Rock Cycle

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-202VisualsIndex.HTM

View From Space - Klyuchevskaya, Russia

Igneous Rocks Cool from the Molten State

• Extrusive -- Erupted on Surface (volcanic)

• Intrusive -- Solidify Within Earth (Plutonic)

Large Grain Size ---> Slow Cooling

• Extrusive Rocks -- Fine Grained

• Intrusive Rocks -- Coarse Grained

Metamorphic Facies Depth\Temp

300C 400C 500 C 600 C 700 C 800 C

5 km Zeolite Contact Metamorphism - Andalusite forms

10 km - 3 kb

GreenschistChlorite, Biotite form •Slate •Greenstone •Quartzite •Marble

AmphiboliteGarnet, Staurolite, Kyanite form •Schist •Amphibolite •Quartzite •Marble •Gneiss

GranuliteSillimanite formsMuscovite breaks down to K-feldsparPartial Melting •Gneiss

15 km Blueschist

20 km - 6 kb

25 km

30 km - 9 kb

35 km

40 km - 12 kb

Not Found Eclogite (Mantle)

Bowen's Series and Igneous Rocks

Metamorphism

•Changes in Rock Composition or Texture

•Due to Heat, Pressure and Action of Fluids (like magma)

Major Metamorphic Rock Types

Temp C

Temp F Coal Limestone Sandstone Basalt ShaleIndex Minerals

Lignite Bituminous

500 Anthracite

300 600 Graphite Marble Slate Chlorite

700 Greenstone

800 Quartzite Phyllite Biotite

500 900 Schist Garnet

1000 Amphibolite Staurolite

600 1100Gneiss

Kyanite

1200Sillimanite

700Melting Begins

Types of Metamorphism

Contact• Around Intrusions • Shallow: 0-6 Km • Low Pressure • Local

Regional• Wide Areas • 5-20 Km, Sometimes

30+ • High Pressure • Usually Accompained

by Deformation

Sedimentary Rocks

Deposited on or Near Surface of Earth by Mechanical or Chemical Processes

Environmental Clues in Sedimentary Rocks

• Fossils – Salt Water - Corals, Echinoderms – Fresh Water - Insects, Amphibians – Terrestrial - Leaves, Land Animals

• Color And Chemistry – Red Beds - Often Terrestrial – Black Shale - Oxygen Poor, Often Deep

Water– Evaporites – Arid Climates

Sediment Sizes and Clastic Rock Types

Sedimentary rocks made of silt- and clay-sized particles are collectively called mudrocks, and are the most abundant sedimentary rocks.

Rock Type Sediment Grain Size

Shale Clay less than 0.001 mm

Siltstone Silt .001-0.1 mm

Sandstone Sand .01-1 mm

Conglomerate Gravel 1mm +

Facies Changes

Plant Fragments Are Often Visible in Coal

Diagenesis

What Rocks Tell Us Rock Type How Classified What it Tells Us

IgneousComposition Tectonic Setting

Texture Cooling History

Sedimentary

Chemical Composition

Surface Environment

Grain SizeEnergy of Environment

Metamorphic

Composition Original Rock Type

Mineral MakeupTemperature, Pressure

Texture Degree of Change