Challenges of Running a Sharing Economy Company: An Insider's View
Running Economy Presentation
Transcript of Running Economy Presentation
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RUNNING ECONOMYTHE FORGOTTEN FACTOR IN ELITE PERFORMANCE
Carl Foster and Alejandro Lucia
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Outline• Background Information• Previous Research• Author’s Aims• The Basic Ingredients• Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria • Methods• Limitations of the Study• Take Home Messages• Applications • References
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Terminology
• VO2MAX: The maximum amount of oxygen used per minute during prolonged high intensity exercise
• Efficient: achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense
• Economical: Synonym for efficient
• Steady State: A state obtained in moderate muscular exercise when the removal of lactic acid by oxidation keeps pace with its production.
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Background• Running performance depends on a complex interplay of
factors• 1. A high cardiac output and a high rate of oxygen delivery to
working muscles • 2.The ability to sustain a high percentage of VO2MAX for long
periods of time• 3. The ability to move efficiently
• VO2MAX and fractional utilization of VO2MAX are widely studied determinants of running performance
• Unless VO2MAX is >70 mL/min/kg it is almost impossible to achieve world class running performances
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Background• Established World Class Runners
• Expected average of 75-80 mL/min/kg
• Percentage VO2MAX that can be sustained for slightly >2 hours is approximately 80-90% for the ≈ 28 minutes (Marathon) and 90-95% (10 km)
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Primary Questions
• 1. What is the range in running economy across the range of serious runners?
• 2. Are the differences in running economy based on anatomical differences?
• 3. Can running economy be improved?
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Differences in Running Economy • Measured by running at progressively
increasing stages of 4-10 min duration.
• Running intensity is kept below the ventilatory threshold.
• Reference treadmill runs in the lab were done either on a flat treadmill, or a treadmill with a 1% gradient
• In an ideal world, such runs would be performed outdoors to fully account for wind resistance, the characteristics of the running surface & the minor undulations present on even level outdoor terrain.
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Expression of Running Economy
Can be made in several ways:
• To interpolate (or extrapolate) the VO2 to a common running velocity (commonly 268 m.min-1 or 4.47 m.s-1)
• Differences in VO2MAX can be accentuated if the aerobic requirement of running is expressed as VO2/kg-0.75
• An alternative method of expressing running economy is in terms of the VO2 required to run 1km.
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Expression of Running Economy
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Anatomical Basis of Differences in Running Economy• Distance runners are generally small
people
• African runners who dominate distance running are often even smaller by such standards
• Observed to have very thin lower legs, which is a possible contributor to their excellent running economy
• Suggested that running economy is related to body dimensions generally and is not a uniquely ‘African’ element
• Extraordinary running economy may be a characteristic of small people generally and specifically small people with thin lower legs
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Can Running Economy be Improved?
• Very few studies of strategies that might improve running economy have been done
• Interventions involving strength and/or plyometric training, altitude exposure and training in the heat have been reviewed with regards to improve running economy
• Altitude exposure has shown mixed results. Suggested simple exposure will improve running economy.
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Can Running Economy be Improved?
• Reported by Billat et al that running economy improved secondary to adding relatively HI training in addition to baseline running
• However, further studies have shown that running economy improved subsequent to the addition of HI interval training to baseline mileage
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Final Stretch• Running economy is clearly important
to running performance
• Considerable range of running economy, even amongst well trained runners
• Tendency for East African Runners to be more economical
• Evidence suggests that running economy improves with the addition of HI interval training to baseline mileage
• Suggested that future improvement in running performance will depend on improved economy
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References• 1. Joyner MJ. Modeling optimal marathon
perfonnance on the basis of physiological factors. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 683-7
• 2. Pollock ML. Submaximal and maximal working capacity of elite distance runners: cardiorespiratory aspects. Ann N Y AcadSci 1976; 301: 310-22
• 3. Costill DL, Thomason H, Roberts E. Fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity during distance running. Med Sci Sports
• 1973; 5: 248-524. Conley DL, Krahenbuhl GS, Burkett LN. Training for aerobic
• capacity and running economy. Phys Sportsmed 1981; 9: 107-15
• • 5. Lucia A, Esteve-Lanao J, Olivan J, et al.
Physiological charac- teristics of the best Eritrean runners: exceptional running econ- omy. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2006; 31: 530-40
• 6. Saunders PU, Pyne DB, Telford RD, et al. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance
runners. Sports Med 2004; 34: 465-85
• 7. Saltin B, Larsen H, Terrados N, et al. Aerobic exercise capacity at sea level and at altitude in Kenyan boys, junior and senior runners compared to Scandinavian runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1995; 5: 209-21
• 8. Lucia A, Hoyos J, Perez M, et al. Inverse relationship between V02max and economy/efficiency in world-class cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 2079-84
• 9. Royer TD, Martin PE. Manipulations of leg mass and moment of inertia: effects on energy cost of walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 649-56
• 10. Billat VL, Flechet B, Petit B, et al. Interval training at V02max: effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 156-63