Volunteer and Intern Orientation to Volunteer and Intern Orientation to Water Quality and Related Disease Water Quality and Related Disease

Prevalence in Two Developing Prevalence in Two Developing CountriesCountries

Ronessa Strickland-RobertsRonessa Strickland-RobertsWalden UniversityWalden University

PUBH-6165-2PUBH-6165-2 Rebecca Heick, InstructorRebecca Heick, Instructor

November 2009November 2009

How will this presentation How will this presentation apply to me?apply to me?

Introduction to funding sourcesIntroduction to funding sources TerminologyTerminology Practices and CulturePractices and Culture Water SourcesWater Sources Diseases and ParasitesDiseases and Parasites PrevalencePrevalence

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World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization

WHO Guidelines for drinking-water qualityWHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality

The frameworkThe framework health-based targetshealth-based targets system assessmentsystem assessment operational monitoringoperational monitoring management plansmanagement plans a system of independent surveillancea system of independent surveillance

(WHO, 2008)(WHO, 2008)

UNICEFUNICEF

The United Nations Children’s Fund The United Nations Children’s Fund Millennium Development Goal for WaterMillennium Development Goal for Water

Microbiological water safety Microbiological water safety Information on arsenic and fluoride Information on arsenic and fluoride Safe water suppliesSafe water supplies Monitoring water safety Monitoring water safety

(UNICEF, 2006)(UNICEF, 2006)

Developing Countries???Developing Countries???

World BankWorld Bank

Gross National IncomeGross National Income

(worldbank.org, 2009)(worldbank.org, 2009)

IndiaIndia

India’s PopulationIndia’s Population Gross national income per capita Gross national income per capita Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy Probability of dying under age fiveProbability of dying under age five Total expenditure on health as % of GDP Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)(WHO, 2004)

AfricaAfrica

South Africa’s PopulationSouth Africa’s Population Gross national income per capita Gross national income per capita Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy Probability of dying under age fiveProbability of dying under age five Total expenditure on health as % of GDP Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)(WHO, 2004)

Putting those numbers into Putting those numbers into prospective…prospective…

United States populationUnited States population Gross national income per capita Gross national income per capita Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy Probability of dying under age fiveProbability of dying under age five Total expenditure on health as % of GDP Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)(WHO, 2004)

Mumbai, IndiaMumbai, India Formerly known as BombayFormerly known as Bombay High literacy levelHigh literacy level Predominate ReligionsPredominate Religions

HinduHindu Muslim Muslim

Monsoon SeasonMonsoon Season

(www.hotelsincolaba.com, 2009)(www.hotelsincolaba.com, 2009)(Business Line, 2006)(Business Line, 2006)

South AfricaSouth Africa

Literacy rate: 82.4%Literacy rate: 82.4% Predominate ReligionsPredominate Religions

ChristianityChristianity PentecostalPentecostal

Many languagesMany languages Daily duties and common professionsDaily duties and common professions

(www.cia.gov, 2009)(www.cia.gov, 2009)

Most prevalent parasitic Most prevalent parasitic illnessesillnesses

SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis

“ “all waters in all waters in southern Africa are southern Africa are at risk for at risk for Schistosomiasis.” Schistosomiasis.” (CDC, 2008)(CDC, 2008)

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ibes/research/int_phys/vector/

PlasmodiumPlasmodium

Malaria Malaria One of the leading One of the leading

causes of death and causes of death and disease in many disease in many developing countriesdeveloping countries

… …young children young children and pregnant women and pregnant women

Climate factorClimate factor(CDC, 2006)(CDC, 2006)

www.celtnet.org.uk/medicine/malaria.ph

LeptospirosisLeptospirosis

BacterialBacterial UrineUrine PenicillinPenicillin MumbaiMumbai

(CDC, 2005)(CDC, 2005)

CholeraCholera

Vibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae

Drinking contaminated waterDrinking contaminated water Eating foods prepared with Eating foods prepared with

contaminated watercontaminated water Undercooked foodsUndercooked foods Raw fruits and vegetablesRaw fruits and vegetables(WHO, 2005)(WHO, 2005)

Dengue Dengue

Hemorrhagic feverHemorrhagic fever MosquitoMosquito VirusVirus DehydrationDehydration World riskWorld risk

(WHO, 2008)(WHO, 2008)

Mosquito safetyMosquito safety

Your accommodationsYour accommodations ClothingClothing RepellantsRepellants Standing waterStanding water

(CDC, 2005)(CDC, 2005)

Food and Water SafetyFood and Water Safety

WaterWater IceIce FoodFood Seafood and shellfishSeafood and shellfish MilkMilk(WHO, 2008)(WHO, 2008)

ReferencesReferencesCenters for disease control. (2005). Leptospirosis. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/leptospirosis_g.htm on October 21, 2009.

Centers for disease control. (February, 2008). Schistosomiasis fact sheet. Retrieved from Centers for disease control. (February, 2008). Schistosomiasis fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/schistosomiasis/Schistosomiasis_Factsheet.pdf on http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/schistosomiasis/Schistosomiasis_Factsheet.pdf on October 21, 2009.October 21, 2009.

Centers for disease control. (2005). Travelers' Health - Yellow Book. Ch. 5. Retrieved from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-5/dengue-fever-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever.aspx#360 on October 24, 2009.

Centers for disease control. (2006). Malaria. Retrieved from Centers for disease control. (2006). Malaria. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/distribution_pi/distribution.htm on October 21, 2009.http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/distribution_pi/distribution.htm on October 21, 2009.

ReferencesReferencesCentral intelligence agency. (October, 2009). The world fact book: South Africa. Retrieved from Central intelligence agency. (October, 2009). The world fact book: South Africa. Retrieved from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html on October 24, on October 24, 2009 2009

UNICEF, (2006) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Retrieved fromUNICEF, (2006) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Retrieved fromhttp://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html on October 23, 2009 http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html on October 23, 2009

The World Bank, (2009). Data and Statistics. Retrieved fromhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20420458~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html on October 23, 2009 World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2006). India. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October (2006). India. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October 20, 200920, 2009

World health organization, (December, 2008). Retrieved from World health organization, (December, 2008). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/FaqTravelersDec2008.pdf http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/FaqTravelersDec2008.pdf on October 24, 2009.on October 24, 2009.

World Health Organization. (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic World Health Organization. (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource]:incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed.resource]:incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed.

ReferencesReferencesWorld Health Organization. (2006). South Africa. Retrieved from World Health Organization. (2006). South Africa. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October 20, 2009http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October 20, 2009

World Health Organization. (2006). United States. Retrieved from World Health Organization. (2006). United States. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October 20, 2009http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October 20, 2009

World Health Organization. (2006). Water, Ssanitation, Health. Retrieved from World Health Organization. (2006). Water, Ssanitation, Health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html on October 20, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html on October 20, 20092009

World Health Organization. (2006). Water Supply, sanitation and hygiene development. World Health Organization. (2006). Water Supply, sanitation and hygiene development. Retrieved fromRetrieved from

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/en/index.html on October 23, 2009http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/en/index.html on October 23, 2009

World Health Organization. Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and World Health Organization. Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. 3control. 3rdrd

ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

PhotographsPhotographs

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ibes/research/int_phys/vector/ (schistosomiasis)http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ibes/research/int_phys/vector/ (schistosomiasis)

www.scooponpets.com/petpathogens.html (leptospirosis)www.scooponpets.com/petpathogens.html (leptospirosis)

kirstyne.wordpress.com/.../ (cholera)kirstyne.wordpress.com/.../ (cholera)

medicineworld.org/.../April-4-2006.htmlmedicineworld.org/.../April-4-2006.html

library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01095/info.html (dengue) library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01095/info.html (dengue)

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/2006/07/13/stories/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/2006/07/13/stories/2006071300060100.htm (Mumbai)2006071300060100.htm (Mumbai)