Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals....

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Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes

Transcript of Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals....

Page 1: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes

Page 2: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

I. Roots

Page 3: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

RootsA. Functions

• Absorb water and minerals.

• Transport water up to the stem.

• Store water and food.

• Anchor.

Page 4: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

B. Parts1. Xylem

• X shaped

• center of the root

= vascular tissue

that transports

water up to the stems.

Page 5: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

2. Phloem

=vascular tissue that transports food down from the leaves and stems.

• Roots have 4 bundles of phloem found in the “corners” of the xylem.

Page 6: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

3. Cambium

= Growth tissue that produces new xylem and phloem.

• Found between the xylem and phloem.

Page 7: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

4. Cortex

• outside ring.

• Stores food and water.

Page 8: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

5. Root Hairs

= single-celled extensions on the root whose purpose is absorbing water.

Page 9: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

6. Root tips

• Cap = hard tip that pushes through soil.

• Apical Meristem

Meristem = Plant growth tissue.

Page 10: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

C. two types of root systems1. Taproot system• composed of a few

large roots

examples: carrot,

tree.

2. Fibrous root system• composed of a mat of

tiny roots.

Example: grass

Page 11: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

D. Mycorrhiza

= mutualism

= fungus and plant roots

Page 12: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

E. Adventitious roots

= roots that arise from some place other than the primary root.

Page 13: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

F. Perennial roots

= root system that survives from year-to-year as top of the plant is annually dormant.

Page 14: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

G. Root Foods

• Carrots

• Radishes

Page 15: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

II. Stems

Page 16: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

A. Functions

• Transport materials between roots and leaves.

• Support leaves and flowers.

Page 17: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

B. Parts• Xylem

• Phloem

• Cambium/Meristem

Page 18: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

herbaceous

= a plant that is soft, green, and has a thin bark.

Page 19: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

C. Types of Stems

1. Herbaceous monocot stem

• vascular bundles are scattered.

Page 20: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

2. Herbaceous dicot stem

• vascular bundles form a circle.

Page 21: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

3. Woody stem

• contains wood

• brown

• tough

• thick barkhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/histology/html/woodsmic.htm

Page 22: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

D. Food Stems

1. Potatoes are

called tubers.

• Swollen tip

of an underground

stem.

Page 23: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

2. Onions are called bulbs.

• Small stem surrounded by thick, juicy leaves.

Page 24: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

3. Celery is a stem.

Page 25: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

III. Leaves

Page 26: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

1. Function• Photosynthesis!

• Transport Food

• Store Food

Page 27: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

2. PartsA. Cuticle

=waxy, waterproof covering.– Not made of cells.

Page 28: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

B. Upper Epidermis– like skin.– made of cells.

Page 29: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

C. Lower Epidermis– Stomata

= holes that let CO2 in and H2O out.

– Guard Cells

= cells that surround the stomata.– Transpiration

= plants release water from stomata.

Page 30: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.
Page 31: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

D. Palisade Layer– long, tall cells found under the upper epidermis.– Lots of chloroplasts!– Most photosynthesis occurs here!

Page 32: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

E. Spongy Layer– Loose cells with lots of air space.

Page 33: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

F. Veins

• Xylem– Bring water into the leaf.– Top of the vein.

• Phloem– Takes sugar from the leaf.– Bottom of the vein.

Page 34: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.
Page 35: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

3. Turgor=pressure of water inside a plant cell

– Causes the cell membrane to press against the cell wall.

– Causes the cell to be stiff.– High Turgor causes the leaf to be

rigid.– Low Turgor causes the leaf to be

wilted.

Page 36: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

IV. Flowers

Page 37: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

A. Function of Flowers• Flowers are for sexual reproduction.

• Flowers produce seeds and fruit.

Page 38: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

B. Parts of a Flower1. Pistil

= female reproductive structure.

Page 39: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

The Pistil contains three main parts:a. Stigma= top of the pistil where

the pollen sticks.b. Style= stalkc. Ovary=bottom of the pistil.=produces ovules

– Ovules are the female gametophytes.

http://forum.softpedia.com/foto/images/fotos/pistil-8_2.jpg
Page 40: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

2. Stamen= male reproductive structure• Produces pollen• Pollen is the male gametophyte• 2 parts

(1) Filament = stalk

(1) Anther = pollen producing sac

Page 41: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.
Page 42: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

3. Petals• Modified leaves• Often Colorful• Often attracts pollinators• Often produces

nectar• Protect the

developing reproductive organs

Page 43: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

4. Sepals

• Modified leaves

• Often green

• Protect the un-opened flower

Page 44: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

C. Pollination

= the transfer of the pollen from an anther to a stigma.

• Birds

• Bees

• Wind

Page 45: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

D. Fertilization

= Fusing of the male and female gamete.

• Flowers undergo double fertilization

• The results are the zygote

and the endosperm.

Page 46: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

E. Fruit

= ripened ovary

= if it contains seeds in an ovary wall, it is a fruit.

http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billede:Apple_red_delicius_cross-cut.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg
Page 47: Roots, Stems, Leaves, & Flowers Notes. I. Roots Roots A. Functions Absorb water and minerals. Transport water up to the stem. Store water and food. Anchor.

F. Seed Dispersal

• Tasty fruits and seeds are eaten and deposited in a nice pile of “fertilizer”

• Stickery fruits hang on to fur and britches

• Aerodynamic fruits are blown

• Floaty fruits disperse by water

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Maple-seed.jpg

Plants. Angiosperms Flowering Plants Roots Function: – Anchor – Absorb water & nutrients from soil Types: – Tap root – Fibrous root.

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