Russia: Citizens, Society, and the State
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Transcript of Russia: Citizens, Society, and the State
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Russia:Citizens, Society, and
the StateRebecca Naimon
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Statistics
Population: 142,500,482Population Growth Rate: -.02%
[(popt2-popt1)/popt1]*100Life Expectancy: 69.89 years
(64.04 males, 76.02 females)Literacy (defined as age 15 and up can
read and write): 99.7%, very high
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Geography
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Federal DistrictsLeft to right: North Caucasian Federal District, Southern Federal District,
Central Federal District, Northwestern Federal District, Volga Federal District, Ural Federal District, Siberian Federal District, Far Eastern Federal District
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Federal Subjects
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Subdivisions of RussiaFederal District: supposed to strengthen federal authority at the
more local level, 8 totalOblast: province with some autonomy (has a governor and local
legislature), 46 in RussiaRepublic: more autonomy than an oblast (has a constitution), can
establish an official language (originally based on non-Russian ethnicities), 21 total
Autonomous okrug: originally to give autonomy to indigenous people in the north, 4 in Russia
Kray: same status as oblasts (a traditional name), 9 in RussiaFederal City: Moscow and St. PetersburgAutonomous Oblast: only one, originally created for the Jewish
population
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Cleavages
Nationality79.8% Russian3.8% Tatar2% Ukrainian1.2% Bashkir1.1% Chuvash1.04% Chechen
Example: Chechnya (95.3% Chechen)
Has a movement for independence, causing violence in Chechnya.
Russia gave them a controversial referendum on a new constitution in 2003 in an effort to secure its hold over Chechnya.
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Cleavages
41.00%
6.50%4.10%
1.50%1.20%
0.50%1.70%
25.00%
13.00%
5.50%
Religions in Russia (Self-identified)
Russian OrthodoxMuslimUnaffiliated ChristianOther Orthodox Chris-tianNeopagan and TengristTibetan BuddhistOther religionSpiritual but not re-ligious
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Cleavages
ReligionMajority Russian Orthodox, although
Communism left many non-religious, but the statistics vary
Second-largest religion is Islam (estimated 19.6 million in Russia), most are Sunni, and live in Moscow, the Caucasus, or Bashkortostan and Tatarstan
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CleavagesSocial ClassCommunism in the Soviet Union ended the cleavage of
noble vs. peasant, but then party members were given higher status: nomenklatura, the elite group appointed to significant positions by the Party.
Gap between the new rich and the poor, although there is a growing middle class (concentrated in urban areas).
Gini index: 40.1 (close to the U.S, not far from the Soviet Union)
Rural vs. UrbanIndustrialization led to a more urban population, and
there is an economic and cultural divide between urban and rural.
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Beliefs and AttitudesMarxism (in the Soviet Union): the belief that the
struggle between social classes is a major force in history and that there should eventually be a society in which there are no classes
Stalinism (in the Soviet Union): the theory and practice of communism developed by Stalin from Marxism-Leninism and marked especially by rigid authoritarianism, widespread use of terror, and often emphasis on Russian nationalism
Mistrust of the government: People want free elections, liberties, rights, and other democratic ideals, but don’t believe that the government can provide them.
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Beliefs and AttitudesStatism: concentration of economic controls and
planning in the hands of a highly centralized government, often extending to government ownership of industry
Economic beliefs: “Shock therapy” of Yeltsin’s 1990s reform was an attempt to quickly privatize the market and remove government regulation; created an economic decline.
Westernization: Here lies the choice: Slavophile or Westernizer? Russian nationalism and Slavic culture, or integration into the world and its economy?
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Political ParticipationSocial Capital: the networks together with shared norms,
values, and understandings that facilitate cooperation within or among groups.
Voting: often above 60% turnout (65.27% for 2012 presidential elections)
State corporatist arrangement (in the Soviet Union): only the Communist party was supposed to represent the people, so organizations were state-sponsored to allow the government to remain in control
Youth groups: Nashi (youth democratic anti-fascist movement) was discontinued due to being “compromised” and will be replaced. Used questionable tactics and was involved in scandals.
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Political ParticipationCivil society: not a lot of Russians take part in
organizations or associations, leading to low social capital
Putin/government makes it difficult http://www.dw.de/russias-civil-society-is-being-destroyed/a-17144456
Tightly controlled during the Soviet era, and developed with the idea of glasnost in the 80s.
http://www.hrw.org/features/russia-civil-society2-4% are integrated into church lifeThousands of nongovernmental groups overall, but
relatively few members
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MediaTelevision is most popular. Channels include First Channel, Rossiya, and NTV. (Tightly controlled by the government.)Newspapers: second-most popular; more than 400 daily newspapers.Reporters Without Borders ranked Russia 148 out of 179 measured countries in terms of freedom of the press (2013). (U.S. was #32, Eritrea was 179.)
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Sourceshttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.htmlhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Map_of_Russian_districts%2C_2010-01-19.svghttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oblasthttp://www.mapsofworld.com/russia/russia-political-map.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1425501/Boycott-call-in-Chechen-poll-ignored.htmlhttp://www.russia-ukraine-travel.com/religion-in-russia.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18188085http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Nomenklatura.htmlhttp://en.rsf.org/spip.php?page=classement&id_rubrique=1043http://sreda.org/arenahttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marxismhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stalinismhttp://www.hrw.org/features/russia-civil-societyhttp://www.hrwnews.org/distribute/russia-platon/Russia_Essay_by_Carroll_Bogert_with_Platon_photos.pdfhttp://www.idea.int/vt/countryview.cfm?CountryCode=RUhttp://www.dw.de/russias-civil-society-is-being-destroyed/a-17144456http://en.rsf.org/spip.php?page=classement&id_rubrique=1054
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