel plates and one14017times 3200times16mm steel plate welded together as shownin Figure 15 Two assembly jigs B are placed under the steelplates-ese assembly jigs B are welded together by C20 steelchannels

For the overall steel cylinder assembly jig an 800times 20steel column is employed as the upright column and a426times12 pipe is selected as a secondary beam and a diagonalbrace as shown in Figure 16 All the steel plates are Q345B

4 Safety Analysis

Numerical simulations provide an effective way to con-firm the safety of steel cylinder construction prior to

Table 2 Shoreline evolution before SSRA

Shoreline name Maximum shoreline recession or advance length in 30 years (m) Annual average erosion or deposition thickness (m)Nanshan Cape

minus19 +06Nanshan GuanyinSanmei Bay mdash mdashTaling Zone

minus20 +07You WharfDanyou BayTianya Town +6 +02Ultima -ule Zone mdash mdashNote ldquo+rdquo represents shoreline advance length or deposition thickness ldquominusrdquo represents shoreline recession length or erosion thickness

Table 3 Shoreline evolution after SSRA


minus36 +12Nanshan GuanyinSanmei Bay +124 +41Taling ZoneYou Wharf +50 +17Danyou BayTianya Town minus42 +14Ultima -ule Zone minus18 +06Note ldquo+rdquo represents shoreline advance length or deposition thickness ldquominusrdquo represents shoreline recession length or erosion thickness

Table 4 Noise values of construction machines

Noise source Noise monitoring distance(m)

Noise value(dB(A))

Piling machine 5 95Bulldozer 10 84Loadermachine 10 81

Cementvibrator 10 86

Table 5 Noise influence range of construction machines

Noise sourceNoise threshold

(dB(A))Standard

distance (m)Day Night Day Night

Piling machine 70 55 89 500Bulldozer 70 55 50 283Loader machine 70 55 36 200Cement vibrator 70 55 63 353


actual construction [19] Owing to severe weather condi-tions during the SSRA construction period including theoccurrence of typhoons great attention should be paid tothe steel cylinders If the steel cylinders can still fulfill thestrength requirements under an intensely adverse condi-tion the overall safety of the process can be certified To thisend the finite element software ANSYS (ANSYS IncCanonsburg PA USA) is employed to build a numericalmodel of the steel cylinder Furthermore the steel cylindersare stored near the wharf after assembly for convenientshipping Self-propelled modular trailers (SPMTs) areemployed to transport the steel cylinders from wharf toship During this process 14m high blocks are set on thesteel cylinder assembly jig to ensure transportation reli-ability Due to the large weight and height of the steelcylinders the ANSYS finite element model is also employedto confirm transportation safety and investigate the safetyrepertory of the steel cylinder

According to the design code for steel structures (GB50017-2017) the load combination Gc can be calculatedaccording to the following formulations

G 8000 kN(themaximumweight of the steel cylinder)

wk βzμsμzwo

Fwy wk times A1

Gc 12 times G + 14 times Fwy + Fqx1113872 1113873

(2)

where G is the dead load wk is the wind load βz is the windvibration coefficient value 1 μs is the wind load shapecoefficient for a cylindrical shape value 06 μz is the windpressure variation coefficient value 152 wo is the basicwind pressure for a maximum wind speed of 20ms val-ue 025 kNm2 A1 is the horizontal windward areavalue 39mtimes 30m 1170m2 Fwy is the transverse windpressure and Fqx is the unbalanced horizontal traction -emaximum single-side traction of the SPMT arranged at thebottom of the steel cylinder is 6times12 72 and t 720 kN andthe unbalanced horizontal traction value is 360 kN Table 6lists the simulation model load combinations including theload specifications

Factory processingSteel cylinder segments are

transported to wharfSteel cylinder pieces are hoistedonto the ship by floating crane

Assembly Steel cylinder segmentsare shipped on board

Steel cylinder segments aretransported to another wharf

Steel cylinders are unloaded Steel cylinders are transportedto designated area

Figure 7 Production and transportation process of steel cylinders

Upper section ofsteel cylinder

Integrated steelcylinder

335

m

127

m20

8m

Lower section ofsteel cylinder

Figure 8 Horizontal segments


A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800

Top of steelcylinder

Downside of steelcylinder

3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)

Figure 9 Lower section segments (a) section segments (top view) (b) type A cylinder design (side view) (c) type B cylinder design (sideview)

C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)

Figure 10 Upper section segments (a) section segments (top view) (b) type C cylinder design (side view) (c) type D cylinder design (sideview)

(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)

Figure 11 Assembly jig A (a) 3D model (b) side view (c) top view

(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)

Figure 12 Lower assembly jig (a) 3D model (b) top view


Based on the numerical model depicted in Figure 17 asimulation is conducted to investigate the stress field distri-bution in the steel cylinder which is followed by a strength test-ick plate elements were used to model the cylinder wall andannular transverse ribs and beam elements were used tosimulate T-shaped longitudinal ribs Figure 18 presents the

maximum stress occurring at the bottom of the steel cylinderwhich is connected to a SPMT Figure 19 indicates the maxi-mum displacement occurring on the top of the steel cylinder-emaximumhorizontal displacement observed was 62m andthe maximum vertical displacement was 32m (vertical dis-placement14)

(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)

Figure 13 Upper assembly jig (a) 3D model (b) top view

(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)

Figure 14 Assembly jig B (a) 3D model (b) side view (c) top view


Table 7 indicates that the steel cylinder exhibits sufficientsafety repertory and fulfills the stress and displacementrequirements in such extremely unfavorable conditions byextension this verifies the reliability of the steel cylindersafety system design discussed in Section 3

5 Safety Control Process

Based on the safety system analysis detailed in Section 5 thesteel cylinder has a significant impact on the safety of seareclamation construction Nevertheless taking reasonableconstruction measures can control the steel cylinder vi-bration and sinking process some practical control mea-sures are described next

51 Transportation Control Before the steel cylinders areshipped they are transported by SPMTs to the wharf Be-cause climate conditions can vary rapidly weather moni-toring should be prioritized -e hydrologic data of thewharf indicate that the wharf surface elevation is +55m theseafloor depth is minus108m the average high water level is+276m and the average low water level is +11m -us theheight from the wharf to the water surface at the minimumlow water level is 44m and the height from the wharf to thewater surface at the peak high water level is 274m-erefore the barge carries the cargo and the rear freeboardshould be between 274 and 44m to satisfy the shipmentrequirements According to Tables 8 and 9 when the heightfrom the wharf to the water surface reaches 35m and thetide height reaches 174 cm steel cylinders can be transferred

to ships for transportation -is combination of factorsoccurs at 1700 which was selected as the optimum time fortransportation

-ree steel cylinders are shipped per vessel and eachshipment takes 10ndash15 days After arriving at the designatedposition on the barge deck the steel cylinders loaded on theSPMT are unloaded onto temporary piers on the deck Fi-nally the steel cylinders are integrated

52 Steel Cylinder Vibration and Sinking Control A moni-toring and location systemwas employed to ensure the safetyand accuracy of the steel cylinder vibration and sinkingprocess and the system is shown in Figure 20 To establish arelative position reference for the comprehensive moni-toring and location system scale lines such as 0deg and 180deglines and height lines are drawn on the steel cylinder(Figure 21) Fully automatic tracking total station and re-flection prism can measure the angle and distance of steelcylinder inclination and a level gauge can measure the steelcylinder verticality Figure 22 shows that the system canmonitor horizontal and vertical position information in realtime

During the vibration and sinking stage it is critical toensure the accurate positioning of three different shipsnamely the positioning floating crane and transport ships-e coordinates of the positioning ship can be calculatedaccurately according to the coordinates of the steel cylindervibration position cylinder diameter positioning ship sizeand the dimensions of the positioning guide frame-erefore the positioning ship can be placed in the working

(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)

Figure 15 Assembly jig for auxiliary cell (a) 3D model (b) top view


area through the tug and its own anchor cable Based on thevibration hammer group weight steel cylinder weight andlifting characteristic curve of the crane ship the coordinatesof the floating crane ship can be calculated -e floatingcrane ship is positioned through the tug and its own anchorcable -e position of the transport ship can be determinedaccording to the floating crane working radius and the three

(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)

Figure 16 Overall assembly jig for the steel cylinders (a) 3D model (b) top view (c) side view

Table 6 Load combinations

Item Value (kN)Dead load 8000Wind load 2668Uneven horizontal traction 360Load combination 1047752

Elements

Figure 17 Steel cylinder numerical simulation model mesh


working ships are kept relatively parallel to each other asshown in Figure 23

Hammers clamp the steel cylinders during this processa hammer set should be positioned on the right side abovethe steel hammer After ensuring that the hammer set isrelatively stable the hook is slowly loosened until the steelcylinder enters the guide groove of the hydraulic fixture -evibrating hammer set is then adjusted to stick the middle

fixture of the hammer to the baffle which is set up previouslyon the cylinder wall as shown in Figure 24

Attention should be paid to the perpendicularity of thesteel cylinders during the process of sinking them in the seaIf the inclination of the steel cylinder becomes large becauseof rapid eddy circulations the sinking process should bestopped immediately the process can be restarted when theinclination is reduced -e hook lifting weight should be

003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985

Figure 18 Stress distribution

0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)

Figure 19 Results of steel cylinder displacement test (a) displacement distribution (b) horizontal displacement distribution (c) verticaldisplacement distribution

Table 7 Numerical simulation results

Item Simulation value Checking criteriaStress 168MPa le295MPa (tensile bending strength of Q345B steel)Displacement 110mm lesteel pipe diameter200

Table 8 Tide report (from 0000 to 1100)

Time 0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100Tide height (m) 187 198 205 208 209 208 206 205 208 214 220 224Height from wharf to water surface (m) mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash 31 3 295 291


Time 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300Tide height (m) 226 222 214 202 188 174 163 156 155 166 182 201Height from wharf to water surface (m) 285 297 299 325 344 35 365 39 392 37 mdash mdash


Reflection prism

Data receiver

Fully automatictracking total station

GPS satellite receivingantenna

Computer visualizationplatform


Positioning guide frame

Steel cylinder

Data transmitter

Figure 20 Monitoring and location system structure

Height lines

0 degrees lines

Figure 21 Scale lines in the steel cylinder

Figure 22 Monitoring and location system visualization platform

Figure 23 Positions of the three working ships

Figure 24 Clamping of steel cylinder

Figure 25 Steel cylinder sinking

Figure 26 Backfilling sand experiment


strictly controlled so that the hook can maintain a certainlifting force to ensure the steel cylinder stability as shown inFigure 25

53 Auxiliary Cell Vibration and Sinking Control After thesteel cylinder is sunk the auxiliary cell should also be sunk toconnect different steel cylinders together and maintainstability -e auxiliary cell position can be adjusted bychanging its upper and lower chord lengths Hangers are setat the top and bottom of the auxiliary cell -e main hook ofthe floating crane is connected with the top main hangerusing steel wire rope while the secondary hook is connectedwith the bottom subhanger also using steel wire rope Afterlifting the auxiliary cell horizontally from the transport shipit is rotated to the top of the steel cylinder the main hook isslowly lifted and the secondary hook is lowered until theauxiliary cell is upright Finally the steel cylinder andauxiliary cell are connected

54 Backfilling SandQuality Control After the steel cylinderis sunk medium-coarse sand should be backfilled to formthe land To ensure the quality of backfilling sand experi-ments should be conducted prior to construction A squarearea of 30times 30m was selected for these experiments Vi-bration holes are arranged in equilateral triangles and a holespacing of 30 35 and 40m is adopted to conduct the testsas shown in Figure 26 Table 10 lists the verification stan-dards in response to the aforementioned backfilling sandindexes

A high-pressure water cannon is employed to backfill thesand (Figure 27) During this process workers are requiredto keep moving the blowpipe to guarantee that the sandwater mixture flows evenly

6 Safety Effect Evaluation

According to the reasonable countermeasures adoptedbased on the numerical simulation analysis which wasconducted with a set of valid assumptions the steel cyl-inder vibration and sinking process were accomplished onschedule -ese results indicate that the steel cylindertransportation vibration and sinking were stable Inaddition the sand backfilling process can meet the qualitycontrol criteria -erefore the safety management ap-proach for the complete process of sea reclamationconstruction is proven to be reliable and feasible

7 Conclusions

In recent years the safety management of sea reclamationconstruction has raised widespread concerns owing to itsclose relationship with the issues of public safety particu-larly in the process of steel cylinder vibration and sinking-is process is likely to cause shipment accidents and insome instances results in human casualties To ensure thesafety of this process in complex and hazardous workingenvironments reliable design schemes for the steel cylinderand assembly jig are proposed in this paper -e SSRA inHainan Province China is used as a case study -e resultsverify the feasibility of the proposed method which could beapplied to other similar sea reclamation constructionprojects In light of these results the following conclusionsare drawn

(1) -e schemes for steel cylinder transportation shouldbe methodically established based on site conditionsduring the vibration and sinking processes partic-ularly in complex sea conditions Owing to theheight and weight of the steel cylinder constructiondifficulty increases therefore the steel cylinder isdivided into several segments that can be manu-factured independently Additionally integratingthese segments is also a challenge so assembly jigsare carefully designed to meet the constructionrequirements

(2) Numerical analysis simulations are determined to bea reliable method for the safety management controlof complex projects Nevertheless time and re-sources may be misused while analyzing the overallprocess in advance To establish a balance betweensafety and economic efficiency numerical simulationmethods should focus on the most unfavorable

Table 10 Sand verification criteria

Item Verification criteriaInternal frictionangle ge32deg

Clay content le5Permeate coefficient ge5times10minus3 cms

Sand diameter Sand diameter exceeding 2mm should not exceed 50 of the total mass and sand diameter exceeding 0075mmshould exceed 50 of the total mass

Figure 27 Backfilling sand


conditions and stages of the construction process Inthe case of the SSRA priority should have been givento the steel cylinders It is thus essential to inspect thestress and displacement distributions in the steelcylinders

(3) Establishing an accurate location system is an im-portant technical issue in the safety control of vi-bration and sinking processes particularly in harshworking environments and during extreme eventssuch as typhoons Considerable deviation exists dueto the fact that a typhoon may have adverse impactson the location system therefore the steel cylindervibration and sinking processes should be conductedcarefully and more attention should be paid todynamic changes

Despite its demonstrated advantages the proposedsystemic approach has some limitations First effectivemeasures have been adopted to guarantee safety duringthe transportation and vibration of steel cylindershowever more advanced innovation technologies shouldbe developed For example health-monitoring technol-ogy which integrates sensor technology and data miningcould be used to examine the dynamic safety performanceduring the steel cylinder transportation and vibrationprocesses Second by adopting numerical analysis tech-niques the safety performance of steel cylinder could beguaranteed even under the most intensely adverse con-ditions However a higher safety repertory will increasethe steel cylindersrsquo production costs -erefore an opti-mal design scheme for steel cylinders needs to be exploredin future works to ensure the safety repertory of steelcylinders as well as cost reduction by adopting multi-objective optimization According to the marine ecosys-tem impact assessment some original marine organismhabitats such as benthos fish eggs and larvae may benegatively affected New marine organisms could beplaced in the affected marine ecosystem to make up for theabsence and damage some of these marine organismsrecover quickly and rebuild their communities Fur-thermore foundation trench dredging and dumping areasshould be accurately positioned and operated to avoidrepeated operation in the same general area thus reducingthe disturbance intensity on the marine organism habitatsthat are located in the construction site surrounding areasCoral reefs near the construction area should be removedand transported to another suitable sea area for furtherprotection During the construction period the numberand route of construction ships should be strictly plannedto prevent the coral reef habitat from being impactedConsidering the fact that shoreline erosion and depositionreduces coral reef habitats artificial beach nourishmentand detached breakwaters should be implemented toprevent the coral reef habitat from being occupied Ad-ditionally materials used in cofferdam constructionshould be carefully selected because coral reef can live oncertain suitable materials and potentially increase theirhabitat Smart construction is an alternative that could beexplored in the future but one of its key challenges is

connecting the visual and physical spaces Digital twintechnologies could integrate the physical and virtual datathroughout the construction project lifecycle which leadsto a massive volume of data that could be processed byadvanced analytics In future studies we plan to applydigital twin technologies to promote the integration be-tween visual and physical models More advanced sim-ulation analysis will be employed to guarantee the safetyof future sea reclamation construction

Data Availability

All data used to support the findings of this study will beavailable from the corresponding author on request

Conflicts of Interest

-e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

-is work was supported by the Ministry of Humanities andSocial Sciences of China (Grant No 20YJAZH141) andTianjin Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant No15ZXHLSF00040)

References

[1] X Q Kou A M Liu and J F Hou ldquoStudy on deformation ofsteel cylinder during artificial island constructionrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 671ndash674 pp 296ndash301 2013

[2] O T Gudmestad ldquoMarine construction and operationchallenges in the Barents Seardquo Ship Technology Researchvol 60 no 3 pp 128ndash137 2015

[3] R K Wysocki Effective Project Management TraditionalAgile Extreme Wiley Hoboken NJ USA 2011

[4] D N C Lai M Liu and F Y Y Ling ldquoA comparative studyon adopting human resource practices for safety managementon construction projects in the United States and SingaporerdquoInternational Journal of Project Management vol 29 no 8pp 1018ndash1032 2011

[5] B Corovic andPDjurovic ldquoResearch ofmarine accidents throughthe prism of human factorsrdquo PrometndashTrafficndashTransport vol 25pp 369ndash377 2013

[6] E Akyuz ldquoA hybrid accident analysis method to assess po-tential navigational contingencies the case of ship ground-ingrdquo Safety Science vol 79 pp 268ndash276 2015

[7] E Akyuz ldquoA marine accident analysing model to evaluatepotential operational causes in cargo shipsrdquo Safety Sciencevol 92 pp 17ndash25 2017

[8] K M Abujaafar ldquoQuantitative human reliability assessmentin Marine Engineering operationsrdquo PhD thesis LiverpoolJohn Moores University Liverpool UK 2012

[9] E Akyuz ldquoQuantitative human error assessment duringabandon ship procedures in maritime transportationrdquo OceanEngineering vol 120 pp 21ndash29 2016

[10] S-Q Tong NWang and N-Q Song ldquoEmergency evacuationcapability evaluation and optimization for an offshore airportthe case of Dalian Offshore Airport Dalian Chinardquo SafetyScience vol 92 pp 128ndash137 2017

[11] H Karahalios ldquo-e contribution of risk management in shipmanagement the case of ship collisionrdquo Safety Science vol 63pp 104ndash114 2014


[12] C Chauvin S Lardjane G Morel J-P Clostermann andB Langard ldquoHuman and organisational factors in maritimeaccidents analysis of collisions at sea using the HFACSrdquoAccident Analysis amp Prevention vol 59 pp 26ndash37 2013

[13] A Mazaheri J Montewka J Nisula and P Kujala ldquoUsabilityof accident and incident reports for evidence-based riskmodelingmdasha case study on ship grounding reportsrdquo SafetyScience vol 76 pp 202ndash214 2015

[14] S Guo M Peng J Ruan and W Wan ldquoCause analysis of thefire and explosion during crude oil desulfurization in ChinardquoJournal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries vol 26no 6 pp 961ndash967 2013

[15] Y F Wang M Xie K-S Chin and X J Fu ldquoAccidentanalysis model based on bayesian network and evidentialreasoning approachrdquo Journal of Loss Prevention in the ProcessIndustries vol 26 no 1 pp 10ndash21 2013

[16] J Oh S Park and O-S Kwon ldquoAdvanced navigation aidssystem based on augmented realityrdquo International Journal ofE-Navigation and Maritime Economy vol 5 pp 21ndash31 2016

[17] M Grabowski A Rowen and J P Rancy ldquoEvaluation ofwearable immersive augmented reality technology in safety-critical systemsrdquo Safety Science vol 103 pp 23ndash32 2017

[18] Y Tan Y Song J Zhu Q Long X Wang and J C P ChengldquoOptimizing lift operations and vessel transport schedules fordisassembly of multiple offshore platforms using BIM andGISrdquo Automation in Construction vol 94 pp 328ndash339 2018

[19] C Shi M Zhong X Nong L He J Shi and G FengldquoModeling and safety strategy of passenger evacuation in ametro station in Chinardquo Safety Science vol 50 no 5pp 1319ndash1332 2012


has become a significant concern To evaluate the capabilityof marine emergency evacuation system schemes accuratelyTong et al [10] presented a scheduling simulation methodthat integrates evacuation demand analysis and marinenetwork analysis Owing to poor sea routes many shipaccidents have been attributed to collisions [11 12]grounding [13] or fireexplosions [14] Such cases have beencarefully analyzed to help safety practitioners avoid similaraccidents [15] Moreover novel technological innovationshave been introduced in the safety management protocols ofmarine construction [16] Grabowski et al [17] developed asafety-critical system by employing wearable immersiveaugmented reality (WIAR) technology to improve decision-making in marine navigation Furthermore Tan et al [18]proposed a digital construction system integrating buildinginformation modeling (BIM) and geographical informationsystem (GIS) to effectively obtain optimal schemes of dis-assembling topsides for multiple offshore platforms cur-rently this is widely used in marine construction -reeintelligent algorithms were employed in that system to solvethe lift panning optimization problem In general previousstudies have demonstrated independent safety managementapproaches in marine engineering but their consideration ofsteel cylinders in marine construction is limited-erefore acomprehensive methodology of the overall safety manage-ment process in sea reclamation engineering must be de-veloped to fill this research gap

-e quay wall of the Sanya Sea Reclamation Airport(SSRA) which has a total length of 9 km is known to be thelargest steel cylinder structure used in an artificial island inChina To construct an artificial island steel cylinders arerequired to vibrate and sink into the seafloor Owing to thecomplex and hazardous working environment at sea a poorlocation system is likely to be produced and causes con-struction damage To achieve successful steel cylinder vi-bration and sinking a systemic approach for the completesafety management process is proposed including safetysystem design analysis control and evaluation -e resultsof this study could be used to provide guidelines for safetymanagement in artificial island engineering andconstruction

2 Project Profile

SSRA is a sea reclamation airport located in the Hainanprovince China with a total area of approximately 24 km2

and an offshore distance of approximately 36 km as seen inFigure 1 It is located between Nanshan Guanyin and Ultima-ule in the Southern China Sea-e average water depth onthe artificial island is 20ndash30m SSRA was constructed tomeet the growing requirements of international trade co-operation and the development of surrounding countries Itcan accommodate almost 60 million passengers annuallyand its total construction cost was 87 billion yuan

Known as the ldquosuper-largerdquo steel cylinder constructionof China the steel cylinder quay wall structure contains 145steel cylinders for a total length of 9 km as seen in Figure 2Steel cylinders are arranged along the shore wall front line onthe southern side of the artificial island -e steel cylinders

have a diameter of 30m and a thickness of 22mm In ad-dition the height of the steel cylinder ranges from 25 to 39mwith a weight of approximately 500ndash800 t -e distancebetween steel cylinders is 3m and the steel cylinders areconnected via auxiliary cells-e weight of an auxiliary cell is65ndash105 t and its thickness is 20mm on the seaside and16mm on the continental side Both sides of the auxiliarycellrsquos subgrid curved steel plate are welded with a t-type lockwhich is connected with the wide mortise welded on the steelcylinder Q345B steel is selected for the steel cylinderauxiliary cell and wide mortise T250times 200times10times16 steelis selected for the longitudinal reinforcing rib and aPL16 strip is employed for the transverse reinforcing ribQ235B steel is selected for the longitudinal and transversereinforcing ribs-e designed service life of the steel cylinderis 100 years ZF series marine engineering special epoxyheavy anticorrosive coating is employed to protect the steelcylinders from corrosion

21 Environmental Impact Assessment -e environmentalimpact assessment scope in relation to Sanya Airport isdepicted in Figure 3 and the SSRA construction project islocated in the Hongtang Bay coastal industrial and urbanzones -e scope contains three tourism zones two fisheryzones a marine protected zone and a seaport It is worthnoting that in this scope there are three coral reef habitatsalong the shoreline namely a coral reef marine protectedarea and two coral reef habitats

To comprehensively assess the environmental impact ofSSRA construction hydrodynamics seawater quality ero-sion environmental deposition and the health of the marineecosystem were examined -e results are presented inTable 1

22 Hydrodynamic Impact Assessment -e hydrodynamicsof the Sanya Airport construction project was examined byanalyzing changes in tidal current speed Figure 4 shows thattidal current speed changes will mainly occur in the Hon-gtang Bay industrial and urban sea zones and that thehydrodynamics of other critical surrounding zones will notchange significantly

23 Seawater Quality Impact Assessment In the SanyaAirport construction process during dredging and riprap-ping of the bank revetment foundation trench a massiveeffusion in overflow vent leads to suspended solids whichnegatively impacts seawater quality According to numericalsimulation results these suspended solids will mainly beconstrained to the Hongtang Bay industrial and urban zonesand will not impact the seawater quality of other criticalsurrounding zones (Figure 5)

24 Erosion and Deposition Environmental ImpactAssessment Seabed and coastline evolution were examinedto investigate the erosion and deposition environmentalimpact due to the construction of Sanya Airport Figure 6shows that the largest annual seabed deposition thickness







Li L0 minus 20lgri

r01113888 1113889 (1)







Nanshan Guangyin

36km





18deg1

9prime5

22primeprimeN

18deg1

0prime3

25primeprimeN

18deg1

7prime13

49primeprimeN

18deg1

0prime3

25primeprimeN

15 km

Sanya Airport


Nanshan tourismzone


Port


Sanya Airport





Nanshan fisheryzone



9km

Steel cylinder

Auxiliary cell

Type T locker

Wide mortise

Auxiliary cell






Marine ecosystem



(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(a)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000


Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N


B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(m)

(b)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(c)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(d)







9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000


Sanya Airport



B1-05B3-01

2000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000(m)

A5-33

A2-10A5-32

(m)

10000

N


2027000

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2021000

2020000

2019000

2018000630000 635000 640000



(m)

(m)

N

Sanya Airport













4 Safety Analysis











Noise value(dB(A))





(dB(A))Standard







wk βzμsμzwo

Fwy wk times A1


(2)










335

m

127

m20

8m




A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800



3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



























Li L0 minus 20lgri

r01113888 1113889 (1)







Nanshan Guangyin

36km





18deg1

9prime5

22primeprimeN

18deg1

0prime3

25primeprimeN

18deg1

7prime13

49primeprimeN

18deg1

0prime3

25primeprimeN

15 km

Sanya Airport


Nanshan tourismzone


Port


Sanya Airport





Nanshan fisheryzone



9km

Steel cylinder

Auxiliary cell

Type T locker

Wide mortise

Auxiliary cell






Marine ecosystem



(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(a)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000


Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N


B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(m)

(b)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(c)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(d)







9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000


Sanya Airport



B1-05B3-01

2000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000(m)

A5-33

A2-10A5-32

(m)

10000

N


2027000

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2021000

2020000

2019000

2018000630000 635000 640000



(m)

(m)

N

Sanya Airport













4 Safety Analysis











Noise value(dB(A))





(dB(A))Standard







wk βzμsμzwo

Fwy wk times A1


(2)










335

m

127

m20

8m




A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800



3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References






















18deg1

9prime5

22primeprimeN

18deg1

0prime3

25primeprimeN

18deg1

7prime13

49primeprimeN

18deg1

0prime3

25primeprimeN

15 km

Sanya Airport


Nanshan tourismzone


Port


Sanya Airport





Nanshan fisheryzone



9km

Steel cylinder

Auxiliary cell

Type T locker

Wide mortise

Auxiliary cell






Marine ecosystem



(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(a)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000


Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N


B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(m)

(b)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(c)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(d)







9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000


Sanya Airport



B1-05B3-01

2000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000(m)

A5-33

A2-10A5-32

(m)

10000

N


2027000

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2021000

2020000

2019000

2018000630000 635000 640000



(m)

(m)

N

Sanya Airport













4 Safety Analysis











Noise value(dB(A))





(dB(A))Standard







wk βzμsμzwo

Fwy wk times A1


(2)










335

m

127

m20

8m




A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800



3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References

























Marine ecosystem



(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(a)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000


Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N


B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(m)

(b)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(c)

(m)

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2020000

2021000

2019000

2018000

2017000

324000322000320000318000316000(m)

314000



Above 020016 to 020012 to 016008 to 012004 to 008



N

B1-05

Sanya Airport

A5-32A2-10

B3-01

A5-33

(d)







9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000


Sanya Airport



B1-05B3-01

2000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000(m)

A5-33

A2-10A5-32

(m)

10000

N


2027000

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2021000

2020000

2019000

2018000630000 635000 640000



(m)

(m)

N

Sanya Airport













4 Safety Analysis











Noise value(dB(A))





(dB(A))Standard







wk βzμsμzwo

Fwy wk times A1


(2)










335

m

127

m20

8m




A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800



3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References


























9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000


Sanya Airport



B1-05B3-01

2000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000(m)

A5-33

A2-10A5-32

(m)

10000

N


2027000

2026000

2025000

2024000

2023000

2022000

2021000

2020000

2019000

2018000630000 635000 640000



(m)

(m)

N

Sanya Airport













4 Safety Analysis











Noise value(dB(A))





(dB(A))Standard







wk βzμsμzwo

Fwy wk times A1


(2)










335

m

127

m20

8m




A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800



3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References
































4 Safety Analysis











Noise value(dB(A))





(dB(A))Standard







wk βzμsμzwo

Fwy wk times A1


(2)










335

m

127

m20

8m




A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800



3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References

























wk βzμsμzwo

Fwy wk times A1


(2)










335

m

127

m20

8m




A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800



3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References






















A B

A

B

AB

A

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

B

(a)

3200 3200 3200 320020800



3200 3200 1600

(b)

3200 3200 3200

20800



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


C D

C

D

CD

C

45deg

45deg

45deg 45deg

45deg

45deg

45deg45deg

D

(a)

Figure 10 Continued


11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References






















11200



3200 3200 3200 1600

(b)

11200



3200 3200 32001600

(c)


(a)

200 2001800 1800 180011200

108

438 10

05

1801 1800 1799

(b)

200 200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 200

(c)


(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1400

(b)





(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References
























(a)

2000 1200 20009800

1200 2000 1200

(b)


(a)

2421

1000

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 150112600

1500 1500 1500 300

537 13

11264

(b)

200

300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 300

(c)











(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References






























(a)

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 120030800

2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000

(b)




(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























(a)

426 times 12

800 times 20

29356

(b)

800 times 20

426 times 12

426 times 12

8900

8900

1500

2080

0(c)




Elements







003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References


























003

8084

186

99

373

6

560

2

746

81

933

42

112

003

130

664

149

325

167

985


0

121

79

243

57

365

36

487

14

608

93

130

71

852

5

974

28

109

607

(a)

ndash60

87

150

6

909

9

166

92

242

85

318

77

394

7

470

63

546

56

622

49

(b)

ndash28

89

ndash22

381

ndash15

871

ndash93

61

ndash28

52

365

8

101

67

166

77

231

87

296

96

(c)









Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References






















Reflection prism

Data receiver






Steel cylinder

Data transmitter


Height lines

0 degrees lines














7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




























7 Conclusions














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References


























Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References






















Safety Management in Sea Reclamation Construction: A Case ...

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Transcript of Safety Management in Sea Reclamation Construction: A Case ...