Rice Production and Paddy Rice Production & Paddy ...• Rice Farming • The Challenges ... % per...

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By

Datuk Ir. Hj. Keizrul bin AbdullahPresident

International Commission on Irrigation and DrainageICID

1 November 2004

Rice Production and Paddy Irrigation in the Asian

Monsoon Region

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• Introduction

• Rice Farming

• The Challenges Ahead

• Increasing Rice Production

• Paddy Irrigation

• Conclusion

ContentsContents

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

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• FAO 815 million people undernourished

• 777 million in developing countries of which 504 million from Asia

• 25,000 people die every day from hunger

• World Food Summit (1996) and MDG (2000) goal reduce by 50% by 2015

• Need to reduce by 22 million/yr c.f. current rate only 6 million/yr

Food ShortageFood Shortage

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RICE FARMINGRICE FARMING

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RiceRice

Family : Family : PoaceaePoaceae

Genus : Genus : OryzaOryza

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1. Staple food for half world’s population

RiceRice

• 2 billion people in Asia obtain 60-70% of their calories from rice and its products

• Many by-products

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RiceRice

2. Deeply embedded in cultural heritage of Asian societies

• Ingrained into culture and tradition, festivals, paintings, poems, songs …

3. Important economic sector in many Asian countries

• Rice-based production systems and associated post-harvest operations employ > 1 billion people in rural Asia

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4. Grown in paddy fields

RiceRice

5. Multi-functional roles of paddy fields

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• Source of protein

• Navigation

• Groundwater recharge

• Water purification

• Flood and erosion control

• Air cooling effect

• Aesthetics and landscapes

• Environment eg. migratory birds

Multi-functional RolesMulti-functional Roles

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Groundwater recharge

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200 27.6 oC

180 27.4

160 27.2

140 27.0

120 26.8

100 26.6

80 26.4

60 26.2

0 15 30 45 60 (m)

Wind

Asphalt Paddy Potato Soybean Asphalt

Fig.1: Two-dimensional air temperature profiles above paddy fields

(Oue, 1994)

Height Above ground (cm)

Redistribution of Solar Energy above Paddy Fields

Air cooling effect

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THE CHALLENGES

AHEAD

THE CHALLENGES

AHEAD

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1. Population Growth

Challenges AheadChallenges Ahead

• 50 % increase in population by 2050

• Rural - urban migration

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Nov 2004 WORLD POPULATIONWORLD POPULATION

0

5

10

2000 2025 2050YearYear

Bill

ion

Bill

ion

6.0

6.0

8.1

8.1 9.

39.

3

Ref: UN

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97-99 2015 2030 2050

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

0

24

68

10

YEAR

Billio

ns

WORLD DEV.COUNTRIES IND. COUNTRIES TRAN. COUNTRIES

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Nov 2004 ASIA ASIA -- Population Population vsvs Land AreaLand Area

World World -- AreaArea

World World -- PopulationPopulation

60%60%

40%40%

ASIAASIA

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000

DECLINING CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE DECLINING CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE -- MALAYSIAMALAYSIA

% % LabourLabour force force / agric sector/ agric sector

% % GDP / Agric GDP / Agric sector sector

%

% C

on

trib

uti

on

Co

ntr

ibu

tio

n

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2. Land Utilisation


• 1.5 billion ha used for crop production• Arable land declined from 0.43 (1962) to

0.26 (1998) ha/person• Crop production areas growing @ 1.3

% per yr vs 2.2 % during past 30 years• Harvested area decreasing from 0.113

ha/person to 0.083 ha/person (2030)• Expansion of land base to marginal

lands

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3. Water


• Irrigation water use efficiency generally low : 20 % (paddy) to 90 % drip

• Average for developing countries ~43 % • Need improvement in water productivity

water efficiency & higher crop yields • Use of lower quality water• To meet 2025 food production levels

need ~ 2,000 cubic km additional water • 2030 water withdrawals for irrigation in

developing countries 14 % increase • Chronic competition for water expected

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Agriculture Domestic Industry

70 %

20 %

10 %

93.5 %

3.8 %2.7 %

Water Withdrawal

Water Consumption

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4. Changes in Lifestyle

Challenges FacedChallenges Faced

• More disposal income Change in diet, more consumption of meat

• Developed countries 70-100 kg/p/yr c.f. < 20 kg/p/yr in developing countries

• Developing world catching up

• Need to increase cereal production 1.84 b tons 2.8 b tons by 2030 [50 % food, 44 % feed]

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Nov 2004 1kgPulses, roots, tubers

2kgPalm oil1kgCitrus fruits2kgRice1kgWheat6kgFresh poultry

10kgFresh lamb15kgFresh beef

500headSheep and goats4,000headCattle

Equivalent water, m³

UnitFood Product

Water Requirement EquivalentWater Requirement Equivalent

Ref: FAO

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5. Investments in Irrigation and Drainage


• Reduction in irrigation investment• World Bank funding :

US$ 1.5 b US$ 300 - 400• Number of projects 20-25 5-6• New projects Rehabilitation• Avoiding controversial projects

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2025

% increase

Irrigation ExpansionIrrigation Expansion

2.3 %2.3 %

1.3 %1.3 %

0.6 %0.6 %

1.0 %1.0 %

Ref: Hopper

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• Irrigation and Drainage schemes perceived as not friendly to environment

• Over-extraction of goundwater

• Salinization of soils

• Use of chemicals, fertilisers, pesticides

EnvironmentEnvironment

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Nov 2004 Global Fertilizer UsageGlobal Fertilizer Usage

0

50

100

Present Future

Per

cen

tag

eP

erce

nta

ge

Ref: FAO

43 %43 %

84 %84 %

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RICE PRODUCTION

RICE PRODUCTION

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Nov 2004 9,863,00010. Japan

10,219,300 9. Brazil 13,171,0878. Philippines 21,900,0007. Myanmar 27,000,0006. Thailand34,605,4005. Viet Nam38,060,000 4. Bangladesh 51,849,200 3. Indonesia

133,513,000 2. India166,000,000 1. China

Paddy Production, metric tonnes

Top 10 Rice Producers, 2003Top 10 Rice Producers, 2003

Ref: FAO

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Net World Cereal Export Surplus in Million ton (T), or in % of Own Production (OP)

Source : Schultz et al. (2003)

1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 T OP T OP T OP T OP T OP

Asia -81.9 -8.3 -79.3 -7.8 -81.1 -7.9 -74.1 -7.4 -77.4 -7.8

Africa -33.8 -30.8 -38.8 -33.9 -40.7 -36.5 -43.8 -39 -43.2 -36.7

Americas 83.7 16.1 77.7 14.6 82.4 15.7 82.1 15.4 83.4 16.1

Europe 15.1 3.4 22.8 5.8 18.7 4.9 12.5 3.2 19.2 4.5

Oceania 17.9 56.1 20.9 61.3 20.7 57.7 20.6 58 20.8 54.2

World 1 0 3.3 0.2 0 0 -2.7 -0.1 2.8 0.1

Developed Countries 99.6 11.4 111.8 13.3 117.3 14.3 105.2 12.7 109.2 12.9

Emerging developing countries

-61.5 -5.7 -65.5 -5.9 -74.5 -6.7 -62.5 -5.8 -61.1 -5.6

Least developed Countries

-37.1 -26.6 -43 -29.4 -42.8 -28.9 -45.4 -29.9 -45.3 -28.8

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ANIMAL ANIMAL FEEDFEED

INCREASE INCREASE RICE RICE

PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

POPULATION POPULATION GROWTHGROWTH

CHANGES CHANGES IN DIETIN DIET

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VERTICAL VERTICAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT



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Horizontal Development

Development of New Rice Production Areas

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1990455.2 million tons

2020781.3 million tons

-- Increase of 40%Increase of 40%

-- Require additional 9.8 million ha of landRequire additional 9.8 million ha of land

-- Assuming yields of 3.2 tons of rice per ha.Assuming yields of 3.2 tons of rice per ha.

International Rice Research Institute

Global Rice OutlookGlobal Rice Outlook

Sources: FAO data and Fischer et al. (2000)

Cropland in use and total suitable land (million ha)

Ref : FAO data and Fischer et al. (2000)

1066 1031

203 228

366

232

220

207

99

86

874

387

497

265

Limited Arable Land and Competition for other Usage

South Asia

East Asia

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Vertical Development

Cropping Intensity

Higher Yields

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• Growing more intense / frequently on same piece of land, thus increasing crop production

• Soil management important

Cropping IntensityCropping Intensity

• Water may be limiting resource

• Irrigation and Drainage facilities needed in many situations

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70 % - Higher Yields70 % - Higher Yields

30 % -Other

Factors

30 % -Other

Factors

PRODUCTION INCREASE IN DEV. COUNTRIES

Source: FAO

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Average yield (tons/ha) of rice, wheat, maize, 1960 and 1994

Average Yields

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INCREASE YIELDS

MORE FERTILIZER/ PESTICIDE

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Effect of Fertilizers on Yields

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INCREASE YIELDS

NEW TECHNOLOGYMORE FERTILIZER/

PESTICIDE

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GROUND DATA COLLECTIONGROUND DATA COLLECTION

Pest, weed etcPest, weed etc

BASIC LAYERSBASIC LAYERS

MODELLING for optimum input and MODELLING for optimum input and outputoutput

ACTION MAP for optimum inputACTION MAP for optimum input

Soil MapSoil Map

Yield MapYield Map

Land Use MapLand Use Map

CadastralCadastral MapMap

Remote Sensing DataRemote Sensing Data

Weather DataWeather Data

SocioSocio--EconomicEconomic

Objective:Objective:

Development and integration of remote sensing, Development and integration of remote sensing, GIS, GPS and related technologies for efficient GIS, GPS and related technologies for efficient and precision plantation management to and precision plantation management to increase national rice and oil palm production increase national rice and oil palm production and quality of environmentand quality of environment

Use of Technology - Precision Farming

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Sprinklers for rice, Brazil

Water use reduced to one quarter (¼) cf. flood irrigation

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INCREASE YIELDS

NEW TECHNOLOGY

CAPACITY BUILDINGCAPACITY BUILDING


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INCREASE YIELDS

NEW TECHNOLOGY

CAPACITY BUILDINGCAPACITY BUILDING IRR & DR FACILITIES


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Nov 2004 WORLD FOOD PRODUCTIONWORLD FOOD PRODUCTION

World World -- AreaArea

World World -- FoodFood

40%40%

17%17%

IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

NONNON--IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

Ref: Postel

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12PA

DDY

YIEL

DS to

n/ha

Ext

ensi

ve fa

rmin

g

Inte

nsiv

e fa

rmin

g

Source : Kawasugi

POORLY DRAINED

WELL DRAINEDP

add

y Y

ield

s t/

ha

Pad

dy

Yie

lds

t/h

a

00

44

88

1212

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Sources of growth in production, 1961 to 1999

Ref : FAO

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PADDY IRRIGATION

PADDY IRRIGATION

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1. Providing Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure

Paddy IrrigationPaddy Irrigation

• Irrigation infrastructure for more reliable water supply / off-season supply

• Drainage infrastructure to remove excess water

• Drainage infrastructure to improve soil bearing capacity to facilitate harvesting, mechanisation

• Road network for access, transportation

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54.72183.51Asia

3.8811.72Africa

2.172.66Oceania

46.0623.46Europe

64.5640.75Americas

171.39262.10Total -101 countries

Drained AreaMha

Irrigated AreaMha

Continent

Ref: ICID 2000

Irrigated and Drained Areas

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0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Are

a (M

Ha)

Rate of Increase of Irrigated Area

World

Developing Countries

Developed CountriesChina

India

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1. Rising capital cost1. Rising capital cost

2. Low return on capital2. Low return on capital

3. Problem of operation 3. Problem of operation and maintenanceand maintenance

4. Low efficiency of 4. Low efficiency of water use.water use.

55. Low level of water . Low level of water charges and revenuescharges and revenues

6. Environmental impacts 6. Environmental impacts of projects (dams)of projects (dams)

7. Degradation of natural 7. Degradation of natural resourcesresources

Future ProspectsNew Irrigation & Drainage Projects

Future ProspectsNew Irrigation & Drainage Projects

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2. Improving Water Use Efficiency


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More Crop Per Drop

More Crop Less Drop

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Less Drop

Improving Water Efficiency

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World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) J’burg 2002

World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) J’burg 2002

WSSD Plan of Action

• “To develop integrated water resource management and water efficiency plans by 2005”

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SystemsSystems

Improving O&MImproving O&M

Cost RecoveryCost Recovery

ModernisationModernisation

WATER WATER USEUSE

Improving Water EfficiencyImproving Water Efficiency

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• Comparing and assessing scheme’s performance

• Improve weaknesses

• Learn, borrow, adapt best management practices

Benchmarking Benchmarking

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• Wastage because of little or no water recovery cost from farmers

• Where available, quantum low and inadequate

• Need adequate and appropriate charges, with measurement system

Cost RecoveryCost Recovery

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“Irrigation Modernisation is a process of

technical and managerialupgrading of irrigation scheme

combined with institutional reforms

with the objective to improve resource utilisation

(labour, water, economic, environmental)

and water productivity”

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• Wider stakeholders’ participation

• Water user groups, Farmers Associations

• Turnover programs

• Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)

• Governance

Institutional Reforms Institutional Reforms

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3. Improving Rain-fed Areas


• Represents 87 % of cropped land

• Small improvement large impact

• Subjected to risk of droughts and floods

• Providing basic infrastructure

• Small scale projects

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Nov 2004 WORLD FOOD PRODUCTIONWORLD FOOD PRODUCTION

World World -- AreaArea World World -- FoodFood

60%60%

83%83%RAINRAIN--FEDFEDNONNON--

IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

Ref: Postel

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4. Knowledge Development


• Research & Development• Improvements to systems and

processes• Field application / best practices• Better risk management models• Capacity building, humanware, TOT

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5. Integrated Approach


• Holistic view

• Hardware & software

• Integration within scheme

• Integration within river basin

• Irrigation and Drainage as a component of IWRM

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* Categories of countries arranged from Deficiency to Surplus food self-sufficiency.

Category I : Many countries in Sub-Saharan AfricaCategory II : Saudi Arabia, Japan etc.Category III : India, China etc.Category IV : USA, Canada etc.

Category

ofcountries*

Food SelfSufficiency

EconomicStatus(GNP)

Population Status ofWRD Governance Strategies

I Deficient Low High Low DeficientAid, Investment, Develop WaterResources, Improve Efficiency,Population Control

II Deficient High Low Adequate Adequate Virtual Water - Import

III SufficientLow and

Low

MiddleHigh Medium Evolving

Investment, Develop WaterResource, Improve Efficiency,Population Control

IV Surplus High Low Adequate Adequate Trade - Export

6. ICID Strategies

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

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1. Food Production in Asia Pressing problems to be solved

ConclusionConclusion

• Population growth

• Increasing food production

• Water issues

• Environmental issues

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2. Irrigation and Drainage Significant enablers in meeting challenges


• Enabling role to achieve required production increase

• Small scale infrastructure Significant improvement to rain-fed areas

• Need to be more environment friendly

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3. Need to improve on water use efficiency


• More Crop Less Drop

4. Holistic approach IWRM

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