Rinumërimi i Inicialeve Që Pembajnë Alifin i Vitit 2002 Nga Submission
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Transcript of Rinumërimi i Inicialeve Që Pembajnë Alifin i Vitit 2002 Nga Submission
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The Updated Count of the Quranic initial ALM and ALR in Quran
Submission.org editorial note
Disclaimer: A thorough recount of the Quranic initials, conducted in 2002, by Submission.org, using
both manual as well as two different computer counting programs, has confirmed Dr. Rashad Khalifa's
counts of all the Quranic initials except for a few counts in the initials "A" (Alef) and "L" (Laam).
However, the recent recount of Quranic initials remains divisible by 19 and is a part of the
Mathematical Miracle of the Quran. The latest details of the recounts can be reviewed and verifiedusing Quran Inspector. Research on the "A"(alef) and "L" (Lam) counts is ongoing.
This article represents the research that these new recounts are based on. This is by no means the end ofthe research but rather the continuation of it, as more sophisticated tools become available to us. So far,
there has been no proof of any count that is different from what we presented here in this article in May
2002. God willing, this recount will be updated if different and correct findings are confirmed.
Summary: This is a study of the total count of the Quranic initials, ALM and
the ALR in the Quran using both manual count as well as a computer assisted
count of the Quran written in a text format and corrected to the original
Uthmani method of writing. Our study showed that the total count of both the
ALM and the ALR initials of all the suras that start with these initials is a
multiple of 19. All the suras that start with the same initials have to be addedtogether to produce the multiple of 19 phenomena as the one seen in the HM
initialed group and which is a character of the mathematical miracle of the
Quran. Our study finds that the Hafs method of writing the Quran is the
method kept in shape with the transmitted written and oral verses of the Quran
except for few human errors and therefore preserved the mathematical miracle
of the Quran as God promised in 15:9.
Materials and Method:
The Quran is characterized by a unique phenomenon never found in any other
book; 29 suras are prefixed with 14 different sets of "Quranic Initials,"consisting of one to five letters per set. Fourteen letters, half the Arabic
alphabet, participate in these initials. The significance of the Quranic initials
remained a divinely guarded secret for 14 centuries.
The Quran states in 10:20 and 25:4-6that its miracle, i.e., proof of divine
authorship, was destined to remain secret for a specific predetermined interim:
[Quran 10:20] They say, "How come no miracle came down to him from his Lord?"
Say, "The future belongs to God; so wait, and I am waiting along with you."
[Quran 25:4] Those who disbelieved said, "This is a fabrication that he produced, with
the help of some other people." They have uttered a blasphemy and a falsehood.[Quran 25:5] They also said, "Tales from the past that he wrote down; they were
dictated to him day and night."
[Quran 25:6] Say, "This was revealed by the One who knows the Secret in the
heavens and the earth. He is Forgiving, Most Merciful."
The Quranic Initials constitute a major portion of the Quran's 19-based.
mathematical miracle. These initials include, ALM, ALR, ALMR, ALMS,Q,
KHY'AS, S, YS, TH, TSM ,TS, HM, HM, 'ASQ and NUN. For easy
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references, we used the English alphabet in place of the Arabic ones, e.g. for
the Alif (Alef) , we used "A", for the Lam, we used "L", for the Meem, we
used "M", for the Reh, we used "R" , for the Sad, we used the bold "S"....etc.
Our study of the Quranic initials, that has the letter Alif in it, started when it
was brought to our attention that the count of the Arabic letter Alif, in the
suras initialed with Alif, has been disputed and reported differently by
different researchers. These different counts reflect the difficulty in counting
the Arabic alphabet Alif, and the disagreement over its writing , orthography
(Rasm), its inclusion or exclusion. The Arabic alphabet Alif is also the most
distorted alphabet when examined in different editions of the Quran as some
scholars gave to themselves the liberty to add, delete or modify the writing of
the alif. We, however, know that God promised topreserve the Quran (not
the Mus-haf, the ink and paper). God therefore deliberately gave us the
possession of many editions of the Quran including some of the oldest written
Qurans and also gave us a tool to test and check these editions, the
Mathematical Miracle of the Quran. It was definitely God's plan that the
review of the letter Alif happens after the mathematical miracle has alreadybeen established and proved without the need for any single alphabet. This
was a mean for God to give us the correction tool to the many human errors
seen in the different editions of the Quran circulating today and to achieve
what He promised of preserving the Quran as the one in the Master Tablets,
(85:21-22). This tool, the mathematical miracle, will always be available to
test and check any edition of the Quran, new or old. It is therefore clear that
our work today represents what is seen in what we can call the everyday
editions of the Quran. Further research and study supported by proofs, is
expected , encouraged and welcome.
[Quran 85:21] Indeed, it is a glorious Quran.[Quran 85:22] In a preserved master tablet.
We also need to emphasize that neither the Quran nor its miracle are
accessible to the disbelievers or idol-worshipers. It is God's system that they
are blocked from seeing the truth as they chose not to believe or to associate
others with God already.
[Quran 17:82] We send down in the Quran healing and mercy for the believers. At the
same time, it only increases the wickedness of the transgressors.
[Quran 17:45] When you read the Quran, we place between you and those who do not
believe in the Hereafter an invisible barrier.[Quran 17:46] We place shields around their minds, to prevent them from
understanding it, and deafness in their ears. And when you preach your Lord, using
the Quran alone,* they run away in aversion.
[Quran 2:118] "......... WE DO MANIFEST THE MIRACLES FOR THOSE WHO
HAVE ATTAINED CERTAINTY."
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Our findings will continue to disturb those who cannot see the miracle of the
Quran, or those who abuse the miracle or miss the meaning or the message of
the Quran, just as the previous verses promise.
We, recently, have obtained the Quran written in text format for our computer
study, however, the text format did not follow the Uthmani orthography
(Rasm) and therefore cannot be used to count the Quranic initials as such. We
decided to correct the computer Arabic text format of the Quran that we
obtained into the Uthmani Rasm (Orthography). We used the standard Hafs
edition taken after the 1918 edition of the Quran in Cairo Egypt and later by
King Fahd edition in Saudi Arabia. For the manual count we used a copy of
King Fahd edition and also used for cross-reference seven other editions of
the Quran printed in Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia, all of them according to
Hafs. We also had to check on some words in question by using the images of
the Gold Koran, one of the oldest available copies of the Quran, at The
Sheridan Libraries , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland , at
their site; http://goldkoran.mse.jhu.edu/
After the correction of the computer text file, we counted the letter Alif using
the computer and also using manual count to compare the counts. We have
realized that some of the Uthmani Rasm of certain letters was not available
yet for the computer program we were using but we were able to substitute it
with the same letters although in a different font. For this reason all the
hamzas written on an extension (madda), e.g. , we replaced
them with a free standing hamza. We also changed the different forms of Alifs
into one alif to facilitate the count and avoid mistakes. If a program is using
the Unicode for the Arabic alphabets, no change in the forms of ALif or
hamza will be needed except probably for the hamzas on madda (extension)..Until we get the correct font and activated Unicode for these letters, we will
continue to use the regular font that is still available to all of those who use
the computer and Arabic fonts. We have posted the Arabic text we used for
the count on our site as part ofQuran Inspector. To achieve the best visual
comparison of the verses and to facilitate the manual count, we pasted the
image of each verse taken from the Hafs edition of King Fahd Mus-haf below
its respective computer text when we corrected the computer text and when
we did our manual count. We used color codes of the alphabets to make the
visual presentation easier for the eye for manual count.
Counting the Alifs also include counting the letter Hamza that is used many
times as alif as will be shown later. The letter Alif in Arabic can be seen in
many shapes:
Hamza is unique in Arabic in many respects. It takes one of four forms:
distinctly pronounced, lightened, changed, or deleted altogether. These
different ways are observed in readings of the Quran and the various Arab
dialects. In the writing of the hamza itself, Quranic and normal orthography
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are similar in many ways. In some aspects, however, Quranic rasm differs, as
Quran has its unique way that is meant to preserve the mathematical structure
built in its Rasm (Orthography). Hamza can be used as a yaa or a waw as well
as an alif. All the hamzas that are standing free in a word and the Hamzas
written on an extension of a letter (Madda) are counted as alifs.
standing free Hamzas like: , , ,
Hamzas written on an extension of a letter: , ,
, ,
Hamzas written on a stem (Nabra), or under a stem is counted as a yaa. For
example:
, , , ,
Hamzas written on a Lam Alif , in words where the alif is actually a hamza
and an alif, is the most deceiving as it looks like two alifs but actually it is
three alifs (two alifs and a hamza) for example , . If you
look carefully at these words you will notice the insistence of the scribes to
write the Hamza in these words between the Lam and the alif . Compare these
words with other words that only has lam alif as in , where
there is only one lam and one alif , the hamza is specially positioned on top ofthe alif.
Hamza written on a yaa is counted as a yaa, as in , .
Hamza written on a waw is counted as a waw as in:
We used the same system and consistency in counting the Alifs (and Hamzas)
in all the suras that start with the initials ALM and the ALR. We felt that all
the suras that have the same initials are related and form one group related to
one another. We used the computer also to count the letters Lam , Meem andReh.
Some of the readers of this article may find it helpful to read our short article
about "How to count the Quranic initials". Other related articles that may
help understand this topic include, "Are all the Arabic versions of the Quran
the same ?"and also,"Preservingand protecting the Quran"
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Results:
We counted first the ALM initialed suras, Sura 2, 3, 29, 30, 31 and 32. One
major difficulty encountered was the easily missed alifs during manual count
that were then compared with the computer count and with each other's counts
then corrected. The Hamzas written on madda can also be easily missed in the
manual count. Having more than one person counting is very important in thereview process. We encountered only one orthographic difference among the
recent editions of the Quran. This can be seen in verse 3:136. In verse 3:136,
the word "Jaza'uhum" is written without an alif in the Egyptian and Syrian
editions (reference 5 , 6 and 7) but with an alif in the King Fahd edition. The
orthography of3:136as written in the Egyptian and Syrian edition, maintains
the mathematical structure in the ALM suras. The total of all the ALMs in the
ALM initialed suras is a multiple of 19. See table 1;
Table 1, Count of the initial ALM
Sura No. A (Alif and Hamza) L (Lam) M (Meem) Total ALM
2 4504 3202 2195 9901
3 2510 1892 1249 5651
29 771 554 344 1669
30 542 394 317 1253
31 353 297 173 823
32 264 155 158 577
Total 8944 6494 4436 19874
19874 = 19 X 1046
The initial ALR total has also been found to be a multiple of 19 when we add
all the initials in all the suras that start with the ALR. We, however, run into
what we realized was a human (scribe error) in the orthography of two words
insura 10 in the Egyptian edition and King Fahd edition of the Arabic Quran.
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We will explain the proof for this conclusion in the discussion section to
follow. See table 2.
Table 2, Count of the initial ALR
Sura No. A (Alif and Hamza) L (Lam) R (Reh) Total ALR
10 1321 913 257 2491
11 1373 795 325 2493
12 1315 812 257 2384
14 589 452 160 1201
15 493 323 96 912
Total 5091 3295 1095 9481
9481 = 19 X 499
As for those interested in the number of Hamzas in every of these suras, we
include table 3 and 4 to help those searching this issue;
Table 3, Count of Alif and Hamza in the ALM group
Sura No. A (Alif and Hamza) Alif Hamza
2 4504 4217 287
3 2510 2353 157
29 771 715 56
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Table 3, Count of Alif and Hamza in the ALM group
Sura No. A (Alif and Hamza) Alif Hamza
30 542 496 46
31 353 340 13
32 264 245 19
Total 8944 8365 579
Table 4, Count of Alif and Hamza in the ALR group
Sura No. A (Alif and Hamza) Alif Hamza
10 1321 1225 96
11 1373 1280 93
12 1315 1237 78
14 589 553 36
15 493 461 32
Total 5091 4756 335
Discussion
It has been a great promise by God Almighty to preserve the Quran, see 15:9.
The the majority of the Muslims, however, misled by many scholars, were
made to believe that verse 15:9 means God will preserve and protect the Mus-
haf, the human written books, ink and papers. This is not what God promised
to preserve in 15:9. He promised to preserve the Quran that He revealed to
prophet Muhammed. The Mus-haf is no more than the human writing or
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collection of the Quran in books, papers, papyri, bones, palm leaves....etc and
is not the handwriting of God. We are all aware that Uthman, the third Khalifa
in the Islamic history, gathered his scribes and ordered them to collect the
Quran that was already written during the prophet's life into one book. They
did just that. They wrote several copies. The writers were no more than human
beings and madenumerous human errors in their writing that can be
witnessed until this day. They can be seen in what is left and believed to be
either Uthman Mus-haf or copies of it. {Please review our article
about Human errors in the early writing s of the Quran.} These human
errors became obvious and clear for those who memorized the Quran when
the re-writing of the Quran was needed to improve its Rasm (Orthography).
This improved orthography was needed to facilitate its reading specially for
the new generations of the Arabic speaking Muslims. Memorizing the Quran
was an essential mean that God used to preserve the Quran in addition to its
writing from the first day of revelation. It was God's plan that the Quran will
be transmitted from Muhammed to all the generations to come through the
oral transmission as well as the written word until the day comes when the
book industry advances enough to allow for a fixed and standardized editionsand also when the computer technology dominates the world in spreading
God's message. It was not until the year 1918 in Cairo, Egypt when the
Muslim scholars finally used what they considered their best judgment in
writing the Quran in the best orthography format fit for the time. They used
the orally transmitted Quran in comparison with the oldest available copies of
the Quran to produce what is now the standard text of the modern Arabic
Quran. In that edition they depended on the oral transmission and the written
script to correct any apparent scribes error or contradiction. It is from this
edition that the great miracle of the Quran, the Mathematical Miracle, can be
seen and appreciated. The miracle itself was a sign that the Quran as it was
transmitted and written at that time is what God gave to prophet Muhammedand it was under guidance from God that the Quran was produced in its
standard edition we have now. The promise of God in 15:9has to have a
method to verify it. This method was revealed in 1974 when the mathematical
miracle of the Quran that is based on number 19 which is mentioned in sura74
was discovered. This happened 1406 years after the revelation of the Quran
(1406 = 19X74.) This protection can now, and to the end of the world, be
confirmed by the mathematical structure of the Quran. That structure is what
God described in 74:30-31 and called it; "One of the great miracles" in 74:35.
This mathematical structure that was proven through hundreds of interlocking
mathematical relations throughout the Quran has already proved the
preservation of the Quran and exposed clearly the human errors in the writing
of the early scribes. This was best shown by exposing the two false verses in
the Quran that were human addition and have been suspected as false from the
time of the writing of the Quran, verses, 9:128, 129.
The Arabic letter "Alif" had specially been subjected to many changes in
different editions of the Quran as we can see if we review some of the old or
new editions. The scribes of the Quran, being like all other humans, subject to
errors, chose many times to change an alif by writing it or deleting it while
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unaware of its mathematical significance. This resulted in different number of
counts in different editions of the Quran by different researchers. We however
used the current King Fahd editions and made special cross reference with the
Egyptian editions and the oldest available Quran.We also have the advantage
of knowing of the existence of the mathematical structure in the Quran that
can be seen in hundreds of other proofs un-related to the initial "Alif:" and
which is strongly proven without the need for the count of the "Alif" itself.
We applied three significant rules to the counted initial when there is a
disagreement among the different editions of the Mus-haf. For a word to be
considered a human error in any of the new editions and then corrected, it has
to pass these three strict criteria, all of them and in this order;
1. The orthography of the written word in the new edition of the Quranshould differ from the orthography of the same word as written in the
oldest copy of the Quran in its exact specific location.
2. The orthography of the written word in its suspected form, in the newedition of the Quran, should differ from the orthography of the same wordwritten in other verses and suras of the same new edition of the Quran,
unless the word is not repeated anywhere else in the rest of the Quran..
3. The correction of the written word in the new edition after meeting thefirst two criteria will then correct any disturbance of the mathematical
structure of the Quran based on number 19 as it has been proved by other
initials, words, numbers and orders in the Quran.
Any one or two of these three criteria was not considered enough reason to
consider a written word a human error that need to be corrected.
During our count of the ALM initials in the suras 2, 3, 29, 30, 31,and 32, wehad no problem , as all the words and letters of these suras did not raise any
alarms except for the word "Jaza'uhum" of3:136that were mentioned above.
The total of the ALM in all these 6 suras is 19874 and it is a multiple of 19.
During our count of the ALR initials in the suras, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 15, that
start with ALR, we ran into two words insura 10 that look different than the
accepted orthography of both the old and recent editions of the Quran. The
words are; of verse 15 ofsura 10 and of verse 21. These
words were expected to be written as , and if they are to
follow the system used in the old and recent Qurans. As you will see from the
images produced below, they were written different than all the words of
similar spelling in the Quran. They also contradict the well known and agreed
upon way of writing of that specific word. The word and all its
related words are repeated in the Quran 295 times and not one of them, except
the ones in10:15 and 21, has the extra alif seen in these two words
in 10:15 and 21. This by itself is not a good reason to claim the writing of
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these two words as an error, therefore we reviewed the oldest copy of the
Quran available to us, the Gold Koran. As seen in the images below, the
word, and were written without an alif in both
verse 10:15 and 10:21. As far as the mathematical miracle is concerned, these
two errors obviously added two extra letters to the total of the ALR initial and
once corrected the total of all the ALR initials in all the suras with ALR initialwas found to be 9481 = 19 X 499. These three evidences strongly support our
belief that the writing of these two words in the King Fahd edition is no more
than a missed human error by the group of scholars who supervised the
edition. It also shows once again that the mathematical miracle of the Quran at
work proving what was left in one of the Mus-hafs as human errors. We now
know that we have all the reasons not to count these two words in their wrong
Rasm (Orthography) and to correct them as they should have been and as the
rest of the same word as used everywhere in the Quran.
and After correcting these two human errors, the total of the ALR
initial in all the suras that start with ALR is 19 letters above that of Dr.
Khalifa's total.
Below is a production of the verses 10:15 and 10 21 as seen in King Fahd
edition and as seen in the Old Kufi Koran, the Gold Koran. It can be seen
cleary that the Gold Quran did not have an alif in the same words as marked.
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Here is Verse 21 ofsura 10;
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As for the rest of the Quran, here is two examples of how the two words are
always written in the Quran.
Conclusion:
The count of the initial ALM , and the initial ALR in the suras that start with
these initials is presented. The total of the initial ALM in all the six suras that
start with this initial is 19874 = 19 X 1046. The total of the initial ALR in all
the five suras that start with this initial is 9481 = 19 X 499. This means that
the 11 suras initialed by ALM and ALR are following the pattern of the rest of
the Mathematical Miracle of the Quran in being multiple of 19. Our study also
supports the understanding that the Hafs writing of the Quran is the best
representation of the original Mus-haf as it represents the intact mathematical
miracle of the Quran. We also found that the mathematical miracle of the
Quran can be used as an excellent tool to verify human errors in future or past
writing of the Mus-haf.
"Over it is 19". 74:30
See also: The Updated Count of the Quranic initialALMR andALMS in
Quran.
References:
1. The Authorized English translation of Quran by Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D.
2. The Mathematical Miracle of the Quranathttp://www.submission.org/d/miracle.html
3. Quran: VisualPresentation of the Miracle, by Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D.
4. Computer Speaks: God's Message to the World, by Rashad Khalifa,Ph.D.
5. The Arabic Quran, Mus-haf Al-Haramen. Printed with a permissionfrom Al-Azhar, 16/12/1984 number 441. El-Shamreley Company, Cairo.
6. The Arabic Quran, according to the Uthmani Rasm, Printed by Al-Shorbag y Book storeand print shop, Damascus, Khalid Ibn Al Waleed
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street. Approved by the Syrian Administration of Religious Education,number 306, dated 14/8/1406 Hijria.
7. The Arabic Quran, according to the Uthmani Rasm. Printed anddistributed by Tahama for publishing and book stores.
8. The Arabic Quran, Mus-haf Al-Medina Al-Nabaweeh, King Fahd edition,
Issued according to the Royal decree number 1540/8 on 19/8/1403, andprinted in 1409 AH
9. The Gold Koran at The Sheridan Libraries , The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland , at their site; http://goldkoran.mse.jhu.edu/
10.Ahmad von Denffer, Ulum al-Quran, 1994, The Islamic Foundation.
11. Nabia Abbott, The Rise of The North Arabic Script & Its KuranicDevelopment, 1939, Nabia Abbott, The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago
12.John Burton, The Collection Of The Quran, 1979, Cambridge UniversityPress.
13.Adrian Brockett, The Value of Hafs And Warsh Transmissions For TheTextual History Of The Qur'n in Andrew Rippin's (Ed.), Approaches Of
The History Of Interpretation Of The Qur'n, 1988, Clarendon Press,
Oxford.
14.The Fihrist of al-Nadim, 1970, Bayard Dodge (Editor and Translator),Columbia University Press.
15.Quranic Orthography: The Written Representation Of The Recited Text OfThe Quran, by Professor M A S Abdel Haleem
16.Fred M Donner, Narratives Of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings Of Islamic
Historical Writing, 1998, Darwin Press, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
17.Index of the Quran, Mohamed Fouad Abdel Baqy, Dar El Da'oa, 1986,Istanbul Turkey
18.Jalal al-Din Suyuti, 'Al-Itqan fi-ulum al-Quran, Halabi, Cairo, 1935/1354.
The Updated Count of the Quranic initials ALMR and ALMS in Quran
Submission.org editorial note
Disclaimer: A thorough recount of the Quranic initials, conducted in 2002, by Submission.org, using
both manual as well as two different computer counting programs, has confirmed Dr. Rashad Khalifa's
counts of all the Quranic initials except for a few counts in the initials "A" (Alef) and "L" (Laam).
However, the recent recount of Quranic initials remains divisible by 19 and is a part of the
Mathematical Miracle of the Quran. The latest details of the recounts can be reviewed and verifiedusing Quran Inspector. Research on the "A"(alef) and "L" (Lam) counts is ongoing.
This article represents the research that these new recounts are based on. This is by no means the end of
the research but rather the continuation of it, as more sophisticated tools become available to us. So far,
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there has been no proof of any count that is different from what we presented here in this article in July
2002. God willing, this recount will be updated if different and correct findings are confirmed.
Summary: This is a study of the total count of the Quranic initials, ALMR
and ALMS in the Quran using both manual count as well as a computer
assisted count, of the Quran written in a text format and corrected to the
Uthmani method of writing. Our study showed that the total count of both theALMR and the ALMS initials which top suras 13 and 7 respectively is a
multiple of 19 and follows the pattern of the Mathematical Miracle of the
Quran.. Our study also confirmed some human errors in the orthography
(Rasm) of some words in the modern edition of the Qurans, Hafs Mus-haf,
when the rules of this research is applied. These words have to be corrected
using the latest tool given to us by God Almighty, the mathematical miracle of
the Quran. The proofs of the reason to correct each of these words are
explained herein.
Materials and Method:
If you already read our article The count of the Quranic initial ALM and
ALR in the Quran. you may go directly to our section about results, otherwise
keep reading.
The Quran is characterized by a unique phenomenon never found in any other
book; 29 suras are prefixed with 14 different sets of "Quranic Initials,"
consisting of one to five letters per set. Fourteen letters, half the Arabic
alphabet, participate in these initials. The significance of the Quranic initials
remained a divinely guarded secret for 14 centuries.
The Quran states in 10:20 and 25:4-6that its miracle, i.e., proof of divine
authorship, was destined to remain secret for a specific predetermined interim:
[Quran 10:20] They say, "How come no miracle came down to him from his Lord?"
Say, "The future belongs to God; so wait, and I am waiting along with you."
[Quran 25:4] Those who disbelieved said, "This is a fabrication that he produced, with
the help of some other people." They have uttered a blasphemy and a falsehood.
[Quran 25:5] They also said, "Tales from the past that he wrote down; they weredictated to him day and night."
[Quran 25:6] Say, "This was revealed by the One who knows the Secret in theheavens and the earth. He is Forgiving, Most Merciful."
The Quranic Initials constitute a major portion of the Quran's 19-based.mathematical miracle. These initials include, ALM, ALR, ALMR, ALMS,Q,
KHY'AS, S, YS, TH, TSM ,TS, HM, HM, 'ASQ and NUN. For easy
references, we used the English alphabet in place of the Arabic ones, e.g. for
the Alif (Alef) , we used "A", for the Lam, we used "L", for the Meem, we
used "M", for the Reh, we used "R" , for the Sad, we used the bold "S"....etc.
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Our study of the Quranic initials, that has the letter Alif in it, started when it
was brought to our attention that the count of the Arabic letter Alif, in the
suras initialed with Alif, has been disputed and reported differently by
different researchers. These different counts reflect the difficulty in counting
the Arabic alphabet Alif, and the disagreement over its writing , orthography
(Rasm), its inclusion or exclusion. The Arabic alphabet Alif is also the most
distorted alphabet when examined in different editions of the Quran as some
scholars gave to themselves the liberty to add, delete or modify the writing of
the alif. We, however, know that God promised topreserve the Quran (not
the Mus-haf, the ink and paper). God therefore deliberately gave us the
possession of many editions of the Quran including some of the oldest written
Qurans and also gave us a tool to test and check these editions, the
Mathematical Miracle of the Quran. It was definitely God's plan that the
review of the letter Alif happens after the mathematical miracle has already
been established and proved without the need for any single alphabet. This
was a mean for God to give us the correction tool to the many human errors
seen in the different editions of the Quran circulating today and to achieve
what He promised of preserving the Quran as the one in the Master Tablets,(85:21-22). This tool, the mathematical miracle, will always be available to
test and check any edition of the Quran, new or old. It is therefore clear that
our work today represents what is seen in what we can call the everyday
editions of the Quran. Further research and study supported by proofs, is
expected , encouraged and welcome.
[Quran 85:21] Indeed, it is a glorious Quran.
[Quran 85:22] In a preserved master tablet.
We also need to emphasize that neither the Quran nor its miracle are
accessible to the disbelievers or idol-worshipers. It is God's system that theyare blocked from seeing the truth as they chose not to believe or to associate
others with God already.
[Quran 17:82] We send down in the Quran healing and mercy for the believers. At the
same time, it only increases the wickedness of the transgressors.
[Quran 17:45] When you read the Quran, we place between you and those who do not
believe in the Hereafter an invisible barrier.[Quran 17:46] We place shields around their minds, to prevent them from
understanding it, and deafness in their ears. And when you preach your Lord, using
the Quran alone,* they run away in aversion.
[Quran 2:118] "......... WE DO MANIFEST THE MIRACLES FOR THOSE WHOHAVE ATTAINED CERTAINTY."
Our findings will continue to disturb those who cannot see the miracle of the
Quran, or those who abuse the miracle or miss the meaning or the message of
the Quran, just as the previous verses promise.
We, recently, have obtained the Quran written in text format for our computer
study, however, the text format did not follow the Uthmani orthography
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(Rasm) and therefore cannot be used to count the Quranic initials as such. We
decided to correct the computer Arabic text format of the Quran that we
obtained into the Uthmani Rasm (Orthography). We used the standard Hafs
edition taken after the 1918 edition of the Quran in Cairo Egypt and later by
King Fahd edition in Saudi Arabia. For the manual count we used a copy of
King Fahd edition and also used for cross-reference seven other editions of
the Quran printed in Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia, all of them according to
Hafs. We also had to check on some words in question by using the images of
the Gold Koran, one of the oldest available copies of the Quran, at The
Sheridan Libraries , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland , at
their site; http://goldkoran.mse.jhu.edu/
After the correction of the computer text file, we counted the letter Alif using
the computer and also using manual count to compare the counts. We have
realized that some of the Uthmani Rasm of certain letters was not available
yet for the computer program we were using but we were able to substitute it
with the same letters although in a different font. For this reason all the
hamzas written on an extension (madda), e.g. , we replaced
them with a free standing hamza. We also changed the different forms of Alifs
into one alif to facilitate the count and avoid mistakes. If a program is using
the Unicode for the Arabic alphabets, no change in the forms of ALif or
hamza will be needed except probably for the hamzas on madda (extension)..
Until we get the correct font and activated Unicode for these letters, we will
continue to use the regular font that is still available to all of those who use
the computer and Arabic fonts. We have posted the Arabic text we used for
the count on our site as part ofQuran Inspector. To achieve the best visual
comparison of the verses and to facilitate the manual count, we pasted the
image of each verse taken from the Hafs edition of King Fahd Mus-haf belowits respective computer text when we corrected the computer text and when
we did our manual count. We used color codes of the alphabets to make the
visual presentation easier for the eye for manual count.
Counting the Alifs also include counting the letter Hamza that is used many
times as alif as will be shown later. The letter Alif in Arabic can be seen in
many shapes:
Hamza is unique in Arabic in many respects. It takes one of four forms:
distinctly pronounced, lightened, changed, or deleted altogether. These
different ways are observed in readings of the Quran and the various Arab
dialects. In the writing of the hamza itself, Quranic and normal orthography
are similar in many ways. In some aspects, however, Quranic rasm differs, as
Quran has its unique way that is meant to preserve the mathematical structure
built in its Rasm (Orthography). Hamza can be used as a yaa or a waw as well
as an alif. All the hamzas that are standing free in a word and the Hamzas
written on an extension of a letter (Madda) are counted as alifs.
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standing free Hamzas like: , , ,
Hamzas written on an extension of a letter: , ,
, ,
Hamzas written on a stem (Nabra), or under a stem is counted as a yaa. For
example:
, , , ,
Hamzas written on a Lam Alif , in words where the alif is actually a hamza
and an alif, is the most deceiving as it looks like two alifs but actually it is
three alifs (two alifs and a hamza) for example , . If youlook carefully at these words you will notice the insistence of the scribes to
write the Hamza in these words between the Lam and the alif . Compare these
words with other words that only has lam alif as in , where
there is only one lam and one alif , the hamza is specially positioned on top of
the alif.
Hamza written on a yaa is counted as a yaa, as in , .
Hamza written on a waw is counted as a waw as in:
We used the same system and consistency in counting the Alifs (and Hamzas)
in all the suras that start with the initials ALM and the ALR. We felt that all
the suras that have the same initials are related and form one group related to
one another. We used the computer also to count the letters Lam , Meem and
Reh.
Some of the readers of this article may find it helpful to read our short article
about "How to count the Quranic initials". Other related articles that may
help understand this topic include, "Are all the Arabic versions of the Quran
the same ?"and also,"Preservingand protectingthe Quran"
Results:
We first counted the alifs ofsura 13 which starts with the initial ALMR. Then
we studied the count ofsura 7which starts with the initial ALMS. We also
studied the several editions of the Quran we have that is printed in Egypt,
Syria, Saudi Arabia , Turkey, as well as the Gold Koran, one of the oldest
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available copies of the Quran, at The Sheridan Libraries , The Johns Hopkins
University , Baltimore, Maryland , at their site;http://goldkoran.mse.jhu.edu/
Our study of the new and old Quran confirmed the presence of human errors
in the writing of three words insura 13 as well as in seven words insura
7and to these we applied the strict rules of our research which we explained
in our discussion in this article. The following is the tables of the count we
obtained forsura 13 andsura 7after the correction made to the human errors.
Table 1, Count of the initial ALMR
Sura No. A (Alif and Hamza) L (Lam) M (Meem) R (Reh) Total ALMR
13 605 480 260 137 1482
Total = 1482 = 19 X 78
The raw count of the alifs in the new editions of the Qurans and before any
correction, was found to be 609, of these there were 50 hamzas and 559 alifs.
The initial ALMS total has also been found to be a multiple of 19 when we
correct the human (scribe error) in the orthography of the identified 7 words in
the Egyptian edition and King Fahd edition of the Arabic Quran. We will
explain the proof for this conclusion in the discussion section to follow. See
table 2.
Table 2, Count of the initial ALMS
Sura No. A (Alif and Hamza) L (Lam) M (Meem) S (Sad) Total ALMS
7 2510 1530 1164 97 5301
Total = 5301 = 19 X 279
The raw count of the alifs in the new edition of the Qurans and before any
correction was found to be 2521, of these there were 174 hamzas and 2347
alifs.
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As for those interested in the number of Hamzas in every of these suras, we
include table 3 to help those searching this issue;
Table 3, Count of Alif and Hamza in sura 13 and sura 7
Sura No. A (Alif and Hamza) Alif Hamza
13 605 555 50
7 2510 2336 174
Discussion
It has been a great promise by God Almighty to preserve the Quran, see 15:9.
The the majority of the Muslims, however, misled by many scholars, were
made to believe that verse 15:9 means God will preserve and protect the Mus-
haf, the human written book, ink and papers. This is not what God promised
to preserve in 15:9. He promised to preserve the Quran that He revealed to
prophet Muhammed. The Mus-haf is no more than the human writing or
collection of the Quran in books, papers, papyri, bones, palm leaves....etc and
is not the handwriting of God. We are all aware that Uthman, the third Khalifa
in the Islamic history, gathered his scribes and ordered them to collect the
Quran that was already written during the prophet's life into one book. They
did just that. They wrote several copies. The writers were no more than human
beings and madenumerous human errors in their writing that can be
witnessed until this day. They can be seen in what is left and believed to beeither Uthman Mus-haf or copies of it. {Please review our article
about Human errors in the early writing s of the Quran.} These human
errors became obvious and clear for those who memorized the Quran when
the re-writing of the Quran was needed to improve its Rasm (Orthography).
This improved orthography was needed to facilitate its reading specially for
the new generations of the Arabic speaking Muslims. Memorizing the Quran
was an essential mean that God used to preserve the Quran in addition to its
writing from the first day of revelation. It was God's plan that the Quran will
be transmitted from Muhammed to all the generations to come through the
oral transmission as well as the written word until the day comes when we, the
humans advance enough to allow for a fixed and standardized editions thatcan easily be maintained and protected. This plan also involved achieving this
progress around the time when the computer technology would dominate the
world and become essential part in spreading God's message. It was not until
the year 1918 in Cairo, Egypt when the Muslim scholars finally used what
they considered their best judgment in writing the Quran in the best
orthography format fit for the time. They used the orally transmitted Quran in
comparison with the oldest available copies of the Quran to produce what is
now the standard text of the modern Arabic Quran. In that edition they
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depended on the oral transmission and the written script together to correct
any apparent scribes' errors or contradiction between the oral and written
materials. It was God's plan that from this edition the great miracle of the
Quran, the Mathematical Miracle, will be discovered, and can be seen and
appreciated. The miracle itself was a sign that the Quran as it was transmitted
and written at that time is what God gave to prophet Muhammed . It also
shows that even when the Quran was written in its modern Arabic text it was
under guidance from God Almighty.
The promise of God in 15:9 has to have a method to verify it. This method
was revealed in 1974 when the mathematical miracle of the Quran that is
based on number 19 which is mentioned in sura74 was discovered. This
happened 1406 years after the revelation of the Quran (1406 = 19 X 74.) This
protection can now, and to the end of the world, be confirmed by the
mathematical structure of the Quran. That structure is what God described
in 74:30-31 and called it; "One of the great miracles" in 74:35. This
mathematical structure that was proven through hundreds of interlocking
mathematical relations throughout the Quran has already proved thepreservation of the Quran and exposed clearly the human errors in the writing
of the early scribes. This was best shown by exposing the two false verses in
the Quran that were human addition and have been suspected as false from the
time of the writing of the Quran, verses, 9:128, 129.
The Arabic letter "Alif" had specially been subjected to many changes in
different editions of the Quran as we can see if we review some f the old or
new editions. The scribes of the Quran, being like all other humans, subject to
errors, chose many times to change an alif by writing it or deleting it while
unaware of its mathematical significance. This resulted in different number of
counts in different editions of the Quran by different researchers. We howeverused the current King Fahd editions and made special cross reference with the
Egyptian and Syrian editions and the oldest available Quran.We also have the
advantage of knowing of the existence of the mathematical structure in the
Quran that can be seen in hundreds of other proofs un-related to the initial
"Alif:" and which is strongly proven without the need for the count of the
"Alif" itself.
We applied three significant rules to the counted initial when there is a
disagreement among the different editions of the Mus-haf. For a word to be
considered a human error in any of the new editions and then corrected, it has
to pass these three strict criteria, all of them and in this order;
1. The orthography of the written word in the new edition of the Quranshould differ from the orthography of the same word as written in the
oldest copy of the Quran in its exact specific location.
2. The orthography of the written word in its suspected form, in the newedition of the Quran, should differ from the orthography of the same wordwritten in other verses and suras of the same new edition of the Quran,
unless the word is not repeated anywhere else in the rest of the Quran..
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3. The correction of the written word in the new edition after meeting thefirst two criteria will then correct any disturbance of the mathematical
structure of the Quran based on number 19 as it has been proved by otherinitials, words, numbers and orders in the Quran.
Any one or two of these three criteria was not considered enough reason to
consider a written word a human error that need to be corrected.
Sura 13, ALMR
During our count of the Alifs in suras 13 that starts with the initials ALMR we
encountered several words that differ in their orthography in the Gold Koran
from the new editions of the Quran by having either an extra alif or less alif,
but of all these words only four words with five alifs (one of them repeated
twice) were found to follow exactly the above three criteria and easily
detected as human errors by the writers of the new editions of the Quran.
These four words were found in verses 4, 5 , 14 and 17. These words
are, , , and . Once these words are
corrected to their original correct writing, the total count of the alif becomes
605 and the total of the ALMR becomes 1482 which is 19 X 78.
Below is a production of the verses and words in question and their
correction.
Verse 13:4 as it appears in the new editions of the Quran;
Verse 13:4 as it appears in the Old Gold Koran with the words to be corrected
marked;
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The word is not used in any other place in the Quran butsura
13 verse 4.
Verse 13:5 as it appears in the new editions of the Quran;
Verse 13:5 as it appears in the Old Gold Koran with the word to be corrected
marked;
The same word, , used in the correct form in verse 71 ofsura 40 in
the new edition of the same Quran.
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Verse 13:14 as it appears in the new editions of the Quran. Remember that the
hamza on top of waw is not counted as alif;
Verse 13:14 as it appears in the Old Gold Koran with the word to be corrected
marked;
As you can clearly see the difference in the writing of the word
"Du'aa" as it is written in the old Quran compared with the its
writing in the new Qurans in 13:14 . This writing in 13:14 also
disagrees with the same word as it is written in verse 50 ofsura 40 in the same
new Qurans .
Here is verse 50 ofsura 40 as it appears in the Qurans today. Notice the
writing of the word "Du'aa" .
Verse 13:17as it appears in the new editions of the Quran. Notice how the
word "al-amthal" is written with an extra alif when compared with the old
Gold Koran.
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Verse 13:17as it appears in the Old Gold Koran with the word to be corrected
marked; with no alif in the middle of the word
The same word in question is written in other suras of the Quran with an alif
in 4 places and without alif in 6 places in addition to the one in 13:17.
Here is verse 25:5 as an example showing how the word is written without
alif in the middle.
Sura 7, ALMS
During our count of the Alifs in suras 7 that starts with the initials ALMS weencountered several words that differ in their orthography (Rasm) in the Gold
Koran from the new editions of the Quran by having either an extra alif or less
alif, but of all these words only 7 words with eleven alifs in them (some of the
words are repeated) were found to follow exactly the above three criteria and
easily detected as human errors by the writers of the new editions of the
Quran. These 7 words were found in
verses 7:38, 7:46, 7:48, 7:66,7:67, 7:133, 7:145, 7:150, 7:154 and 7:163.
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These words are shown in the following table. Once these words are corrected
to their original correct writing, the total count of the alif becomes 2510 and
the total of the ALMS becomes 5301 which is 19 X 279.
Words in question as seen
in the new editions of theQuran
Same words in question
as seen in the Old GoldKoran
Similar words, if any, as
seen in the new editionsof the Quran
7:38 7:38 27:66
7:46 7:46none
7:48 7:48none
7:66 7:66 none
7:67 7:67 none
7:133 7:133none
7:145 7:145 54:13
7:150 7:150 54:13
7:154 7:154 54:13
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Words in question as seenin the new editions of theQuran
Same words in questionas seen in the Old GoldKoran
Similar words, if any, asseen in the new editionsof the Quran
7:150 7:150 20:94
7:163 7:163none
Images of the Old Gold Koran that show the above words.
7:38
7:46-48
7:66-68
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7:133
7:150
7:154
7:163
In addition to the problem with the alif insura 7, there was also one problemthat was discussed by other authors regarding the letter Sad in 7:69. In the
original Old Uthmani Quran (Tashkent), the word "bastatan" was originally
written with the letter Seen not the letter Sad and this has to be corrected as
well.
In the original (Tashkent Quran) of7:69 there is a seen whereas in the
modern versions the word has sad
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Conclusion:
The count of the initial ALMR , and the initial ALMS in the suras that start
with these initials, i.e.sura 13 andsura 7, is respectively presented. These
initials follow the system of the other 19 based mathematical miracle of the
Quran.
The initials, ALMR prefixsura 13, and the total frequency of occurrence of
the four letters is 1482, or 19x78. The letter "A" occurs 605 times, "L" occurs
480 times, "M" occurs 260 times, and "R" occurs 137 times.
The initials, ALMS prefixsura 7, and the letter "A" occurs in this sura 2510
times, "L" occurs 1530 times, "M" occurs 1164 times, and "S" (Saad) occurs
97 times. Thus, the total occurrence of the four letters in this sura is
2510+1530+1164+97 = 5301 = 19x279.
Again, our study supports the understanding that the Hafs writing of theQuran , despite the few human errors reported in it, is the best representation
of the original Mus-haf as it represents the intact mathematical miracle of the
Quran. We also found that the mathematical miracle of the Quran can be used
and should be used as an excellent tool to verify or correct human errors in
future or past writing of the Mus-haf.
"Over it is 19". 74:30
See also; The Updated Count of the Quranic initial ALM andALR in the
Quran.
We have posted the Arabic text we used for the count on our site
athttp://submission.org/d/Q-Inspector.html.
References:
1. The Authorized English translation of Quran by Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D.
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2. The Mathematical Miracle of the Quranathttp://www.submission.org/d/miracle.html
3. Quran: VisualPresentation of the Miracle, by Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D.
4. Computer Speaks: God's Message to the World, by Rashad Khalifa,Ph.D.
5. The Arabic Quran, Mus-haf Al-Haramen. Printed with a permissionfrom Al-Azhar, 16/12/1984 number 441. El-Shamreley Company, Cairo.
6. The Arabic Quran, according to the Uthmani Rasm, Printed by Al-Shorbag y Book storeand print shop, Damascus, Khalid Ibn Al Waleedstreet. Approved by the Syrian Administration of Religious Education,
number 306, dated 14/8/1406 Hijria.
7. The Arabic Quran, Mus-haf Al-Medina Al-Nabaweeh, King Fahd edition,Issued according to the Royal decree number 1540/8 on 19/8/1403, and
printed in 1409 AH
8. The Gold Koran at The Sheridan Libraries , The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland , at their site; http://goldkoran.mse.jhu.edu/
9. Ahmad von Denffer, Ulum al-Quran, 1994, The Islamic Foundation.
10. Nabia Abbott, The Rise of The North Arabic Script & Its KuranicDevelopment, 1939, Nabia Abbott, The University of Chicago Press,Chicago
11.John Burton, The Collection Of The Quran, 1979, Cambridge UniversityPress.
12.Adrian Brockett, The Value of Hafs And Warsh Transmissions For TheTextual History Of The Qur'n in Andrew Rippin's (Ed.), Approaches Of
The History Of Interpretation Of The Qur'n, 1988, Clarendon Press,Oxford.
13.The Fihrist of al-Nadim, 1970, Bayard Dodge (Editor and Translator),Columbia University Press.
14.Quranic Orthography: The Written Representation Of The Recited Text OfThe Quran, by Professor M A S Abdel Haleem
15.Fred M Donner, Narratives Of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings Of IslamicHistorical Writing, 1998, Darwin Press, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
16.Index of the Quran, Mohamed Fouad Abdel Baqy, Dar El Da'oa, 1986,Istanbul Turkey
17.Jalal al-Din Suyuti, 'Al-Itqan fi-ulum al-Quran, Halabi, Cairo, 1935/1354.