Safe cities free of violence against women and girls...

Safe cities free of violence against women and girls

Findings of baseline study (Cairo project)

Social Research Center The American University in Cairo

Results displayed in this presentation are copyrighted and thus can not be quoted or copied without a written permission from the Social Research Center

Selected sites

Table 1: Size (population, households and area) of sheyakhas and selected sites

Name

Sheyakha Selected Sites

Population No. of

households Area (Km2) Population

No. of households

Area (Km2)

Ezbet Al-Haggannah 80,590 14,518 (5.3)13.6 11,489 2,250 0.82

Mansheyat Nasser 180,290 35,458 3.54 9,100 1,800 0.56

Embaba 19,398 5,216 0.4 7,150 1,700 0.213

* Source: Egypt 2006 census data (population and number of households for sheyakhas)

Selection of sites: criteria

On choosing the sites for intervention within each area the following criteria were considered:

1. Each site consists of three adjacent sectors. They were chosen so as to represent the different gradients on the scale of socioeconomic status (SES) within the site.

2. The chosen sites should include a common area of economic and social activity, like a transportation stop, market, school and main street (usually commercial).

3. Areas of extreme poverty and squatters where people were residing in slum-settings were excluded from intervention.

4. Utilizing the information provided by ISDF and excluding all the areas that were planned for demolition and/or move of residents so as to be eligible for impact evaluation (IE).

Baseline survey was conducted within each of the selected sites. The unit of analysis for IE is the whole site though not the sectors and thus all reporting will be on the level of the sites.


Sampling methodology

According to Egypt DHS 2008, 32% of households have never-married females aged 15-45 and 52% have males 15-45. An oversampling of (about 30%) was performed in each site in order to increase the sample of the latter two groups. Field work showed that some areas had fewer males and never-married females than the percent obtained from the DHS. In Ezbet Al-Haggannah, only 21.6% of households had never-married respondents so the sample size in this area was further increased with the aim of having sufficient observations to detect changes in the prevalence rates for post-intervention assessment for IE. Table 3 gives the sample sizes for each site.

Table 3: Sample size for selected sites

Name

Selected Sites

Total Population

No. of households N

Sample size (households)

n

Ezbet Al-Haggannah 11,489 2,250 659

Mansheyat Nasser 9,100 1,800 550

Embaba 7,150 1,700 490

Interviewers first collect data on the household, then use the household roaster to select the following for individual interviews:

1. eligible ever-married female 15-60, 2. eligible never-married female 15-45, 3. eligible male 15-30.

One ever married (15-60), one never married woman or girl (15-45), and one male (15-30) were selected from each household whenever applicable.


Tools for baseline survey

After the 25 January Revolution, adjustments were made to the tools. All questions asking about safety and incidence occurrence were rephrased to reference the year 2010. An extra section was added that asks about the changes in different aspects of safety after the revolution.

Tools for baseline survey were designed to generate as much as possible the indicators required for IE as outlined by UN-Women documentation1 whenever applicable.

Findings

Table 4: Distribution of the interviewed respondents

Interviews Al-Haggannah Mansheyat

Nasser Embaba

Ever married 632 (96%) 514 (93%) 428 (87%) Never married 129 (20%) 159 (29%) 173 (35%) Male 313 (47%) 246 (45%) 212 (43%)

Number of Households 659 550 490

1 UN-Women (2011). Safe cities free of violence against women and girls: Impact evaluation strategy.


Table 5: Background characteristics of households

Al-Haggannah

Mansheyat Nasser

Embaba

Headship Male 92.87 87.82 73.88

Female 7.13 12.18 26.12

No of usual members

1 1.21 1.64 6.94

2 9.1 9.27 13.27

3 18.06 16 17.14

4 27.77 21.45 24.9

5 19.58 25.27 22.86

6 15.02 13.82 8.57

7+ 9.26 12.55 6.33

Mean size 4.37 4.51 3.94

Number of households 659 550 490


Table 6: Background and demographic characteristics of household members

Al-Haggannah

Mansheyat Nasser

Embaba

Gender Male 51.30 49.70 48.36

Female 48.70 50.30 51.64

N 2926 2533 1948 Marital status Never married 21.45 26.61 31.52

Engaged 3.78 5.96 4.68 Sign contract 0.23 0.92 0.28 Married 70.65 60.48 50.38 Widowed 2.97 3.75 10.05 Divorced 0.74 1.41 2.06 Separated 0.17 0.86 1.03 N 1748 1627 1453

Age group 0-9 28.09 23.02 15.50

10-19 20.98 23.17 20.84

20-29 17.94 17.45 17.09

30-39 14.56 13.66 12.32

40-49 10.25 10.70 12.42

50-59 5.16 7.86 11.19

60+ 3.01 4.15 10.63

N 2926 2533 1948 Education None 20.61 23.35 17.32

Primary 30.16 29.89 26.94

Preparatory 16.54 17.89 16.02

Secondary 23.56 22.37 27.96

University+ 9.13 6.49 11.77

N 2334 2141 1767 Work status last 12 months

Yes 37.27 36.24 32.13

No 62.73 63.76 67.87

N 2356 2144 1771


Table 7: Characteristics of housing units

Al-Haggannah

Mansheyat Nasser

Embaba

Electricity Yes, electric meter 63.22 97.45 95.31

Yes, electric connection 36.78 2.55 4.69

Dwelling ownership

Owned 62.97 50.73 63.12

Owned jointly 6.53 7.64 10.20

Old rent 5.77 25.64 45.51

New rent 22.61 13.27 6.73

Source of drinking water

Piped into dwelling 98.03 84.18 95.51

Piped into yard 1.21 4.00 2.24

Tanker truck 0 9.09 0

Type of flooring material

Cement 14.44 10.36 2.24

Cement tiles 49.70 66.55 75.51

Ceramic/Marble 35.41 22.36 22.04

Type of toilet facility

Modern flush 39.30 61.64 65.51

Tank flush 6.84 5.27 8.16

Bucket flush 23.71 33.09 26.33

Type of sewage Public sewer 100 82.73 100

Vault 0 1.09 0

Septic system 0 2.18 0

Kitchen facility Yes 96.05 87.09 78.16

Cooking fuel Electricity 0.91 1.46 0.82

Natural gas 2.88 1.28 21.84

LPG 96.05 97.27 76.94

N 659 549 490


Table 8: Household possessions

Al-Haggannah

Mansheyat Nasser

Embaba

Consumer Refrigerator 96.05 97.64 97.14 Durables Water Heater 57.81 48.36 61.63 Auto Washer 26.60 22.18 33.06 Semi-auto washer 74.36 80.73 67.35

Other Electronics Color TV 96.66 96.73 96.94 Video/DVD 2.89 2.73 1.02 Dish/Connection 94.08 89.09 94.69 Computer 35.66 27.27 32.04 Fan 94.84 94.00 97.35 Air Conditioner 4.40 2.55 4.90

Communication Telephone 24.58 29.82 47.35 Mobile 95.45 91.82 88.16

Transportation Bicycle 3.95 1.27 2.45 Motorcycle/Scooter 6.07 2.73 3.27 Car 12.44 2.91 5.51 Mini truck/Van 3.03 0.18 0.20 Toctoc 0.46 0.91 0.41

Stove Stove with oven 93.32 93.45 93.88 Small flat stove 5.01 5.45 5.71

Assets Land 1.67 0.55 0.20 Any real state 9.56 4.36 3.67 Poultry/Cattle 2.28 0.73 0.41

N 659 550 490


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Weekly Monthly Yearly Don'tknow

Doesn'thappen

Increasedafter

revolution

48

22

2

23

6

22

71

20

0 6

2

33

72

20

1 6

0

56

Ever-married Never-married Male

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Weekly Monthly Yearly Don't know Doesn'thappen

Increasedafter

revolution

61

11

0

26

2

40

84

7 1

7 1

48

55

30

4 9

1

68

Ever-married Never-married Male

Al-Haggannah Mansheyat Nasser

0102030405060708090

Weekly Monthly Yearly Don't know Doesn'thappen

Increasedafter

revolution

41

10 1

45

3

36

68

12 2

17

2

47

84

8 0

7 1

65

Embaba

General perception of harassment in neighborhood


Al-Hagganna Mansheyat Nasser

Embaba

Reporting of harassment in neighborhood

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Harass. inneighb

Harass. outneighb.

Harass. in orout neighb.

Sign harass.inside

Verbalharass.inside

22 21

31

9

21

76

62

88

33

71

Ever Married Never married

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Harass. inneighb

Harass. outneighb.

Harass. in orout neighb.

Sign harass.inside

Verbalharass.inside

25 26 28

9

23

82 80 87

29

82



0102030405060708090

Harass. inneighb

Harass. outneighb.

Harass. inor out

neighb.

Sign harass.inside

Verbalharass.inside

8 9 12 4 8

68 65

83

32

67


Table 9 (A): Places where different types of harassment are reported

Al-Haggannah

Ever married Never married

Harassment (whistling, winking)

Harassment (verbal)


Harassment (verbal)

Inside neighborhood 22.31 75.97

Outside neighborhood 20.89 62.02

Inside or outside neighborhood 31.33 88.37

% reporting 9.34 20.60 33.33 70.54

N 632 631 129 129

% reporting (# of times)

1-4 22.03 34.62 16.28 26.37 5-9 54.24 30.77 35.56 19.78 10-14 11.86 14.62 18.60 14.29 15-19 0.00 2.31 4.65 12.09 20-25 3.39 1.54 4.65 4.40

Many times 8.47 16.15 23.26 23.08

Place

Main streets

Al-Madarress 0.00 2.38 19.51 10.00 Al-Werash 45.61 41.27 31.71 31.11 Al-Zohoor 5.26 9.52 7.32 17.78

Side streets

Khaled Ebn Al-Waleed 1.75 1.59 0.00 5.56

Stations

Al-Tabba 15.79 16.67 12.20 16.66

N 57 126 41 90

Results displayed in this presentation are copyrighted and thus can not be quoted or copied without a written permission from the Social

Research Center

Table 9 (B): Places where different types of harassment are reported

Mansheyat Nasser



Harassment (verbal)


Harassment (verbal)




% reporting (total) 8.75 23.35 28.93 81.76

N


1-4 2.22 17.50 6.52 14.62 5-9 6.67 9.17 6.52 10.77 10-14 4.44 3.33 0.00 6.92 15-19 0.00 0.83 0.00 2.31 20-25 0.00 0.83 0.00 2.31

Many times 86.67 68.33 86.96 63.08

Place

Main streets

Mazlkan Al-Souk 13.95 7.08 12.20 10.00

Al-Razaz 16.28 12.39 17.08 16.67 Nabil Al-Wakad 4.65 6.19 2.44 10.00

Side streets

Massaken Al-Herafeyeen 16.28 15.93 9.76 10.83

Stations

Mawkaf Al-Herafeyeen 4 14.16 9.76 6.67

N


Table 9 (C): Places where different types of harassment are reported

Embaba



Harassment (verbal)


Harassment (verbal)




% reporting (total) 3.74 7.94 31.55 66.67

N


1-4 12.50 29.41 15.09 12.50 5-9 56.25 41.18 35.85 16.96 10-14 0.00 2.94 11.32 26.79 15-19 0.00 2.94 5.66 12.50 20-25 0.00 0.00 3.77 4.46

Many times 31.25 23.25 28.30 26.79

Main streets

Al-Mehatah 33.33 42.42 31.37 30.28 Megahed Nada 13.33 3.03 7.84 4.59 Nasier 20.00 12.12 0.00 0.92

Al-Madares 6.67 6.06 19.61 14.68

Sedy Ismail 0.00 0.00 7.84 8.26

Side streets

Masaken Tag Al-Dewal 0.00 3.03 1.96 7.34

Masaken Al-Awkaf 6.67 0.00 1.96 1.83

Schools

Al-Bahetha 0.00 0.00 7.84 4.59

Results displayed in this presentation are copyrighted and thus can not be quoted or copied without a written permission from the Social

Research Center

Al-Haggannah Mansheyat Nasser Embaba

Ever married

Never married

Ever married Never

married

Ever married

Never married

Alone* 70.07 79.5 79.67 77.17 85.71 85.4

Time

Morning (6am-11am) 26.95 21.43 14.29 28.46 11.11 9.4

Noon (12-5pm) 50.35 55.1 49.21 44.62 50.00 56.41

Evening (6pm-10pm) 21.99 23.47 34.13 26.92 38.89 32.48

Late night (After 10pm) 0.71 0 2.38 0 0.00 1.71

Response

Nothing 87.23 87.76 84.92 93.85 80.56 87.18

Yelled 8.25 4.08 11.72 3.08 12.96 7.69

Reason for not taking action*

Not worth it 69.67 58.33 42.06 52.71 57.14 47.46

May act badly if take action 11.48 12.50 20.56 24.03 14.29 21.19

Afraid for my reputation 11.48 25 18.69 12.4 14.29 21.19

Help*

Someone saw and help 4.96 2.04 7.14 2.31 8.33 7.69

Someone saw and didn’t help 33.33 37.76 59.52 69.23 36.11 41.03

No one saw 61.70 60.2 33.33 28.46 55.56 51.28

Report to police* 0.00 0 0.00 0 2.78 0

Reasons not reporting to police

Not worth it 56.74 56.12 67.46 66.15 54.29 45.3

Ordinary subject, Happen a lot 29.08 37.76 14.29 26.15 31.43 34.19

Changed Habits*

Don’t go out alone

26.21 30.7 13.10 10.79 9.26 17.48

Change roads you used to take 23.79 21.93 6.21 9.35 11.11 17.48

Don’t go certain places 24.27 21.05 12.41 3.6 12.96 13.99

Table 10: Reporting on incidents of harassment


Perception of reasons for harassment – Al-Haggannah

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

88 88

69

97 98

72 68

57

81

56

87

80 80

53

99 98

74 73

67

90

64

89

98 98 95

97 99

89 93

86 91

60

94

Ever married Never married Male


Perception of reasons for harassment – Mansheyat Nasser

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

85 85

70

99 99

84 81

65

83

51

92

77 77

60

97 97

77

67 63

81

50

95 95 95

63

97 99

80

93

73

81

24

94



Perception of reasons for harassment – Embaba

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10091

89

81

98 99

82 82

62

88

52

97

71 72

64

97 99

79 79

63

86

53

93 95 99 99 99 100

95 98

89 93

53

100



Perception of ways to stop or decrease harassment – Al-Haggannah

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Increasereligion

awareness

Morals andmanners

Presence ofpolice

Presence ofpopular

committee

Women/Girls shouldn’t go

out alone

Women/Girlsshould wear

decent clothes

Women/Girlsshould watch

way ofwalking/Talking

Offers jobsfor youth

Lightingdeserted areas

at night

97 98

86

64

48

90 90 92

90

100 100

95

71

57

81 81

93 91

97 99 97

74

52

97 97 98 98



Perception of ways to stop or decrease harassment – Mansheyat Nasser

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Increasereligion

awareness

Morals andmanners

Presence ofpolice

Presence ofpopular

committee


out alone


decent clothes





at night

99 99

88

59

29

92 92 95

90

97 97

87

55

31

82 83

96

90

97 97

84

50 46

98 99 98

71



Perception of ways to stop or decrease harassment – Embaba

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Increasereligion

awareness

Morals andmanners

Presence ofpolice

Presence ofpopular

committee


out alone


decent clothes





at night

98 99

91

64

32

93 91

98

86

98 100

91

66

39

79 79

94

84

99 100 97

65

59

99 100 100 96



Table 12: Safety after revolution and views on suggested solutions Al-Haggannah Mansheyat Nasser Embaba

Ever

married

Never married

Male Ever

married

Never married

Male Ever

married

Never married

Male

Popular committee help increase safety in neighborhood 75.79 80.62 64.22 66.86 59.75 51.63 71.73 72.83 83.96

Popular committee help stop/dec. harassment of women 71.59 75.19 54.49 66.73 59.75 44.08 69.01 67.63 53.77

Tell popular committee if someone harassed

Tell in general 74.84 75.97 47.12 68.42 59.75 36.59 68.69 67.63 33.96

Not tell 25.16 24.03 52.88 31.58 40.25 63.41 31.31 32.37 66.04

Why not tell popular committee by yourself/herself*

Women shouldn’t tell strangers 63.70 50 39.35 50.65 41.94 68.18 79.84 64.71 38.85

Not worth it 55.48 46.43 16.13 12.34 9.68 4.55 65.89 52.94 7.91

Agree with women’s participation in popular committee 48.26 57.36 12.78 41.91 42.77 16.67 46.50 46.82 6.60

Why shouldn’t women participate in popular committee*

It’s shameful 26.07 14.55 21.98 29.53 12.22 41.18 27.07 22.83 6.57

Won’t able to do anything 76.38 74.55 68.5 82.21 90 62.75 75.55 72.83 92.42

Neighborhood may make fun of her/them 14.72 10.91 10.62 20.47 30 5.39 9.17 3.26 3.54

Neighborhood won’t accept the idea 16.87 21.82 17.22 12.75 20 10.29 47.6 45.65 8.59

No one will tell her/them about their problems 20.25 18.18 8.42 3.69 5.56 1.96 31.44 28.26 2.53

Would like (wife/sis) to participate in popular committee 22.31 38.76 6.07 27.88 33.33 13.01 27.10 34.68 3.30

Why not like (wife/sis) participate in popular committee*

It’s shameful 25.25 13.92 44.9 24.86 6.6 72.9 31.73 20.35 67.32

Won’t be able to do anything 68.43 70.89 67.01 81.89 83.96 48.6 74.36 76.11 79.51

Family/Husband won’t agree 31.16 36.71 - 18.11 24.53 - 26.60 49.56 -


Table 12 (cont’d): Safety after revolution and views on suggested solutions

Al-Haggannah Mansheyat Nasser Embaba

Ever married

Never married

Male Ever

married

Never married

Male Ever

married

Never married

Male

Women in police help increase safety of women 66.14 79.07 12.78 57.70 56.6 29.67 58.41 61.85 9.91

Why women in police not help increase safety of women*

It’s shameful 12.21 7.41 12.82 11.06 5.8 26.01 5.08 4.55 11.58

Won’t be able to do anything 92.02 88.89 70.70 97.24 94.2 81.5 93.22 84.85 77.37

Neighborhood may make fun of her/them 7.51 3.70 34.43 16.13 7.25 19.08 3.95 6.06 45.26

Neighborhood won’t accept the idea 6.10 11.11 17.58 11.06 7.25 25.43 5.08 13.64 7.37

No one will tell her/them about their problems 7.98 7.41 25.64 15.21 17.39 10.98 8.47 13.64 37.37

Increase general safety by

Return of police 94.59 94.76 69.97 94.91 95.6 97.15 96.96 96.51 91.51

Police roundup thugs in neighborhood 35.77 40.31 44.73 45.01 54.09 39.43 44.96 43.02 50.47

Return of popular committee 32.43 37.21 10.22 14.48 12.58 2.44 37.47 37.79 12.74

Lighting streets and deserted areas at night 52.94 58.91 60.38 19.77 25.16 15.45 53.40 52.91 86.32


Potential sources for campaigns on women’s safety – Al-Haggannah

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10092

51

33 29 30

65 61

82

56

95

64

45

33

39

74

67

87

74

98

48 47 44

14

62 61

93

64



Potential sources for campaigns on women’s safety – Mansheyat Nasser

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

100

82

63 62 61

80 79

93

83

99

86

72

66 63

82 82

95

90

99

81

61 57

39

61 60

79

60



Potential sources for campaigns on women’s safety – Embaba

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10098

36

26 22

14

56 56

71

49

98

51

41

34

26

64 68

79

57

100

50

79 78

15

79 78

97

67



Potential organizers for campaigns on women’s safety – Al-Haggannah

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Police CharitableNGOs

NGOs inneighborhood

Artists Football players Writers &journalists

Residents ofneighborhood

Religion leaders

71

60 59

67 65

62

71

95

77

65

61

80

74 75

74

96

87 86 86

61

97

69

89

97



Potential organizers for campaigns on women’s safety – Mansheyat Nasser

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


NGOs inneighborhood



Religion leaders

84

65 65

84 83

75

71

97

81

65 65

86 87

77

72

96

64 65 66

89

95

71

61

96



Potential organizers for campaigns on women’s safety – Embaba

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


NGOs inneighborhood



Religion leaders

71

55

45

51 50 51

65

93

72

52

45

69

65

61

68

90 92

86 85

62

94

67

92

97



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