Revision booklet answers

Page 3 - Astronomy1. Star: a ball of gas - stationary and make their own

light using nuclear fusionPlanet: Smaller objects that orbit stars – made of

rock or gas, only reflect lightSolar System: our sun and everything that orbits

it.Lunar Eclipse: When the Moon passes through

the Earth’s shadow (Sun Earth Moon)Solar Eclipse: When the Moon moves between

the sun and Earth and causes a small shadow to form on Earth (Sun Moon Earth)

Spring tide: When the Sun and Moon are all in line. The tides are unusually high and unusually low (Esp. strong tides)

Neap tide: occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon form a triangle (at right angles). Less difference between high and low tide (Esp. weak tides)

2. Lunar eclipse

Moon phase: Full moon

3. Solar eclipse

Moon phase: New Moon

Spring tides

Spring tides can only occur at full and new moonSpring tides can only occur at full and new moon

Page 4Star Planet

Size Large Smaller

Composition Gas Rock or gas

Movement StationaryOrbits around

stars

OtherMakes its own

lightReflects light only

6. Life is possible due to the sun. The sun emits sunlight which produces warmth (so the temperature is suitable) and light (for the process of photosynthesis)

7. South celestial pole. The stars are stationary. They appear as if they were moving because the Earth is rotating on its axis.

8. Southern Cross, Matariki, Libra, Scorpius.

Some of the Southern hemisphere constellations can be seen in the northern hemisphere.

A constellation is a group of named stars.

The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth’s axis

In winter we are tilted away from the Sun so the light energy is more spread out.

In summer we are tilted towards the Sun so the light energy is more direct.

Page 5 - Physics• A force is… a push, pull, or twist that can

change an object’s movement

• Gravity is… the force that one mass exerts on another

• Weight force… the force of gravity acting on an object

• Weight is… force of gravity pulling down on an object. Measured in newtons (N)

• Mass is… the amount of matter in an object

• A kilogram is… the unit of mass

• Objects traveling at constant speed: all opposing forces must be equal

• Object slowing down: drag force must be larger than thrust

1. 30 minutes = 0.5 hour

40km / 0.5hr = 80 km/hr

2. 2hr 15min = 2.25hr

80km/hr x 2.25 hr = 180km

3. V = d/t t = d/v = 120km = 1.5hr

80km/hr

Page 6• Type A: Force advantage. E.g. see-saw,

scissor

• Type B: force advantage. E.g. wheelbarrow, nail clippers

• Type C: Movement advantage. E.g. fishing rod, tweezers, tongs

• Field forces: magnetic, electrostatic, gravitational

• Contact forces: friction, support, tension

300N 100N

200N

200N

Net force of 200N towards the left

Net force: the sum of all the forces acting on an object (opposite forces cancel out)

Page 7 – Light and Sight

1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

2.

Incident ray

Normal

Reflected ray

Angle of incidence

Angle of reflection

Mirror

3. Shadows (light cannot bend around corners)4. (a) Opaque: no light passes through object,

cannot see through(b) Translucent: some light passes through

object, cannot see through(c) Transparent: all light passes through object,

can clearly see through(d) Primary colours: Red, blue, and green. These

three colours can be mixed to produce almost all colours

(e) Secondary colour: made when two primary colours are mixed (magenta, cyan, yellow)

(f) Reflect: when light bounces off an object

(g) Absorb: when light is taken in by an object

(h) Concave: lens or mirror that bulges away from you

(i) Convex: lens or mirror that bulges towards you

(j) Converge: light rays coming to meet at a focus

(k) real: an image that can be projected onto a screen

(l) virtual: when light rays don’t actually pass through the point where the image is

(5)

Red and blue light is absorbed (used for photosynthesis). Green light is reflected.

Eye diagram:

Left side labels: iris, pupil, lens, cornea

Right side labels: muscle, retina, optic nerve

Page 8 - Particles1.

Compound: chemical in which atoms of different elements are bonded together

Molecule: group of atoms that are bonded

Mixture: when chemicals are mixed together but are not chemically bonded

Element: pure substance made up of only one type of atom

2. Mixture, compound, element

mixture, compound, element

3. Water-compound, oxygen gas-element, coke-mixture, ink-mixture, milo-mixture, salt-compound, seawater-mixture, air-mixture, nitrogen gas-element, carbon monoxide-compound, iron-element, magnesium oxide-compound.

4. magnesium, iron, lead, sodium, copper, lithium, calcium

Page 9

5 – see periodic table

6. metals: left side, non-metals: right side (except for hydrogen)

7.

Distillation: different liquids in a solution boil separately (can also separate water from solid)

Chromatography: separating coloured substances using filter paper and a solvent

Decanting: pouring a liquid off a solid (or a liquid that doesn’t mix)

Filtration: insoluble solid can’t pass through filter, but liquid will

Crystallisation: a liquid will evaporate to leave a dissolved solid behind

8.

Distillation

Filtration

Decanting/filtration

Evaporation

Chromatography

Page 10Atomic N. = 12; number of protons and electrons

Mass N. = 24; number of particles in the nucleus (number of protons and neutrons)

Magnesium have 12 electrons

Mg: 2, 8, 2

12p

12n

9.

Magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide

Aluminium + oxygen aluminium oxide

10. New substance produced, smell, fizzing/bubbling, colour change, light, reaction is hard to reverse.

Physical change: change in state – where heat is added or taken away so that the atom arrangement is changed. (e.g. from liquid to solid)

Page 11 – Atomic structure

(a) Sodium (b) Lithium

(c) Oxygen (d) Neon

1.

Nucleus

Valence electron

Proton1st electron shell

3rd electron shell

2nd electron shell

Letter/Name Use

A beaker Hold/ heat/mix liquids

B funnel Pouring/filtering

C gas jar Hold gas

D conical flask Hold/heat/mix liquids

E measuring cylinder Accurately measure liquids

F test tube Hold/heat/mix liquids

G gauze Hold objects on tripod

H tripod Hold objects above Bunsen

I Bunsen Heating

J evaporating dish Evaporating liquids

K stirring rod Stirring

2.

Page 12

Average

23.7

19.3

14.0

12.3

9.3

Page 13 – Plant and Animal cells

PART PLANT ANIMAL

C Chloroplasts none

C W Cell wall none

Vacuoles Large central Many small

R Regular shape Irregular shape

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Nucleus

Mitochondrion

• Cell membrane: controls all that leaves or enters the cell

• Cell Wall: gives shape and support

• Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis (green from chlorophyll)

• Mitochondria: site of respiration (release of energy)

• Nucleus: controls everything that goes on in the cell (contains DNA)

• Vacuole: storage

Page 14 - PhotosynthesisPlants produce food by the process of photosynthesis The green colouring in plants called chlorophyll is used to trap the energy from the Sun. Plants are called producers.Animals are consumers as they cannot make their own food. Animals that eat plants are called herbivores while animals that eat meat are called carnivores. An animal that eats plant matter and meat is called an omnivore.Energy flows from one organism to another in a food chain while minerals are recycled by decomposers. The first trophic level is always a producer because energy from the Sun needs to be trapped as glucose/food.Animals and plants are made up of cells - every living thing is made of cells and also carries out all of MRS GREN.

2. Osmosis allows water carrying nutrients to enter leaves and transpiration carries nutrients in the water stream and the water escapes the leaves via stomata.

osmosis is the movement of water from area of high

concentration to area of low concentration.

transpiration is the movement of water up the stem of a plant

and out of the leaves due to the pull of water leaving the leaves through the stomata

and osmosis causing water to keep replacing lost water in

the cells

Page 15 – Key practice1. Can it be used with a hammer? yes: tack/nail

no go to Q22. Does it have a thread? yes go to Q3

no go to Q43. Is it octagonal? yes: nut

no: screw4. Does it have a sharp point? yes go to Q5

no: paper clip5. Can you use it on clothes? yes go to Q6

no go to Q76. Do you need thread to use it? yes: needle

no: safety pin7. Do you use it fishing? yes: fishing hook

no: thumb tack**yours may be different but still right – it must have yes/no questions but can

be set out in a diagram instead of just written questions (like the one below) –check with your teacher if you are not sure.

A FIVE FINGER B RUAEKAU C WINEBERRY

Page 16 – Biology Revision

1. Sensitivity

2. Movement

3. Respiration

4. Reproduction

5. Growth

6. Nutrition

7. Excretion

1. B

2. P

3. S

4. B

5. P

6. B

7. S

8. B

9. S

10.S

• Osmosis is the movement of water from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

• Transpiration is the movement of water up the stem of a plant and out of the leaves due to the pull of water leaving the leaves through the stomata and osmosis causing water to keep replacing lost water in the cells. Proof – put food colouring in water and put a stick of celery in the water. Celery will gradually become coloured due to the coloured water moving up the xylem and into the leaves

Page 17 – Food and DigestionFood Type Test Positive result and

example of food which contains it

Protein Sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate

Lilac colour

Glucose Benedicts solution and heat

Brick red or orange/green/yellow

Starch Iodine solution Blue black colour

Fat/oil Rub on paper Grease mark

Oesophagus

StomachLiver

Small intestine

A healthy diet should follow a food pyramid with little of the things at the top (fats and sugary foods) and more of the things lower down the pyramid. A healthy diet contains all of the food groups in appropriate amounts and an over food intake that is not more than you use (or you store it as fat)

Extra: Complete a Venn Diagram for solar eclipses and lunar eclipses

Solar eclipse Lunar eclipse

•Involves the Sun, Moon, and

Earth•Involves shadows

(can be total or partial)

•Can be seen on Earth

•Involves the moon’s shadow

•During the day (New moon)

•Brief and localised

•Involves the Earth’s shadow

•During the night (Full

Moon)

•Longer, can be seen by

half the world