Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848

Ferdinand I, Metternich, Louis Philippe, Frederick William IV, Ludwig I of Bavaria

o Although Although SicilySicily was the first state to experience was the first state to experience revolutionary turmoil in 1848 (Jan.), it was the outbreak of revolutionary turmoil in 1848 (Jan.), it was the outbreak of violence in Paris in Feb. which set the ball in motion in the violence in Paris in Feb. which set the ball in motion in the rest of Europe.rest of Europe.

o French Revolution:French Revolution: The revolutions of 1848 had their The revolutions of 1848 had their origin in the industrial and agricultural depression of 1845-47 origin in the industrial and agricultural depression of 1845-47 and in the intellectual ferment associated with the ideas of and in the intellectual ferment associated with the ideas of “liberalism” and “nationalism.” By the end of 1847 one-third “liberalism” and “nationalism.” By the end of 1847 one-third of the workers in of the workers in ParisParis were unemployed. were unemployed.

o Thiers leads opposition against Guizot’s policiesThiers leads opposition against Guizot’s policieso Gov’t. ban on political rallies (disguised as Gov’t. ban on political rallies (disguised as

“banquets”) ignored“banquets”) ignoredo Casualties suffered; barricades go upCasualties suffered; barricades go upo Louis-Philippe abdicates February 24, 1848Louis-Philippe abdicates February 24, 1848

Revolutions of 1848

o Provisional republican government proclaimed in the offices Provisional republican government proclaimed in the offices of two newspapers; poet Lamartine and Louis Blanc are two of two newspapers; poet Lamartine and Louis Blanc are two leadersleaders

o National “workshops” established; 120,000 signed up by National “workshops” established; 120,000 signed up by JuneJune

o April parliamentary elections based on universal manhood April parliamentary elections based on universal manhood suffragesuffrage

o electorate increased from 200,000 to 9,000,000electorate increased from 200,000 to 9,000,000o returns conservative majority: 500 moderate returns conservative majority: 500 moderate

republicans, 300 monarchists, 100 radicals republicans, 300 monarchists, 100 radicals o suppresses suppresses coupcoup attempt and abolishes workshops attempt and abolishes workshops

o ““June days”June days”o 4 days of bitter street fighting leave c. 4,500 dead and 4 days of bitter street fighting leave c. 4,500 dead and

5,500 wounded5,500 woundedo c. 12, 000 arrested; 4,500 deported to Algeriac. 12, 000 arrested; 4,500 deported to Algeriao General Cavaignac given near-dictatorial powers until General Cavaignac given near-dictatorial powers until

elections could be heldelections could be held

Revolutions of 1848

o Emergence of Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Emergence of Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte o son of Napoleon’s brotherson of Napoleon’s brothero educated in Germanyeducated in Germanyo involved in secret societies in Italyinvolved in secret societies in Italyo arrested and exiled to U.S. for treason in 1836arrested and exiled to U.S. for treason in 1836o arrested for treason in 1840; sentenced to life in prisonarrested for treason in 1840; sentenced to life in prisono escaped and fled to England in 1846escaped and fled to England in 1846o returned to Paris after Feb. Revolt, elected to Assembly in returned to Paris after Feb. Revolt, elected to Assembly in

April April o elected President of 2elected President of 2ndnd Republic in Dec. by vote of c. Republic in Dec. by vote of c.

5,400,000 to c. 1,500,000 for Gen. Cavaignac, to c. 18,000 5,400,000 to c. 1,500,000 for Gen. Cavaignac, to c. 18,000 for Lamartinefor Lamartine

Revolutions of 1848

o Napoleon not really committed to republic/even saw his Napoleon not really committed to republic/even saw his vote as repudiation of itvote as repudiation of it

o Elections of May, 1849 further erode republican support; Elections of May, 1849 further erode republican support; only 1/3only 1/3rdrd of deputies were strongly republican of deputies were strongly republican

o French intervention in Papal States triggers republican French intervention in Papal States triggers republican rioting and resulting Red Fearrioting and resulting Red Fear

o curbs on freedom of presscurbs on freedom of presso curbs on political clubs/associationscurbs on political clubs/associationso outlaw secret societiesoutlaw secret societies

o Left embittered; deep division in French political lifeLeft embittered; deep division in French political lifeo Moderate/conservative dominated Assembly abolishes Moderate/conservative dominated Assembly abolishes

universal suffrage in 1850universal suffrage in 1850

Revolutions of 1848

o Creation of strong executive power in republic’s Creation of strong executive power in republic’s constitution, but a single 4 year term limit imposed on constitution, but a single 4 year term limit imposed on PresidentPresident

o Louis Napoleon’s efforts to amend constitution in Louis Napoleon’s efforts to amend constitution in 1851 unsuccessful1851 unsuccessful

o ““coup” of Dec. 1851 to proclaim himself President for coup” of Dec. 1851 to proclaim himself President for lifelife

o Second “coup” of Dec. 1852 proclaims 2Second “coup” of Dec. 1852 proclaims 2ndnd French French Empire headed by Napoleon IIIEmpire headed by Napoleon III

Revolutions of 1848

German StatesGerman States: : Liberalism and NationalismLiberalism and NationalismThe news of the revolt in Paris gave strength in “Germany” to The news of the revolt in Paris gave strength in “Germany” to both the handicraft workers who wrecked machines and both the handicraft workers who wrecked machines and factories and the peasants who burned and looted the homes factories and the peasants who burned and looted the homes of the nobility.of the nobility.

Several German princes responded by offering liberal reforms Several German princes responded by offering liberal reforms including constitutions. This was the case in Baden, including constitutions. This was the case in Baden, Saxony,Saxony, and Wurttemberg. Wurttemberg.

In In Prussia,Prussia, King Frederick William IV (1840-1861) agreed in King Frederick William IV (1840-1861) agreed in 1848 to establish a constitution and work for a united 1848 to establish a constitution and work for a united Germany after Germany after violence exploded in Berlin. A violence exploded in Berlin. A constituent assembly was formed but by early 1849 constituent assembly was formed but by early 1849 the king disbanded it, granting a conservative the king disbanded it, granting a conservative constitution and reasserting rule by divine rightconstitution and reasserting rule by divine right

German StatesGerman States::

Frankfurt AssemblyFrankfurt Assembly: Meanwhile, more than 800 self-: Meanwhile, more than 800 self-appointed German delegates met in Frankfurt,appointed German delegates met in Frankfurt, the seat of the the seat of the German Confederation, to write a federal constitution for a German Confederation, to write a federal constitution for a unified Germanyunified Germany. When the crown was offered Frederick . When the crown was offered Frederick William, he turned it down.William, he turned it down.

Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire Metternich’s government had to Metternich’s government had to

contend with both liberal and contend with both liberal and nationalist demands from various nationalist demands from various segments of the empire.segments of the empire.

Demonstrations broke out in Vienna, Demonstrations broke out in Vienna, Prague, and Budapest in March 1848. Prague, and Budapest in March 1848.

Metternich flees Vienna; Ferdinand Metternich flees Vienna; Ferdinand later abdicateslater abdicates

Franz Joseph comes to throneFranz Joseph comes to throne

Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire Nationalism triumphant (briefly)Nationalism triumphant (briefly) Czechs, Poles, Croats, Serbs, Czechs, Poles, Croats, Serbs,

and Romanians all demand and Romanians all demand separate parliamentsseparate parliaments

Repression begins by JuneRepression begins by June Hungarians declare Hungarians declare

independent republicindependent republic Lajos Kossuth (1802-94)Lajos Kossuth (1802-94) Hungarian Republic crushed Hungarian Republic crushed

with aid of 140,000 Russians with aid of 140,000 Russians in 1849in 1849

Kossuth fled, eventually to Kossuth fled, eventually to the U.S.the U.S.

Camillo di Cavour

Italian StatesItalian States Young ItalyYoung Italy

Guiseppi Mazzini (1805-1872)Guiseppi Mazzini (1805-1872) sought unified republic and the sought unified republic and the

expulsion of the Austriansexpulsion of the Austrians RisorgimentoRisorgimento (Resurgence) (Resurgence) In 1848 liberal rebellions spread north In 1848 liberal rebellions spread north

from Sicily to Papal States, Tuscany, from Sicily to Papal States, Tuscany, Piedmont; Constitutions promised or Piedmont; Constitutions promised or grantedgranted

Italian StatesItalian States Anti-Austrian revolts in Milan (Lombardy) Anti-Austrian revolts in Milan (Lombardy)

and Venice in response to events in Viennaand Venice in response to events in Vienna Independent republics proclaimedIndependent republics proclaimed Piedmont-Sardinian King Charles Albert Piedmont-Sardinian King Charles Albert

mounts effort to unify north but unable to mounts effort to unify north but unable to keep support of Pope and Ferdinand II of keep support of Pope and Ferdinand II of SicilySicily

Pope’s scruplesPope’s scruples Initial success in plebescites and annexations Initial success in plebescites and annexations

raises fears of Piedmont’s intentionsraises fears of Piedmont’s intentions

Austria re-asserts control by 1849Austria re-asserts control by 1849

Pius IX

King Charles Albert

Italian StatesItalian States Roman Republic proclaimedRoman Republic proclaimed

Pope Pius IX makes liberal Pope Pius IX makes liberal reformsreforms

Losses support of radicals Losses support of radicals by refusal to support by refusal to support unification effortsunification efforts

Assassination of P.M.; Pius Assassination of P.M.; Pius flees to Naples – Nov. 1848flees to Naples – Nov. 1848

republic proclaimed – Feb., republic proclaimed – Feb., 1849; Mazzini, Garibaldi1849; Mazzini, Garibaldi

French intervention destroys French intervention destroys republic; restores pope – republic; restores pope – July, 1849July, 1849

Mazzini flees to Italian part of Mazzini flees to Italian part of Switz.; Garibaldi flees to U.S. Switz.; Garibaldi flees to U.S.