The Era of Napoleon and Metternich
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Transcript of The Era of Napoleon and Metternich
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Lauren MolyneauxAmanda Merrifield
Period 3
The Era of Napoleon and Metternich
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Napoleon saw a need to end civil strife in France in order to create unity and consolidate his rule
Took power in 1799 and was viewed as a national hero after he and the conspirators took over the Directory
Napoleon was named first consul of the republic and a new constitution consolidating his position was approved in December of 1799
Background
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Napoleon Crossing the Alps
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Reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the liberal and essentially moderate revolution of 1789Equality of all male citizens before the lawAbsolute security of wealth and private property
Women lost many gains they had made in the 1790’s Women were dependents of either their fathers or their
husbands and could not make contracts of even have bank accounts in their own names
Wanted to re-establish the family monarchy, with the father and husband as an absolute power over the wife and children just how Napoleon was over his subjects
Napoleon’s Civil Code of 1804
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With the help of the leading bankers of Paris, Napoleon was able to establish the privately owned Bank of FranceLoyally served the interests of both the state
and the financial oligarchyThe new economic order appealed to
peasants who gained both land and status Reassured the solid middle class and
peasantry who had lost a large number of its revolutionary illusions in the face of social upheaval
New Economic Ideas
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Napoleon accepted and strengthened the position of the French bureaucracy and built on the solid foundations that the new revolutionary governments had inherited from the Old Regime
Perfected a thoroughly centralized state and consolidated his rule by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries for the network of ministers, prefects and appointed mayors
Pushed aside former revolutionaries who leaned too far radical on either side of the spectrum
French Bureaucracy
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In 1800 the French clergy was still divided into two groupsThose who had taken the oath of allegiance and those
who were exiled because they did notNapoleon wanted to fix the division in the hopes
it would lead to social peaceNapoleon and Pope Pius VII signed the
Concordat of 1801 The pope gained for French Catholics the precious
right to practice their religion freelyNapoleon gained political power and now exerted
great influence over the church in France
Religion
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Treaty of Lunéville (1801): Austria accepted the loss of almost all its Italian possessions and German territory on the west bank of the Rhine was incorporated into France
Treaty of Amiens (1802): France remained in control of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west bank of the Rhine and most of the Italian peninsularDiplomatic triumph for NapoleonAlso given right to reshape the German states as he wished
He aggressively redrew the map of Germany so as to weaken Austria and attract the secondary states of southwestern Germany toward France, while trying to restrict British trade with all of Europe
Napoleon’s Wars and Foreign Policy
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Austria, Russia and Sweden joined with Britain to form the Third Coalition against France
Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805): French and Spanish fleet was annihilated by the British Royal Navy
Battle of Austerlitz (December 1805): Napoleon achieved a huge victory over the Austrians and Russians Austria accepted large territorial losses in return for peace for peace Third Coalition collapsed
Napoleon’s Wars and Foreign Policy (cont.)
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Treaties of Tilsit: Prussia lost half of its population, while Russia accepted Napoleon’s reorganization of western and central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon’s economic blockade against British goods
Increasingly Napoleon saw himself as the emperor of Europe and not just of France
Napoleon: Emperor of Europe?
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Core (first part): France, which included Belgium, Holland, parts of northern Italy and much German territory on the east bank of the Rhine
Second Part: a number of dependent satellite kingdoms on the thrones of which he places the members of his large family
Third Part: Independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia and Russia
Napoleon’s Three-Part Grand Empire
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Introduced many French laws, abolishing feudal dues and serfdom where it had not already been done soPeasants and middle class benefitted from
these reformsLevied heavy taxes which led him to be
regarded more as a conquering tyrant than as an enlightened liberator
Napoleon’s Reforms on Europe
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French rule sparked patriotic upheavals and encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism
First revolt occurred in Spain in 1808 when a coalition of Catholics, monarchists and patriots rebelled against napoleons to make Spain a satellite nation
Spain was a clear warning, yet Napoleon pushed on
Napoleon’s continental system, designed to exclude the British from trade, backfired and France ended up suffering from Britain’s counter-blockade
Reforms Lead to Backfire
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Began in June of 1812 with a force of 600,000Battle of Borodino was a draw and Russians
retreatedAlexander I of Russia ordered the evacuation
of Moscow and refused negotiation
Napoleon Invades Russia
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After 5 weeks in Moscow, Napoleon ordered a retreat that would become one of the greatest military disasters in history
The Russian army, the Russian winter and starvation cut Napoleon’s army to pieces
370,000 men died and another 200,000 had been taken prisoner
Napoleon abandoned his troops and went to Paris to form new army
Napoleon Invades Russia (cont.)
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On April 4, 1814, Napoleon abdicated the throne and was granted the tiny island of Elba as his own tiny state
Napoleon was allowed to keep his imperial title and France was required to pay him a yearly income of 2 million francs
Louis XVIII becomes new monarch
Napoleon Abdicates the Throne
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Louis XVIII was old, ugly, crippled by gout and lacked the glory and magic of Napoleon
Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon took control
Allies crushed him at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815 and imprisoned him on the island of St. Helena
Louis XVII returned and regained his reign
End of an Era
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(May 15,1773- June 11, 1859)
Prince Klemens von Metternichof Austria
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Congress of Vienna, at the end of Napoleon’s EraBourbon Dynasty revived, Louis XVIII reinstated,
as a lenient settlement from the allies in attempts at a Balance of Power
Revolutionary triumph uncertain the idea of “legitimacy” (belief royal blood is only legit power) feeling of irritation because they’ve come full circle
Metternich felt balance of power meant international equilibrium of political and military forces to discourage aggression from anyone
Napoleon and Metternich Overlap
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After the Congress of Vienna
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Reestablishment of political peace domestically = Metternich crusaded against all ideas about the dual revolution; lasted until 1848
1st step: Joined the Holy AllianceAustria + Prussia + RussiaTry to preserve Christian principlesBecame a symbol of repressionHorrified Metternich; did not want another rev.
battled against liberal political change (Carlsbad Decrees rooting out liberal papers/universities)
Intervention and Repression
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Believed liberalism embodied revolutionary spirit and should be crushed
Felt it coalesced with nationalism, which also should be crushedIt’s for national Safety, guys
People don’t have a voice in gov’t
Metternich and Conservatism
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Congress SystemBalance of Power- wanted to combine
enlightenment ideals with modern day problems to keep wars like the Napoleonic Wars from happening again
In effect until 1848Reaction to Congress of Vienna
Concert of Europe
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"The downfall of empires always directly depends upon the spread of unbelief. For this very reason religious , the first of virtues, is the strongest power... Religion cannot decline in a nation without causing that nation's strength also to decline.“Metternich
Religion
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Emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, spontaneity in both art and personal life
A reaction to conservative politics Saw growth of modern industry as ugly and
brutal- wanted exotic escape
Romanticism
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Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)- dramatic, colorful scenes; stirred with emotions
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)- first great master of new classical forms; dramatic and inspiring symphonies
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)- the greatest pianist of his age; a true one in a million performer
Artistic People of Importance
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Serfdom still existed in poorer parts of Austria
Laissez Faire- Adam SmithPeople wanted less conservative, absolute
power and more free rule; saw this in Smith’s “invisible hand” philosophy
Free competition among tradeSaw this as new liberalism (now considered
“classical”)Inspired by Wealth of Nations
Economics
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1815 marked the beginning of Utopian Socialism; originally started in France
A gov’t should be rationally organized economically
New laissez-faire economy denied workers the right to organize violently upset the French urban workers developed a sense of class
Karl Marx philosophy on the riseCommunist ManifestoBourgeoiosie/ proletariat
Socialism
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Upheaval in France revolution in Hungary, firstLiberals demanded written constitutions ,
representative gov’t and civil liberties from authoritarian regimes
Caused Metternich to flee in disguise toward London. The old absolutist order seemed to be collapsing
Tried to appease by ending serfdom in the country, but the city did not rest revolutionaries wanted to join w/minorities and create a Hungarian nation (didn’t go over well)Gov’t played revolutionaries against minority groups
Aristocratic forces toppled the revolution. FOR NOW.
Austrian Empire in 1848
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfHnwqtJT9U
Video!!