Ro-ro

3de Bach NW Samenvatting Rorop. 1/18

DefinitionsDefinitions

Roro carries goods loaded and unloaded normally in horizontal manner Air cushion vehicle = part of its weight supported by cushion of air, dependent for its

effectiveness on proximity of surface Ferry = ship carrying passengers on relatively short-distance, regularly-scheduled

service High speed craft = craft capable of maximum speed in m/s equal to or exceeding 3,7 *

V0,1667 (V = displacement @ design waterline) Hydrofoil boat = craft supported above water surface in non-displacement mode by

hydrodynamic forces generated on foils Passenger car ferry = passenger / ferry ship with roro-access of sufficient dimensions

to allow carriage of roro trailers and / or passengers / cars Passenger ship = ship that carries more than 12 passengers Roro passenger ship = passenger ship with roro spaces / special category spaces

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Ferry

Possible cargoo Truckso Passengerso Carso Trainso Trailers

Characteristicso Number of cars / truckso Lane lengtho Height between deckso Number of passengerso Carrying capacity

Large hull openings


Typeso Short sea roroo Deep sea roroo Roro container vesselo Passenger car ferryo Cruise ferryo High speed conventional ferryo Rail ferryo Pure car ferryo Roro conventionalo Driver accompanied vesselo Drive through vehicle ferryo Ro-pax catamarano Ro-pax trimarano Inland water ro-pax water taxio Roro forest product carriero Heavy lift roro

Cruise ship

Possible cargo = passengers Characteristics

o Maximum number of passengerso Number of cabins, according to size, luxury & location on the ship

StabilityStability

Vehicle deck extends over all ships length & breadth No subdivisions Open spaces are sealed by bow / stern doors Any water access makes vessel vulnerable to effects of free surface Loss of watertight integrity

o Collisiono Groundingo Excessive change of trimo Listing while loading / unloadingo Doors left open when proceeding to seao Damage to bow / stern doorso Shifting cargo due to bad weathero Water curtains & sprinkler systems

Loading computerso Compulsoryo Linked with shore database to enable fast data transmissiono Cargo details not always correcto Big sided vessels => windage factor!!


Survivabilityo Loss of water integrity => survival period reduced compared to other typeso Tendency to capsize soonero SOLAS “90 + 50”

SOLAS 90 Direct consequence of Herald of Free Enterprise Designed to improve stability of passenger ships in damaged

condition SOLAS 90 + 50

More stringent Meet basic criteria with assumed accumulation of 50 cm of

water on deck Ship must retain positive stability with 50 cm water on vehicle deck Increased longitudinal subdivision will be necessary

High speed craftHigh speed craft Types

o Hydrofoilso Hovercrafto Catamarano Trimarano Mono-hull ferries

Legislationo Applies to

High speed craft engaged on international voyages Including passenger craft that doesn’t proceed more than 4 hours @

operational speed from place of refuge when fully laden Including cargo craft 500 gross tonnage or above that doesn’t go more

than 8 hours from port of refugeo Basic aim = provide levels of safety equivalent to those contained in SOLAS

& International Convention on Load Lineso Amendments

Public address systems Helicopter pick up areas Buoyancy Subdivision Load line requirements Dynamic stability Review of code every 4 years


Categorieso A

High speed passenger craft with no more than 450 passengers Demonstrated that on route at any point of route all passengers & crew

can be most probably be rescued with least Time to prevent persons in survival craft from exposure Time appropriate with respect to environmental conditions &

geographical features of route OR 4 hours

o B High speed passenger craft other than A Machinery & safety systems arranged such that disabling essential

machinery & safety systems in 1 compartment, craft remains capability to navigate safely

o Cargo craft class High speed craft other than passenger craft Capable of maintaining main functions & safety systems of unaffected

spaceso Maximum speed formula

See above Applicable to post types of craft Increasing speed & improving sea keeping behaviour of conventional

displacement ship only possible to certain extend How to achieve higher speeds

o Submerging displacement volume below free surfaceo Raising displacement volume above free surfaceo Reducing water plane area

Principleo Fast displacement hulls and high speed mono-hulls

Low speeds => weight of ship entirely carried by displaced water High speeds => pronounced bow-up trim Higher speeds => ship starts to plan => weight < 50% by Archimedes,

> 50% by dynamic lift => requires special hullso Hydrofoils

Low speeds => displacement mode High speed => foilbourne mode

o Air cushion vehicles Raises itself over water surface by supplying air pressure between

water surface & craft Types

Air cushion: enclosed by flexible skirts Surface effect ship: air cushion enclosed by rigid sidewalls &

bow & stern seals


o Catamaran Very fast Limited number of crew required New concepts for lifesaving appliances No lifeboats Sometimes no engineer Filled with self-diagnostic systems Incorporated redundancy Specialised crew training Correct & fast operation of MES / MEC required Level of passenger self-help required At all times in reasonable proximity to a port of refuge

o Wing assisted trimaran (WAT) Mooring alongside jetty can be difficult Attention needed when launching liferaft High speeds in rough seas compared to equivalent monohull Reduced stern wash effects

Factso Annual summary notices to mariners highlights routes & types of high speed

craft operating around shores of UKo High speed craft safety certificate issued for period specified by

Administration, not exceeding 5 yearso Dead ship test = to determine conditions of craft evacuation (stop engines &

wait until ship is stabilised relative to wind & waves)

Mooring and docking systems for ferriesMooring and docking systems for ferries Procedures compatible with cargo operations & hull form Mooring operations take place above or below main cargo deck space => maximum

capacity Stern / bow ramps make positive position with quayside ramp / link span Port facilities compatible to receive ferries in various states of tide (if tidal berth) Many ports permanent moorings and / or additional storm moorings Ropes & wires permit undesirable amount of movement


Propulsion and manoeuvring aidsPropulsion and manoeuvring aids

Introduction

Important recent changes Better power to weight ratio & fuel economy Lower emission levels Stronger alloys => higher loads on crank shafts etc Increased overhaul times Improved basic ship handling by manoeuvring aids Cleaner fuels with low NOx emission POD propulsion

Environmental issues

Ban on TBT-coatings Gas fuels Engines with invisible smoke Black boxes monitoring undesirable pollution elements Increased use of gas turbines

o Reduced air / noise pollutiono Environmental friendlyo Compacter than normal dieselso Poor efficiency compared with dieselso Use expensive lighter fuels

Noise and vibrations

Reducing noise levels in engine room Dealing with secondary noise sources (ventilation systems & engine exhaust

operations) Clever designs such as vehicle deck between engine room & accommodation Cabins situated away from public spaces No cabins against bulkheads Ventilation trunking incorporate silencers & outlets clear of sensitive areas Differentiation in design stage between noisy & noise sensitive areas Airborne noise: reduced by using double bulkhead & isolating material Structure born noise: difficult & expensive to attack


Power delivery & use

Steerable thrusters Propeller shaft & rudder removed => reduction in engine room space Engine room moved backwards => increased cargo space Reduced tugboat assistance Picture

POD technology

Propulsion engine located outside ship Fixed / 360° rotating Doesn’t require gearboxes, clutches, propeller, shafts & rudders Diesel engines placed anywhere on ship as long as space available

Medium speed diesel

Popular due too High level operational safetyo Conducted with low fuel consumptiono Simple maintenance procedures over long intervalso Low consumption of lubricating oilo Performance densityo Emits low NOx emissions & exhaust

Green ship Diesel-electric propulsion

Waterjet propulsion

Additional power & manoeuvrability Speeds > 20 – 25 knots => more fuel-efficient Short acceleration & retardation distance Simple system Safe in harbour manoeuvres Less draught Full forward to reverse in 5s Reverse thrust of more than 50% of forward thrust Reliability due to transmission simplicity Avoidance of debris impact damage Steering achieved by changing direction of stream of water


Retractable thrusters units

Fitted with either fixed / controllable pitch Can rotate 360° once projected below hull line Steerable power force Maintenance in retracted position

Bow thrusters units

Advantageso Reduce needs for tugso Improved manoeuvrabilityo Long term cost effective equipmento Preferred option in case of sale / charter

Disadvantageso High costo Maintenance costs & regular dry dock inspectionso Susceptible to damage from floating debriso Occupy considerable access space

Stabilising systems

Introductiono Stabilising fins / internal stabilising tanks / combinationo 90% reduction in roll motiono Developments were slowo Breakthrough through military research & development activities

Stabilising finso Retractable / non-rectractableo Box shaped vessels => favour retractableo Quite compacto Usually deployed by hydraulic operation with electric transmissiono Roll motion detected by gyroo Integrator unit determines energy of rollo Feedback from fins indicate amount of tilto Picture

Stabilising tankso Principle depends upon movement of water lagging behind movement of ship

by 90°o Adjusting rate of water flow in second phase of roll


Cargo handling and access equipmentCargo handling and access equipment

Introduction

Cargo handling & access equipment vital to quick turn around Considerations concerning ship shore interface

o Cargo handlingo Passenger handlingo Stores & provisionso Pilot access

Considerations at seao Opening in hull not exposed to water ingresso Cargo must be well stowed

Equipment

Bow visor arrangemento Inner door acting as watertight dooro Folding outwardso Hydraulics to open & closeo Watertight door = part of collision bulkheado Bow entrance => anchor equipment positioned clear of access area

Inner doorso Compulsory if ramp not positioned at adequate distance from bow as collision

bulkheado Extra collision bulk head at > 5% from ships length from forward

perpendicular Vehicle ramps

o Cargo flow, securing & handling equipment 5% of lightweight tonnageo Accommodate 6 standard types of commercial rolling cargoo Shore reception facility compatible with ships facilitieso Ramp slopes & break angles 1/8 or 1/10 to allow smooth traffico Floating shorelinks / adjustable linkspans overcome excessive tidal movemento Some designs open up all transom of shipo Other designs use stern quarter rampso Meet design criteria of classification societyo Manufactured in steel with Chevron pattern & anti-skid barso Operated by twin hydraulic cylinderso Watertight integrity achieved by hydraulic pressure cleating & rubber seal

Hull openingso Open / shut sensors on all doorso Transmission of all relevant information to bridgeo Closed circuit televisiono Improve safety procedures for opening / closing hull access positions


Loading of cargo unitso Driven by “tug”o Unit loadings landed on trestleo Nearly all units driven in forward, then turned around inside vehicle decko Last units driven in backwardso Side loading facilities

Specialised cargo as pallets / paper Different types

Sliding Tilting Top hinge upward folding type

o Hazardous cargo carried on decko Not lashed on short sea trips when weather conditions are favourableo Lashing or not up to mastero Lashing comply with cargo securing manualo Not lashing only possible when high deck stability in all weather conditions

Linkspanso Connection between ferry & shore terminalo Passive floating / adjustable

Special category spaceo Enclosed space above / below bulkheado Carriage of motor vehicles with fuel in tanks

Vehicle stowage

Ventilation requirementso Number of passengers > 36 => > 10 air changes / houro Number of passengers < 36 => > 6 air changes / houro Ventilation ducting constructed in steel & separated from other ventilation

systems on boardo Capable of being controlled from outside vehicle spaceo Operable at all times when vehicles occupying specific areao Administration may require additional air changes when loading / unloadingo Fitted with rapid means of shut-downo Monitoring loss / reduction venting capacity

Drainage systemso Important (free surface!!)o Fixed pressure system => accumulationo Scuppers ensure direct discharge overboardo Administration may require extra bilge pumping & drainage facilities

Bilge pumping arrangementso Required to have efficient bilge pumping systems to evacuate water from

watertight compartmentso Passenger vessels @ least 3 pumps connected to bilge mains


Stowage & securingo Stable decko Rough weather => lashing = necessaryo Lashing supervised by responsible officer + at least one competent assistanto Aligned fore & afto Parking breaks engaged & units in gearo Drop loads landed on trestle prior to securingo All lashing completed before leaving bertho Regular inspections @ seao If parked on slanting decks => wheels chocked & opposite gear & hand break

& suitable lashings against inclination Securing points

o Capable of accepting only one lashingo Permit varying directions of lashingo Same number on each side (between 2 & 6)o Marked in clearly visible colouro Located to ensure effective restraint of vehicle by lashingso Capable of transferring forces from lashing to chassiso Located that lashings readily & safely attachable

Lashing materialso Chains secured that when becoming slack => prevented from detachingo Permitting tensioning when becoming slacko Only released once ship secured @ bertho Most effective between 30° & 60° to deck lineo If necessary additional lashingo Crossed lashing NOT to be usedo Designed & attached to tighten if necessary

Cargo securing manualo Information contained

Details fixed securing arrangements & their locations Locations & stowage portable securing gear Details portable securing gear including inventory & strengths Examples of correct application of portable securing gear Indication of variation transverse, longitudinal & vertical accelerations

o Provisions for securing arrangements Securing points on ship’s deck Securing points on road vehicles Lashings Stowage


Safe stowage and securing of containers

Preferably in fore-aft direction Not extend over ship’s sides Stowed & secured to permit safe access in necessary operation Not overstress deck / hatches Bottom-tier containers stowed on timber when not resting on stacking device Stacking containers => locking devices, cones / similar stacking aids All containers effectively secured Lashing preferably by wire ropes / chains Timber shoring < 2m in length Lashings kept under equal tension Wire clips adequately greased & tightened

Safe stowage and securing of unit loads

Placed / stacked, secured by strapping, shrink-wrapping / other suitable means Placed in protective outer packaging Permanently secured together in sling Master provided with

o Total number of unit loads & commodityo Type of strapping / wrapping usedo Dimensions in metreso Gross mass in kilograms

Cargo spaces clean, dry & free from oil & grease Decks flush all over Cargo spaces preferably of rectangular shape Stowed so that securing performed on all sides of stow Loaded without void space between loads & ship’s sides Precautions taken when unit loads are mechanically handled to avoid damaging unit

loads Block stowage ensured Check lashings regularly


Dangerous / hazardous cargoesDangerous / hazardous cargoes

Introduction

IMDG! Chemical data sheets contained in tanker safety guides consulted Labelling!! Trailers / vehicles containing dangerous goods => special consideration Adequate stowage that provides sufficient ventilation in event of leakage Upper deck = recommended Particular attention to securing of such transports & adjacent units Leaking unit should be refused Any action in accordance with

o Nature of substanceo Emergency actions stipulated in carriage instructions

SOLAS regulation 54

Separation between closed roro cargo space & weather deck Separation to minimise passage of vapours & liquids Not provided if arrangements of closed space in accordance with those required for

carriage of dangerous goods on adjacent weather deck


Documentation for shipping of dangerous goods

Correct technical name to be used Signed certificate / declaration that shipment is correctly packed, marked, labelled &

in proper condition for shipment Person responsible for stuffing container with dangerous goods must provide signed

container packing certificate Not complying with above => refused Dangerous goods manifest Detailed stowage plan Include

o Proper shipping nameo Class & division of substanceo UN numbero Packaging groupo Schedule number (Class 7)o Empty / containing residues => properly markedo Waste => properly markedo Number & type of packages together with total quantity covered by descriptiono Minimum flashpoint if 61° or below / other additional hazardo Marked if marine pollutanto Control & emergency temperatures (Class 4.1 & 5.2)o Additional information

Marine pollutant

Means of substance which presents hazard to maritime environment & identified in IMDG as marine pollutant

Regulated by Marpol Annex III Packaging & stowage to minimise accidental pollution

Package requirements

Conform to specifications & performance tests as in IMDG Well made & in good condition Sealed Not adversely effected by substance it contains Use of absorbent / cushioning material employed

o Capable of minimising dangers of liquido Disposed to prevent movement & ensure receptacle remains surroundedo Where reasonably possible, sufficient quantity to absorb liquid

Sufficient ullage left for expansion Gas cylinders for gases under pressure adequately constructed & tested


Life saving appliances and passenger safetyLife saving appliances and passenger safety

Introduction

Ferry’s & cruise ships continuously increasing in size Number of passengers increases => number of crew increases Crew mainly hotel staff => little to no experience in emergency matters Evacuation systems are adequate but time is limiting factor

General life saving appliances

Survival craft

Partially / totally enclosed lifeboats on each side of ship of capacity of not less than 50% total number of persons on board

Substitution by liferafts permitted (still capacity of 37,5% on each side in lifeboats) In addition: inflatable / rigid liferafts of at least 25% of total number of persons o/b Different regulations applicable for passenger ships on short international voyages Different regulations for passenger ships of < 500 GT Capable of being launched with full complement of people & equipment in 30 min

from abandon ship signal

Fast rescue boat

SOLASo Passenger ship > 500 GT at least one on each sideo Passenger ship < 500 GT at least oneo Cargo ships: 1, lifeboat may be acceptedo Cargo ships < 85 & passenger ship < 500 GT & < 200 persons: carried lifeboat

= rescue boat, may be included in aggregate capacityo Designed to rescue persons in distress & marshal liferaftso In case of abandon ship, not more than 6 liferafts marshalled by each lifeboat /

rescue boat Types

o Rigid inflatable boato Fully inflatableo Fully rigid


Requirements & capacitieso Comply with other requirements applicable to survival craft & rescue boato Of adequate length & capable of carrying 5 people seated + 1 lying downo Self-righting / capable being righted by crewo Adequate sheer with bow cover of at least 15%o Self bailingo Capable of manoeuvring 4 hours at 20 knots in calm weather (crew of 3) & 8

knots with full complement of people & equipmento Sufficient mobile & manoeuvrable to retrieve person from water, able to

marshal liferafts & able to tow fully loaded life raft at speed of 2 knotso Sufficient motor powero Steering wheel remote from rudder, water jets / outboard motoro Approved emergency steering system fittedo In case of capsizing motor must stopo After being righted, each motor must be capable of being restartedo In case of capsizing oil loss < 250 mlo Towing arrangements strong enougho Sufficient watertight stowageo Disengaging gearo Single point suspensiono Safety factor of 6 concerning lowering & hoisting equipment

Helicopter operations

Ideally suited for helicopter operations (open deck spaces) Extremely compatible concerning operation range Pilot transfer by helicopter = becoming common Most important

o Coordination of manoeuvres of ship & helicoptero Communication between pilot & captaino Presence of well trained ground teamo Presence of rescue emergency teams

Passengers must be kept at safe distance Public address announcement Marshals should be present Downdraft of rotor blades = major concern Activities never happen behind helicopter, all personnel in forward position


Fire and fire fighting systemsFire and fire fighting systems

Introduction

Risk of fire greater compared to other types of vesselso Crew must be vigilant & well trainedo Crisis management = critical

Dangers not always visible Principles of fire fighting also applicable Passengers should be convinced that

o Crew is well trained, prepared, organised & disciplinedo Ship well equippedo Management able to cope with every possible situation

Fire fighting difficulties

Huge quantities of suffocating gas & areas difficult to seal off Water drenching systems => free surface! Accessibility (fouling fire hoses / life lines) Atmosphere often harmful Every car / truck has certain amount of fuel o/b Fire has taken hold => lashings slack => units adrift Decks become slippery when fighting with water Open decks => possibility of dangerous cargoes => attack from upwind position

Means of fire fighting

Automatic sprinkler fire protection systemso Every ship > 36 persons equipped with

Automatic sprinkler Fire detection Fire alarm system

o Automatic sprinkler system must be capable of immediate operation at all times without action by crew

o Capable of providing automatic visual & audible alarm & 1 / more indications when sprinklers come into action

o Any fault monitoredo Locate fire outbreak

CO2 total flooding systemso Requirements for machinery spaces, cargo spaces & closed roro spaceso All protected spaces provided with means of closing all openingso Automatic audible alarm before release of gaso Provisions made to prevent inadvertent activation of systemo Closed roro spaces

Quantity of gas 45% of largest cargo space 2/3 of required gas introduced within 10 minutes

o Engine room: 85% gas delivered within 2 minutes


Automatic water-based local extinguishing systemo Compulsory > 500 GT & category A machineryo High risk areas protected by spray nozzleso Machinery spaces provided with at least 2 suitable water-fog applicators

Watertight doors

Capable of being manually opened from both sides & from accessible position above door

Operating gear for door into engine room fitted outside engine room Operate up to 15° list Means at remote position to indicate sliding door is closed

Emergency control rooms

Positioned in open deck areas Contain remote operation of

o Watertight doorso Drenching systemso CO2 operation controlso Fireman outfitso Water-fog systemso Bulkhead mounted plans for critical operational needs

Also your paper about roro’s should be known!!

Ro-ro

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