Rise of The DictatorsRise of The Dictators

Mr. DodsonMr. Dodson

The Rise of DictatorsThe Rise of Dictators

How did Stalin change the How did Stalin change the government and the economy of the government and the economy of the Soviet Union?Soviet Union?

What were the origins and goals of What were the origins and goals of Italy’s fascist government?Italy’s fascist government?

How did Hitler rise to power in How did Hitler rise to power in Germany and Europe in the 1930s?Germany and Europe in the 1930s?

What were the causes and results of What were the causes and results of the Spanish Civil War?the Spanish Civil War?

Totalitarian Rulers in EuropeTotalitarian Rulers in Europe During the 1930s, During the 1930s, totalitariantotalitarian

governments gained power in Germany, governments gained power in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.Italy, and the Soviet Union.

These governments exerted total control These governments exerted total control over a nation, using terror to suppress over a nation, using terror to suppress individual rights and silence all opposition.individual rights and silence all opposition.

Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy ruled their totalitarian Mussolini in Italy ruled their totalitarian states with a philosophy called states with a philosophy called fascismfascism. .

Fascism emphasizes the importance of the Fascism emphasizes the importance of the nation or an ethnic group and the supreme nation or an ethnic group and the supreme authority of a leader.authority of a leader.

Stalin’s Soviet UnionStalin’s Soviet Union

Stalin’s Economic PlansStalin’s Economic Plans In order to modernize agriculture, Stalin In order to modernize agriculture, Stalin

combined small family farms into collective farms combined small family farms into collective farms run by the state.run by the state.

Stalin’s state takeover of farmland resulted in a Stalin’s state takeover of farmland resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, but with a low became a modern industrial power, but with a low standard of living.standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet UnionStalin’s Soviet Union Stalin dominated the Soviet Union by using Stalin dominated the Soviet Union by using

tactics such as terror and purges.tactics such as terror and purges. To eliminate opposition, Stalin used To eliminate opposition, Stalin used purgespurges, - , -

the removal of enemies and undesirable the removal of enemies and undesirable individuals from positions of power.individuals from positions of power.

Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society. Millions were either executed or sent society. Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.to forced labor camps.

Most of those purged were innocent. But, Most of those purged were innocent. But, these purges successfully eliminated all these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy both by Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy both by

advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa and by terrorizing those who opposed East Africa and by terrorizing those who opposed him.him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini, calling himself Il Duce, suspended Mussolini, calling himself Il Duce, suspended elections, outlawed other political parties, and elections, outlawed other political parties, and established a dictatorship.established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy. Under Mussolini, the Italian army economy. Under Mussolini, the Italian army successfully conquered the African nation of successfully conquered the African nation of Ethiopia in May 1936.Ethiopia in May 1936.

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1914-1934Hitler’s Rise to Power 1914-1934 Hitler’s Background:Hitler’s Background: Adolf Hitler, an Austrian Adolf Hitler, an Austrian

painter, hated the way the Versailles Treaty painter, hated the way the Versailles Treaty humiliated Germany and stripped it of its wealth humiliated Germany and stripped it of its wealth and land. and land.

The Nazi Party:The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Party in Germany. NazismNazism, the philosophies and , the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority. NAZI = nationalism and racial superiority. NAZI = National Socialist Workers Party National Socialist Workers Party

Mein KampfMein Kampf:: While imprisoned for trying to take While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote wrote Mein KampfMein Kampf (“My Struggle”). In this book, (“My Struggle”). In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1914-1934Hitler’s Rise to Power 1914-1934

Faced with poverty caused by the Great Depression, Faced with poverty caused by the Great Depression, Germans looked to political leaders for help. Germans looked to political leaders for help.

Hitler & the Nazis promised stabilize the country, rebuild Hitler & the Nazis promised stabilize the country, rebuild the economy, and restore the empire that had been lost the economy, and restore the empire that had been lost

Hitler Becomes Chancellor:Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Nazi Party gained a majority in the ReichstagReichstag, the lower , the lower house of the German parliament. Hitler became first house of the German parliament. Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany. chancellor and then president of Germany.

Using a fire in the Reichstag as an excuse – Hitler declared Using a fire in the Reichstag as an excuse – Hitler declared emergency powers and took power.emergency powers and took power.

He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title himself the title Der FührerDer Führer, or “the leader.”, or “the leader.”

Germany Rearms and ExpandsGermany Rearms and Expands To boost the German economy and to prepare for To boost the German economy and to prepare for

territorial expansion, the Nazi Party began territorial expansion, the Nazi Party began spending money on rearming Germany.spending money on rearming Germany.

Like Mussolini, Hitler saw territorial expansion as Like Mussolini, Hitler saw territorial expansion as a way to bolster (build up) national pride.a way to bolster (build up) national pride.

Hitler believed that Germans needed Lebensraum Hitler believed that Germans needed Lebensraum “living Space” and he felt that conquering lands “living Space” and he felt that conquering lands to the east would meet that goal.to the east would meet that goal.

On March 7, 1936, German troops entered the On March 7, 1936, German troops entered the Rhineland, a region in western Germany that the Rhineland, a region in western Germany that the Versailles Treaty banned them from occupying. Versailles Treaty banned them from occupying. However, neither Britain nor France took any However, neither Britain nor France took any action.action.

Germany Rearms and ExpandsGermany Rearms and Expands Also in 1936, Hitler and Mussolini signed an Also in 1936, Hitler and Mussolini signed an

agreement, beginning an alliance between the agreement, beginning an alliance between the two nations. Germany, Italy, and later Japan, two nations. Germany, Italy, and later Japan, became known as the became known as the Axis PowersAxis Powers..

In March 1938, Germany took over Austria. In March 1938, Germany took over Austria. Several months later, Hitler demanded the Several months later, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia. Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia. Following the policy of Following the policy of appeasementappeasement, or giving , or giving into a competitor’s demands in order to keep the into a competitor’s demands in order to keep the peace, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain peace, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agreed to allow Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland.agreed to allow Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland.

Britain, like many European nations feared Britain, like many European nations feared involvement in another war.involvement in another war.

The Spanish Civil WarThe Spanish Civil War In 1936, military rebels in Spain led by General In 1936, military rebels in Spain led by General

Francisco Franco attempted to take over the Francisco Franco attempted to take over the Spanish government. These rebels became Spanish government. These rebels became known as the Nationalists. known as the Nationalists.

The resulting struggle between the ruling The resulting struggle between the ruling Republicans and the rebelling Nationalists led Republicans and the rebelling Nationalists led Spain into a civil war.Spain into a civil war.

Germany and Italy supported the Nationalists, Germany and Italy supported the Nationalists, while the Soviet Union supported the while the Soviet Union supported the Republicans.Republicans.

In March 1939, the Nationalist army took over the In March 1939, the Nationalist army took over the Spanish capital of Madrid and ended the civil war, Spanish capital of Madrid and ended the civil war, making Franco the ruler of Spain.making Franco the ruler of Spain.