Thermal efficiency

16,920,000,000

169,200,0001,692,000,0001,700,000,000

Energy densityEnergy Density sorted by Wh/l Wh/lVolumetric relative to Gasoline (=1)BTU/l kJoules/lMaterial Volumetric (Wh/l) 1055.6 3.6Fission of U-235 4.7E+12 484536082 4452444107.62 1.692E+13Boron 38278 3.9461856 36.2618416067 137800.8JP10 (dicyclopentadiene) 10,975 1.1314433 10.3969306556 39510Diesel 10,942 1.1280412 10.3656688139 39391.2Gasoline 9,700 1 9.18908677529 34920Black Coal solid =>CO2 9444 0.9736082 8.94657067071 33998.4LNG 7,216 0.7439175 6.83592269799 25977.6Propane (liquid) 7050 0.7268041 6.67866616142 25380Black Coal Bulk =>CO2 6278 0.6472165 5.94732853354 22600.8Ethanol 6,100 0.628866 5.77870405457 21960hydrazine (Mono-propellant) 5,426 0.5593814 5.14020462296 19533.6Thermite Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) -> Al2O3(s) + 2F 5,114 0.5272165 4.8446381205 18410.4Methanol 4,600 0.4742268 4.35771125426 16560Sodium Borohydride - Theoretical Hydrogen ba 2925.6 0.3016082 2.77150435771 10532.16Liquid H2 2,600 0.2680412 2.46305418719 9360Hydrogen Peroxide 100% (mono-propellant ro 1,187 0.1223711 1.12447896931 4273.2Wood Varies with type of wood and moisture 700 0.0721649 0.66312997347 2520150 Bar H2 (without container - big problem! 405 0.0417526 0.38366805608 1458Secondary Lithium - ion Polymer 300 0.0309278 0.28419856006 1080Secondary Lithium-Ion 300 0.0309278 0.28419856006 1080Primary Zinc-Air 240 0.0247423 0.22735884805 864Dry ice sublimation 248 0.025567 0.23493747632 892.8Primary Lithium Sulfur Dioxide 190 0.0195876 0.17999242137 684Nickel Metal Hydride (not discounted for hig 100 0.0103093 0.09473285335 360Wood pellets (pelletizing energy subtracted? 100 0.0103093 0.09473285335 360Flywheel 210 0.0216495 0.19893899204 756Liquid N2 65 0.006701 0.06157635468 234Lead Acid Battery 40 0.0041237 0.03789314134 144Propane (Gas - 1 bar) 28.1 0.0028969 0.02661993179 101.16Compressed Air 17 0.0017526 0.01610458507 61.2Ice to water 9.3 0.0009588 0.00881015536 33.48STP H2 (no container) 2.7 0.0002784 0.00255778704 9.72Boost cap 1.72 0.0001773 0.00162940508 6.192* = without container Some numbers from Don Lancaster** - seems low?*** Types of coal vary widely - coal => CO2 4816 - 8722 Wh/kg

Some Fuels that won't work

http://xtronics.com/reference/energy_density.htm

Carbon => CO2 9111Wh/kg

Carbon => CO 6306Wh/kg

coal 1.346 g/cc

Anhydrous ammonia has a hydrogen density of 0.12 gm/cm^3

1 Therm = 100,000 Btu

1 Btu = 1055.6 Joules (J)

29.0 PJ = 1 million tonnes of coal equivalent

41.868 PJ = 1 million tonnes of oil equivalent

3.60 MJ = 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh)

1 barrel condensate = 0.935 barrels of oil equivalent

1 PJ of Natural Gas = 172,000 barrels of oil equivalent

1 tonne LPG = 8.46 barrels of oil equivalent

1 tonne = 1000 Kg

1 kilolitre = 6.2898 barrels

Bio Fuel    Very limited supply of used cooking oil - Moving from food crops to fuel will cause starvation and produce a lot of pollution.

Solar Cells  As of today, it takes about 20 years of constant use to get the energy used in manufacturer back out - if the life span of solar cells that long. Perhaps lower energy manufacturing methods will one day be figured out - they would have to be a magnitude or two improved to make these practical.

Hydrogen    Embrittles its container (explodes pores in metals - forms brittle hydrates) is one of the most dangerous gases to handle - explosive from 4 - 96% concentration.  You would have to store vehicles outside - no tunnel use etc. Besides the most economical way to produce hydrogen is from oil - Best way to store hydrogen is as gasoline - as there is more hydrogen in a gallon of Gasoline than in a gallon of liquid hydrogen. In any article you read about hydrogen, it is a good idea to replace the words"hydrogen economy" with "boondoggle" to get a clearer meaning. 

Batteries  No one talks about battery wear out - energy density goes down as the batteries wear out. Manufacturing exotic batteries causes more pollution than they could possibly prevent. Energy density is still 2 magnitudes from practical.

uranium as a fuel. approximately 45,000,000 Wh/l and 2,000,000 Wh/kg  ????? Need a verified number??

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/TatyanaNektalova.shtmlThe energy density or energy content is also a very important factor. Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume (MJ/L) or mass (MJ/kg). The greater the energy density the more energy may be stored or transported for the same amount of mass or volume. Appropriate units must be used for the proper situation. For example, when comparing the energy content of hydrogen fuel to diesel fuel, hydrogen has a higher density per unit mass than diesel, but a lower energy density per unit volume. The energy density for diesel fuel ranges from 32 to 40 megajoules per liter (MJ/L).

1 MJ = 106 J

1 GJ = 109 J

1 TJ = 1012 J

1 PJ = 1015 J

1 cubic meter (m3) = 35.315 cubic feet

LPG 60

Natural Gas 58

Crude Oil 76

Coal (electricity) 290

NB: Actual calorific values vary depending on fuel composition.

Solid Fuel GJ/tonne

Black Coal 29

27

24

Brown Coal 9.5

Coke 27

Wood Dry 16.2

Bagasse 9.6

Plant Biomass Cotton trash 18

Gaseous Fuel

Natural Gas 39

Ethane 66

LPG Propane 93.3

LPG butane 124

Town Gas reformed gas 20

Gas coke oven 18.1

Gas blast furnace 4

Liquid Fuel MJ/litre Litre/Tonne

LPG propane 25.3 1960

LPG butane 27.7 1750

LPG mixture 25.7 1928

Gasoline aviation 33 1412

Gasoline automotive 34.2 1360

Kerosene power 37.5 1230

Kerosene turbine fuel 36.8 1261

Kerosene lighting 36.6 1270

Heating Oil 37.3 1238

Diesel Oil automotive 38.6 1182

Diesel Oil industrial 39.6 1135

Fuel Oil low sulphur 39.7 1110

Fuel Oil high sulphur 40.8 1050

Refinery Fuel 40.9 1050

Naphtha 31.4 1534

Lubricants 38.8 1120

Bitumen 44 981

Solvents 34.4 1229

Emission indices (Kg CO2/GJ)

http://astro.berkeley.edu/~wright/fuel_energy.htmlFuel Energy Density

Export coking coal

Export steaming coal

Local coal (electricity)

MJ/m3

Waxes 38.8 1180

Crude Oil 38.7 1160

Ethanol 23.4 1266

LNG 25 2174

Uranium GJ/tonne

Uranium metal (U) 560,000

Uranium 470,000

1 m/s = 3.6 kph 1 Wh = 3600 J 1 mile = 1.609 km 1 gallon = 3.78541 L Petrol energ 3.22E+07 J/L Petrol densit 0.749 kg/L

-160C & 300kPa

oxide (U3O8)

LPG 60

Natural Gas 58

Crude Oil 76

290

90,000,000

equiv GJ/tonneMJ/l kWh/l GJ/l Wh/kg BTU/kg kJoules/kg MJ/kg kWh/kg GJ/kg

1000 3.6 1000 Gravimetric (W 1055.6 3.6 1000 3.6 10001.692E+10 4.7E+09 16920000 25000000000 23683213 9E+10 90000000 25000000 90000

137.8008 38.278 0.137801 16361 15.49924 58899.6 58.8996 16.361 0.058939.51 10.975 0.03951 11,694 11.07806 42098.4 42.0984 11.694 0.042098

39.3912 10.942 0.039391 13,762 13.03714 49543.2 49.5432 13.762 0.04954334.92 9.7 0.03492 12,200 11.55741 43920 43.92 12.2 0.04392

33.9984 9.444 0.033998 6667 6.315839 24001.2 24.0012 6.667 0.02400125.9776 7.216 0.025978 12,100 11.46268 43560 43.56 12.1 0.04356

25.38 7.05 0.02538 13,900 13.16787 50040 50.04 13.9 0.0500422.6008 6.278 0.022601 6667 6.315839 24001.2 24.0012 6.667 0.024001

21.96 6.1 0.02196 7,850 7.436529 28260 28.26 7.85 0.0282619.5336 5.426 0.019534 5,373 5.089996 19342.8 19.3428 5.373 0.01934318.4104 5.114 0.01841 1,111 1.052482 3999.6 3.9996 1.111 0.004

16.56 4.6 0.01656 6,400 6.062903 23040 23.04 6.4 0.0230410.53216 2.9256 0.010532 2840 2.690413 10224 10.224 2.84 0.010224

9.36 2.6 0.00936 39,000 36.94581 140400 140.4 39 0.14044.2732 1.187 0.004273 813 0.770178 2926.8 2.9268 0.813 0.002927

2.52 0.7 0.00252 3154.5 2.988348 11356.2 11.3562 3.1545 0.0113561.458 0.405 0.001458 39,000 36.94581 140400 140.4 39 0.1404

1.08 0.3 0.00108 665 0.629973 2394 2.394 0.665 0.0023941.08 0.3 0.00108 110 0.104206 396 0.396 0.11 0.000396

0.864 0.24 0.000864 300 0.284199 1080 1.08 0.3 0.001080.8928 0.248 0.000893 159 0.150625 572.4 0.5724 0.159 0.000572

0.684 0.19 0.000684 170 0.161046 612 0.612 0.17 0.0006120.36 0.1 0.00036 60 0.05684 216 0.216 0.06 0.0002160.36 0.1 0.00036 4,700 4.452444 16920 16.92 4.7 0.01692

0.756 0.21 0.000756 120 0.113679 432 0.432 0.12 0.0004320.234 0.065 0.000234 55 0.052103 198 0.198 0.055 0.0001980.144 0.04 0.000144 25 0.023683 90 0.09 0.025 0.00009

0.10116 0.0281 0.000101 13,900 13.16787 50040 50.04 13.9 0.050040.0612 0.017 6.12E-05 34 0.032209 122.4 0.1224 0.034 0.000122

0.03348 0.0093 3.35E-05 9.3 0.00881 33.48 0.03348 0.0093 3.35E-050.00972 0.0027 9.72E-06 39,000 36.94581 140400 140.4 39 0.1404

0.006192 0.00172 6.19E-06 2.98 0.002823 10.728 0.010728 0.00298 1.07E-05

Emission indices (Kg CO2/GJ)

Coal (electricity)

http://xtronics.com/reference/energy_density.htm

   Very limited supply of used cooking oil - Moving from food crops to fuel will cause starvation and produce a lot of pollution.

 As of today, it takes about 20 years of constant use to get the energy used in manufacturer back out - if the life span of solar cells that long. Perhaps lower energy manufacturing methods will one day be figured out - they would have to be a magnitude or two improved to make these practical.

    Embrittles its container (explodes pores in metals - forms brittle hydrates) is one of the most dangerous gases to handle - explosive from 4 - 96% concentration.  You would have to store vehicles outside - no tunnel use etc. Besides the most economical way to produce hydrogen is from oil - Best way to store hydrogen is as gasoline - as there is more hydrogen in a gallon of Gasoline than in a gallon of liquid hydrogen. In any article you read about hydrogen, it is a good idea to replace the words"hydrogen economy" with "boondoggle" to get a clearer meaning. 

 No one talks about battery wear out - energy density goes down as the batteries wear out. Manufacturing exotic batteries causes more pollution than they could possibly prevent. Energy density is still 2 magnitudes from practical.

uranium as a fuel. approximately 45,000,000 Wh/l and 2,000,000 Wh/kg  ????? Need a verified number??

GJ/tonne

49.6

49.1

49.6

49.6

46.4

46.1

46.4

46.5

46.2

45.6

44.9

44.1

42.9

42.9

481

43.4

42.7

44

45.8

44.9

29.6

54.4

Hydrogen density

0.23 gm/cm3

0.068 gm/cm3

 As of today, it takes about 20 years of constant use to get the energy used in manufacturer back out - if the life span of solar cells that long. Perhaps lower energy manufacturing methods will one day be figured out - they would have to be a magnitude or two improved to make these practical.

    Embrittles its container (explodes pores in metals - forms brittle hydrates) is one of the most dangerous gases to handle - explosive from 4 - 96% concentration.  You would have to store vehicles outside - no tunnel use etc. Besides the most economical way to produce hydrogen is from oil - Best way to store hydrogen is as gasoline - as there is more hydrogen in a gallon of Gasoline than in a gallon of liquid hydrogen. In any article you read about hydrogen, it is a good idea to replace the words"hydrogen economy" with "boondoggle" to get a clearer meaning. 

 No one talks about battery wear out - energy density goes down as the batteries wear out. Manufacturing exotic batteries causes more pollution than they could possibly prevent. Energy density is still 2 magnitudes from practical.

    Embrittles its container (explodes pores in metals - forms brittle hydrates) is one of the most dangerous gases to handle - explosive from 4 - 96% concentration.  You would have to store vehicles outside - no tunnel use etc. Besides the most economical way to produce hydrogen is from oil - Best way to store hydrogen is as gasoline - as there is more hydrogen in a gallon of Gasoline than in a gallon of liquid hydrogen. In any article you read about hydrogen, it is a good idea to replace the words"hydrogen economy" with "boondoggle" to get a clearer meaning. 

    Embrittles its container (explodes pores in metals - forms brittle hydrates) is one of the most dangerous gases to handle - explosive from 4 - 96% concentration.  You would have to store vehicles outside - no tunnel use etc. Besides the most economical way to produce hydrogen is from oil - Best way to store hydrogen is as gasoline - as there is more hydrogen in a gallon of Gasoline than in a gallon of liquid hydrogen. In any article you read about hydrogen, it is a good idea to replace the words"hydrogen economy" with "boondoggle" to get a clearer meaning. 

    Embrittles its container (explodes pores in metals - forms brittle hydrates) is one of the most dangerous gases to handle - explosive from 4 - 96% concentration.  You would have to store vehicles outside - no tunnel use etc. Besides the most economical way to produce hydrogen is from oil - Best way to store hydrogen is as gasoline - as there is more hydrogen in a gallon of Gasoline than in a gallon of liquid hydrogen. In any article you read about hydrogen, it is a good idea to replace the words"hydrogen economy" with "boondoggle" to get a clearer meaning.