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Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa: Cameroon

Ingram, V.; Schure, J.

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Citation for published version (APA):Ingram, V., & Schure, J. (2010). Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa: Cameroon.Yaounde: CIFOR/FORENET Project.

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Establishment of a Forestry Research Network for ACP Countries

(FORENET)

9 ACP RPR 91#1

CIFOR

Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa CAMEROON

Verina Ingram and Jolien Schure

June 2010

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010

Verina Ingram, Jolien Schure

Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa, Cameroon

Photos: Verina Ingram, Jaap van der Waarde, Abdon Awono, Nouhou Ndam

Front cover photo: NTFP Market trader, Bamenda, Northwest region, Cameroon (Verina Ingram)

166p.+ v

CIFOR

Central Africa office

c/o IITA Humid Tropics Regional Centre

BP 2008, Messa, Yaounde

Cameroon

CIFOR

Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede

Bogor Barat 16115

Indonesia

T +62 (251) 8622-622

F +62 (251) 8622-100

E [email protected]

Website http://www.cifor.cgiar.org

© 2010, Center for International Forestry Research.

All rights reserved

This study was financed as part of the ACP-FORENET 9 ACP RPR 91#1 Regional NTFP study. The draft report was presented at the ATELIER SOUS-REGIONAL SUR«L’HARMONISATION DES REVUES NATIONALES SUR LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX (PFNL) EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE», 17-18 MAI 2010, DOUALA, CAMEROUN, organized by the ACP-FORENET Project / RFPO AFRIQUE CENTRALE , with funding from the European Union.

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

CIFOR advances human wellbeing, environmental conservation and equity by conducting

research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries.

CIFOR is one of 15 centres within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural

Research (CGIAR). CIFOR’s headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia. It also has offices in Asia,

Africa and South America.

http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 i

Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa: Cameroon

Summary This review of the current status of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Cameroon forms part of a

regional study on NTFPs in Central Africa, an initiative of the Forestry Research Network for ACP countries

(ACP-FORENET). Data and studies about NTFPs from 2004 to March 2010 were reviewed, filling the gap

since the last national and regional studies in 1998 and 2004. Comprehensive data about nationally

representative consumption, trade volumes and values exists only for some NTFPs. This absence explains

why data from the 1990s are often reiterated and large gaps remain in scientific knowledge about species

and the absence of sustainable consumption patterns and trade for many species. It also explains the

inconsistencies in regulations and policy making. The Cameroonian 1994 Forestry Law identifies and sets

out controls for ‘Special Forestry Products’, many of which are NTFPs. However it does not define NTFPs

nor is there an explicit logic in the selection of products or prioritisation of NTFPs to enable sustainable

management or monitoring.

A comprehensive list of the status of over 487 forest plants and 82 animals which provide non-timber

forest products was compiled. These were scored using five ‘’value’’ criteria to evaluate the level of

consumption, extent and volume of trade, multiple use of a species and use of multiple parts of a species,

and the level of vulnerability. From this long list, 45 NTFPs, shown in the table below, were identified as

‘’priority’’ or ‘’key’’, meaning that they were attributed the highest values. The valuation revealed that

there are at least 129 plant based products (consisting of over 59 species), which are highly valued for their

trade and economic aspects, and are also important for subsistence use, their socio-cultural relevance and

in maintaining environmental integrity. Fuelwood was classed as one product but in practice is comprised

of many species which together have the highest estimated economic and social value. It is however the

most neglected product in terms of data available. Other key plant products are predominantly used for

food and oils (67%), followed by medicinal products (60%), with 20% having strong cultural connotations,

and 13% of species also used for timber. In all, 67% of these key species have multiple uses. For the animal

based NTFPs, the valuation exercise indicated that 42 species were the most used and highly valued. These

animals are predominately used for food and were classed together as ‘bushmeat’, comprised largely of

smaller mammals, birds, snakes and a range of insects. Apiculture products produced by bees (Apis

mellifera), mainly honey and wax, were also rated with a high value, due to their multiple uses. The cultural

and decorative uses of animals usually animal parts, such as spines, furs and skins had a lower value rating.

Priority NTFPS in Cameroon

Species Annual value

US$

Forest type Value

score

Fish (Silures & other species) 613,600,000 National 4

Fuelwood (wood, charcoal & sawdust) 378,641,309 National 4

Gnetum africanum, Gnetum bulchozium 12,197,503 Humid lowlands 4

Irvingia gabonensis, Irvingia wombulu 8,089,580 Humid lowlands 4

Prunus africana 2,874,928 Montane 4

Dacryodes edulis 989,504 Humid lowlands 4

Pausinystalia johimbe 847,182 Humid lowlands 4

Ricinodendron heudelotii 730,325 Humid lowlands 4

Voacanga africana 585,586 Humid lowlands 4

Cola nitida 430,639 Humid lowlands 4

Rattans (Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. 284,013 Humid lowlands 4

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 ii

Species Annual value

US$

Forest type Value

score

Robustum, Eremospatha macrocarpa)

Cola acuminata 269,083 Humid lowlands 4

Garcinia kola 249,938 Humid lowlands 4

Garcinia lucida 171,175 Humid lowlands 4

Baillonella toxisperma 11,868 Humid lowlands 4

Piper guineensis 78.9 Humid lowlands 4

Xylopia aethiopica no data Humid lowlands 4

Acacia senegal, Acacia polyacantha 4,040,000 Savannah 3

Bushmeat (small mammals, ungulates,

reptiles, rodents)

2,799,330 Humid, savannah & montane 3

Raphia spp. 1,574,661 Humid, montane, savannah 3

Tetrapleura tetraptera 124,489 Humid lowlands 3

Rauvolfia vomitoria 94,803 Humid lowlands 3

Chinconia spp. 31,500 Humid lowlands 3

Kigelia africana 18,000 Humid, montane 3

Carpolobia lutea, Carpolobia albea 5,911 Humid & montane zone 3

Aframomum melegueta, Aframomum

daniellii, Aframomum citratum

- Humid lowlands 3

Alstonia boonei - Humid lowlands 3

Coula edulis - Humid lowlands 3

Garcinia mannii - Humid lowlands 3

Guibourtia tessmannii - Humid lowlands 3

Harungana madagascariensis - Humid lowlands 3

Khaya ivorensis - Humid lowlands 3

Lophira alata - Humid lowlands 3

Lovoa trichilioides - Humid lowlands 3

Megaphrynium macrostachyum - Humid lowlands 3

Milicia excelsa - Humid lowlands 3

Monodora myristica - Humid lowlands 3

Morinda lucida - Humid lowlands 3

Nauclea diderrichii - Humid lowlands 3

Poga oleosa - Humid lowlands 3

Scorodophleus zenkeri - Humid lowlands 3

Terminalia superba - Humid lowlands 3

Trichoscypha arborea - Humid lowlands 3

Vitellaria paradoxa - Savannah 3

Apiculture beeswax

honey

244,420 Savannah, montane 3

61,105 3

Within the current, ongoing consultations to revise the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law, there is a particular

emphasis on the regulatory framework for NTFPs. This revision process provides an excellent opportunity

to update the policy and regulatory framework for NTFP value chains and products, and address problems

and challenges identified with the current system. This review feeds into the revision process by identifying

the priority NTFPs in Cameroon in terms of both trade and consumption. It is recommended that these

NTFPs should form the basis of the revised framework and list of species which require permits and

monitoring.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 iii

A monitoring network on both a national and regional level for bushmeat, the Central African Bushmeat

Monitoring System (SYVBAC) has been in development since 2008 by a group of stakeholders in the

bushmeat and wildlife sector and provides an excellent existing framework for animal NTFP based

monitoring. However, the criteria used for listing species for monitoring and protection need to be

reconsidered in the light of two aspects, the level of vulnerability (using the Red Data List) and the level of

off-take for sale and consumption. Taking these two criteria into account would mean that at least seven

animals currently unclassified in the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law’s two major protection categories

(Class A and B), would be need to be included as these species are classified as vulnerable according to the

Red Data List of Threatened species. The monitoring, regulatory and harmonisation frameworks already

proposed in detail for Cameroon (Walter and Mbala 2006; Betti 2007b; Bonannée, Zé et al. 2007) and for

Central Africana in general (Walter and Mbala 2006, Bonannée, Zé et al. 2007) and the emerging presence

of the Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (OFAC), provide an excellent opportunity for the regional

level coordination and monitoring among Central African states.

Recommendations for enhancing the NTFP sector in Cameroon and regionally include:

Plant NTFPs

1. Introduce a definition for NTFPs in the revision of the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law

2. Revise the list of Special Forestry Products, separating NTFPs and timber species, based on the lists

presented above, stating both scientific name, local names in English, French and local languages and

a description to avoid confusion during controls.

3. The COMCAM monitoring database should include all the revised list of Special Forestry Product

NTFPs

4. Revise the permit system and introduce quotas and inventories for the key products from the wild.

5. Distinguish the source of forest products: plantations, agroforestry or natural forests, and include in

permit system.

6. Distinguish between international and national trade in the permitting system.

7. Introduce harvesting guidelines and norms for the key NTFPs.

8. Improve the exchange of information from waybills (Lettre de Voitures), Control Posts and at the

major transborder customs posts, and ensure this data feeds into a national COMCAM system.

Animal NTFPs

1. Revision of the hunting permit system to increase availability of data and improve control, including

increasing the ease of obtaining Class C permits.

2. Coordination between regional and centralised MinFoF authorities on granting of permits, monitoring,

controls and data collection at decentralised and national level.

3. Increased control and monitoring of bushmeat trade and markets for Class A and B species.

4. Increase basic knowledge of the biology of harvestable forest animals and the consequences of

hunting, to would allow accurate estimations of production rates (the excess of growth over

replacement rate) and enable the estimation of hunting quotas, related permits and sustainability.

5. Revise the Protected Classes of animals in the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law to include Red data

listed species.

6. Assess if the ‘key’ non-protected but traded & consumed species are vulnerable, and if so, revise their

rating and classification

7. Review the level and methods of protection and control for the key Class A and B species, given that

they remain widely hunted.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 iv

Contents

Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. i

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... vii

1.Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1

Definitions ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

Context ........................................................................................................................................................... 1

Aims of the study ........................................................................................................................................... 4

2.Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 5

Approaches .................................................................................................................................................... 5

Grey literature ................................................................................................................................................ 5

Peer reviewed literature ................................................................................................................................. 5

Theses ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

Government and international institutions trade data .................................................................................. 5

Stakeholder interviews ................................................................................................................................... 6

Market survey and Market Information Systems ........................................................................................... 6

Data analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 6

Limitations ..................................................................................................................................................... 8

Estimating revenues and volumes .................................................................................................................. 8

Extrapolation to annual volumes and values ................................................................................................. 9

Study period.................................................................................................................................................... 9

Species scientific and local names .................................................................................................................. 9

3.Background ................................................................................................................................................... 10

Climate, vegetation and topography ............................................................................................................ 10

Demography ................................................................................................................................................. 10

Governance and administration ................................................................................................................... 11

Socio-economics ........................................................................................................................................... 11

Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................................ 13

Cameroon’s forestry sector .......................................................................................................................... 13

4.Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 15

Defining priority NTFPs ................................................................................................................................ 15

Key plant NTFPs ........................................................................................................................................... 17

Key animal NTFPs ......................................................................................................................................... 35

Key NTFPs in Cameroon ............................................................................................................................... 44

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 v

5. Description per NTFP ................................................................................................................................... 47

6. Methodology for monitoring NTFPs in Cameroon ....................................................................................... 47

Plant NTFPs .................................................................................................................................................. 47

Animal NTFPs ............................................................................................................................................... 48

7.References .................................................................................................................................................... 50

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 Literature searches ........................................................................................................................... 74

Internet search ............................................................................................................................................. 74

Scientific literature search ........................................................................................................................... 74

ANNEX 2 Market survey ................................................................................................................................... 75

Questionnaire (market master/manager) .................................................................................................... 75

Observations during market tour ................................................................................................................. 75

Markets visited & Region .............................................................................................................................. 75

Overview of Markets visited & Region ......................................................................................................... 76

ANNEX 3 Species specific NTFP references .................................................................................................. 78

ANNEX 4 General NTFP studies in Cameroon .................................................................................................. 81

ANNEX 5 Location specific NTFP studies .......................................................................................................... 82

ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon .......................................................................................................................... 85

Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... 85

Animal based NTFPs ..................................................................................................................................... 87

Plant NTFPs .................................................................................................................................................. 97

ANNEX 7 Protected animal species in Cameroon .......................................................................................... 149

Class A ........................................................................................................................................................ 149

Class B ......................................................................................................................................................... 152

ANNEX 8 Exchange rates and inflation indexes ............................................................................................. 157

ANNEX 9 Markets, Volumes and Prices 1995-2008 ....................................................................................... 158

ANNEX 10 Ranking of most hunted animal species ....................................................................................... 162

ANNEX 11 Description of priority NTFPs ........................................................................................................ 165

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 vi

Boxes, Tables and Figures

Box 1 A defintion of key NTFPs ........................................................................................................................ 16

Box 2 Capturing the value of multi-use species: Raphia .................................................................................. 24

Figure 1 Value scoring system............................................................................................................................ 7

Figure 2 Ecological maps of Cameroon ............................................................................................................ 12

Figure 3 Infrastructure map of Cameroon ....................................................................................................... 13

Figure 4 Special Forestry Products in Cameroon ............................................................................................ 19

Figure 5 Special Forestry Products: Species, Permitted quantities and Exported quantities .......................... 21

Figure 6 Cameroon official data on exports NTFPs 2003-2009 ....................................................................... 22

Figure 7 Exports of Prunus africana from Cameroon 2000-2008 .................................................................... 28

Figure 8 Proportion of 3 main NTFPs in the markets per region 1995-1997 ................................................... 29

Figure 9 Number of NTFPs sold in 18 Cameroon markets 1995-2008 ............................................................. 30

Figure 10 Annual average quantity of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008 .............................................. 30

Figure 11 Annual average proportion % of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008 ...................................... 31

Figure 12 Annual, average quantity of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008 ............................................. 32

Figure 13 Key plant NTFPs by trade value ....................................................................................................... 33

Figure 14 Key plant NTFPs................................................................................................................................ 34

Figure 15 Most hunted and trapped animal species in Cameroon.................................................................. 38

Table 1 Cameroon Human Development Indexes ........................................................................................... 11

Table 2 Cameroon forest key figures ............................................................................................................... 14

Table 3 Internationally traded plant NTFPs from Cameroon in Europe .......................................................... 18

Table 1 Special Forestry Products in Cameroon .............................................................................................. 18

Table 2 Protected and vulnerability status of highly ranked hunted animals..............................................14

Table 6 Values of animal NTFPs in order of value, per species ....................................................................... 40

Table 7 Volumes and values of bushmeat, Cameroon .................................................................................... 41

Table 8 Key animal NTFPs in order of species.................................................................................................. 42

Table 9 Cameroon Key NTFPs trade and consumption ................................................................................... 44

Photo 1 Cola acuminata, Garcina cola and Dacryodes edulis ............................................................................ 9

Photo 2 NW and Western highlands forests: Source of NTFPs such as honey, Voacanga africana and Prunus

africana ............................................................................................................................................................ 14

Photo 3 Key Cameroonian NTFPs; High trade but scarce data ........................................................................ 20

Photo 1 Traditional medicinal NTFPs, Bafoussam ......................................................................................... 251

Photo 4 Raphia vinifera, Bafut ......................................................................................................................... 25

Photo 6 Caterpillars, Lobeke ............................................................................................................................ 43

Cameroon%20PFNL%20FORENET%20FINAL%20report%20JS%20VI%20290610.docx#_Toc265661495

Cameroon%20PFNL%20FORENET%20FINAL%20report%20JS%20VI%20290610.docx#_Toc265661496

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 vii

1. Abbreviations

ACP-FORENET Forestry Research Network for ACP countries CARPE Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBFP Congo Basin Forest Partnership CEFDHAC Conférence sur les Ecosystèmes des Forêts Denses et Humides d’Afrique Centrale CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COMIFAC Commission on Central African Forests COMCAM Commercial Forestry Database of Cameroon FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCFA Franc of the Central African Financial Community ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization MinEPIA Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries & Production MinFoF Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product NWFP Non-wood Forest Product OFAC Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSFE Forest and Environment Sectoral Program SFP Special Forestry Products SYVBAC Système de suivi de la filière viande de brousse en Afrique Central SIGIF Système de Gestion de l’Information Forestière SFP Special Forestry Products TRAFFIC CITES Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (IUCN and WWF) WHO World Health Organization

Acknowledgements Many thanks to Ousseynou Ndoye and Julius Tieughong at the FAO, Cameroon for providing vital references, likewise to Nouhou Ndam of TRAFFIC and Cédric Vermeulen of the University of Gembleau. We are grateful especially to all the participants at the Atelier Sous Regional sur les Produits Forestieres Non- Ligneux en Afrique Centrale and particularly members of Parallel Session Group 1 at the FORENET session in Douala from 17 to 18 May 2010.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 1

1. Introduction

Definitions

The definitions used here are the same as those used in the COMIFAC Sub-Regional Directives for the

sustainable management of Non-wood forest products (NWFP) or Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) of

plant origin in Central Africa (FAO, GTZ et al. 2008), unless otherwise specified:

a. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) or Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP): Spontaneous forest

products of biological (vegetable and animal origin), other that timber, derived from forests, and other

wooded land and trees outside forests

b. Threatened NTFPs: NTFPs whose species are, or could be threatened with extinction at a national level,

in particular because of their nature, the frequency of their exploitation or an ecological factor.

c. NTFP value chains: indicates the entire set of processes and activities involved in getting a product from

harvest in the forests, including storage, transport, and transformation or processing and marketing to the

final consumer.

d. National competent authority: authority in charge of NTFPs in each State, according to its level of

devolution and/or decentralization.

e. Right to food: right to sufficient food, realised when each man, woman and child, alone or with others,

has physically and economically constant access to sufficient food, or to the means of obtaining food.

f. Food security: foods that provide a substantial contribution to human nutritional needs and intake,

annually or within a particular season.

g. Exploitation permit: an authorization to exploit, granted by the national competent authority

h. Sustainable management: the management of a space and its resources which guarantees development

that meets both present needs, without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their

needs.

Context Within Central Africa, NTFPs are exploited for subsistence needs and also for sale (Trefon 1994; Clark and

Sunderland 1998; Sunderland 1998; Wilkie, Hakizumwami et al. 2001; Clark and Sunderland 2004), often

with no or very little coordination by competent authorities and thereafter are transformed and marketed,

both locally, nationally, and internationally. That there is a significant, often decades and even centuries

long regional trade in NTFPs amongst other Central African countries in several products such as Gnetum,

honey and Cola, is well known in popular consciousness. However for many NTFPs, the value and quantities

and trade circuits are not known precisely. There is also a known trade (again, not quantified) out of Africa,

which has been remarkably little studied except for Tabuna’s classic study now more than a decade ago

(Tabuna 1999). There is also little harmonisation or overview on a regional level, to ensure sustainable

management of this sector (See Wasseige and al. 2009 p. 163, 164; Betti 2007).

Data concerning the values and volumes of exploitation and the management of NTFPs on a national and

then regional level are patchy and inconsistent. Scientific data is largely not used to inform or support

decision making on the level of regulating and managing exploitation on a national or regional level for


either subsistence needs, or for trade. The recent exception on a national level is Prunus africana, for which

guidelines for its management have been developed based on inventories and market studies (Ingram,

Awono et al. 2009). There is also no, or insufficient coordination, between research, development and

conservation organisations to ensure that the competent public administrations use the wealth of data that

has been produced (REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON 2008).

These knowledge gaps are despite the wealth of literature on the use and trade of NTFPs in Central Africa.

As Dounias (2000) points out, within the Central African literature about the use of plants and particularly

forest products, Cameroon is over-represented. This may be due to Cameroon being seen as ‘‘Africa in

miniature’’ and a host of social, political and as well as logistical reasons which make the Republic a

crossroad of vast phytogeographic entities, but also at the cultural centre of Baka’a, Bantu, Adamaoua-

Oubangui and Chad speaking populations. Cameroon’s colonial legacy and largely stable political

environment also ensures easy access for both Anglophone and Francophone researchers and large body of

home-grown researchers and academics from national research institutes and universities, making its

forests and products some of the most studied among the Central African nations. This intensity on a

regional level is also paralleled on a national level, with four regions having been particularly well studied,

notably the Southwest, Central and Eastern rainforests and Northwest/Southwest montane forests.

On a Central African regional level, some of the earliest regional studies highlighted the importance of the

forest-rural-urban link for forest products (Trefon 1994; Ladipo 1998). Regional studies and compilations of

national level data were published in 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2004. These synthesized data on NTFPs, the

issues around the resource, harvest and trade, and the statistics available (Sunderland, Clark et al. 1998;

Tchatat 1999) (Walter 2001); Clark and al 2004). These regional overviews were complemented by studies

of exports from Central Africa on NTFPs in general to Europe (Tabuna 1998), on bushmeat (Wilkie and

Carpenter 1999b; LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006), and on NTFPs used for food (Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007).

By 2001 two good bibliographies of NTFP and their uses existed (Dounias, Rodrigues et al. 2000; Maille

2001).

By the beginning of the decade, the need for a regional level and transboundary approach for NTFPs was

recognised. This resulted in a series of studies and initiatives on the policy framework (Wilkie,

Hakizumwami et al. 2001) and its opportunities (Jetz, Rahbek et al. 2004), the link with indigenous

knowledge (Tchatat and Ndoye 2006; Eyong 2007) and indigenous rights (Eyong 2007), how to collect data

and monitor this on a national and regional level (Medicinal Plants Specialist Group 2007) and setting up an

appropriate legal and institutional framework (Betti 2007b).

By the middle of the new decade, attention turned increasingly to the need to harmonize the regulatory,

monitoring, tax and institutional framework on a both national and regional level (Betti 2007b; Betti

2007a; Ebamane 2008), largely within the context of COMIFAC related initiatives to improve and harmonize

the forest regimes across Central African states. The socioeconomic aspects of NTFPs were assessed again

in 2008 (Noubissie, Chupezi et al. 2008).


In Cameroon, at least 70 studies have been conduced about species, their uses and environments. These

can be classified into three main types:

1. Studies focussing on a single species, notably Gnetum spp., Prunus africana and Irvingia spp. Cola

spp. and Dacryodes edulis, have been subject of numerous studies in Cameroon (Ainge and Brown

2001; Tachie-Obeng and Brown 2001). These studies tended to focus on widely commercialized

and well known species. For a fuller listing and references, see ANNEX 3 Species specific NTFP

references.

2. Studies focussing on a specific geographic location. These have largely been associated with

major conservation projects in areas to be designated as protected areas, or seeking a different

level of protection, such as Dja, Takamanda, Campo-Maan, Korup, Mt Cameroon and the Bamenda

Highlands (Kilum-Ijum). Although a largely representative listing of NTFP species and their uses

from both the lowland humid forest zone and montane forest zone has been generated by these

projects, a complete geographical coverage of Cameroon is missing, with the northern savannah

zones especially largely unrecorded. These projects have also, by intention, focussed on areas of

high biodiversity and conservation value, which can give a misleading impression of the extent,

species and scale of NTFP use and availability across Cameroon. Particularly in zones where the

local population have not had a close and historically long relationship with forest, such as the Tikar

(Dounias 1996; Zapfack and Nkongo 1999), their use and knowledge of the same forest products is

significantly less than, for example, forest dwelling ethnic groups such the Baka pygmies or even

forest edge groups such as the Bantu in Dja or Campo-Maan. NTFPs are however also found in less

biodiverse and more degraded landscapes, is peri-urban areas, and are both maintained and used

in agroforestry zones. These zones are however poorly represented in the current literature and

studies. For a fuller listing and references in Cameroon, see ANNEX 5 Location specific NTFP

studies.

3. Several comprehensive studies have focussed on specific uses, such as fruits for food use (Vivien

and Faure 1996; Eyog Matig, Ndoye et al. 2006) medicinal uses (Vasisht and Kumar 2004; Jiofack,

Fokunang et al. 2008; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Jiofack, Ayissi et al. 2009), tree use (Focho, Newu et

al. 2009) and socio-economic uses (Tchatat 1999; Tchoumboue, Tchouamo et al. 2001; Nlend V

2007). For a fuller listing and references, see ANNEX 4 General NTFP studies in Cameroon.

The first wide scale assessments of the value and volumes of NTFPs on a regional and/or national level in

Cameroon were made in the end of the 1990s (Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; CERUT-AIDEnvironment 1999;

Pérez, Ndoye et al. 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 2000). Statistics for Cameroon were collated by the FAO for

the 1998 and 2001 Central Africa regional studies, largely a compilation and reiteration of existing statistics

(FAO 1999; Mbolo, Walter et al. 2002). These focused mainly on listing the species and their types of uses,

however little or no new, dedicated research was done.

The relevance and sustainability of wider regulatory framework for NTFPs in Cameroon started to be

questioned at the turn of the century, producing a number of valuable recommendations which built a

series of cases and proposals (Mbolo, Walter et al. 2002); (NGWASIRI, DJEUKAM et al. 2002 ; Djeukam

2007). The legal, policy and customary inconsistencies dealing with trade and auto-consumption by

harvesters have also been addressed (Ingram 2009; Laird, McLain, and Wynberg 2009). Recommendations

for monitoring by local communities (Mbile, PA’AH et al. 2005), the government (Ebamane 2008), and by

local actors (SNV 2010a) have also been made. A number of value chain and market baseline studies have


been produced recently, which provide detailed data on the values, volumes and other socio-economic and

environmental aspects (Anembom Consulting 2008b; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2008a; Matsop, Kamajou et

al. 2008; Nchinda and Che 2008; Tajoacha 2008; Ade 2009; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009b; Ewane, Awono

et al. 2009; Niba Fon 2009; van der Goes and Ngueko 2009; Ingram 2010b; Ingram 2010a; Ingram,

Tieguhong et al. 2010; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2010; Wirsiy, Tanda et al. 2010)

Aims of the study Due to this lack of information about the importance of the NTFPs and their role in sustainable

management of forest resources, the Forestry Research Network for ACP countries (ACP-FORENET) is

coordinating a regional study on NTFPs in Central Africa. The ACP-FORENET aims to establish a scientific

network on forestry issues across ACP countries and is financed by the European Union (EU). It is leading

reviews of six Central African countries (Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo,

Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Central Africa) in collaboration with partners interested in the topic.

The overall aim is to review, revise and update information from the major regional studies of 1998 and

2004 (Clark and Al 1998; Clark and Al 2004). This new information will be to develop systems of statistical

data collection on NTFPs and making recommendations for the Member States of the COMIFAC (Betti

2007). This report feeds into this process by providing a review of the current state of NTFPs in Cameroon.

Despite the wealth of studies in Cameroon, large knowledge gaps however still remain (FAO, GTZ et al.

2008; FAO 2009a). This report therefore aims to fill the gap and provide comprehensive information that

can be used to develop statistical data collection systems data on NTFPs on a national level. A better base

knowledge can assist policy makers to estimate the risks and opportunities inherent in exploitation and

trade in the NTFP the sector, to monitor future changes and flag up species of concern for conservation

and/or livelihood reasons. It can serve to provide an early warning signal for when the level of trade

threatens species. A system for improved monitoring of NTFPs in Cameroon, harmonized with other

Central African countries in the framework of COMIFAC, is therefore proposed.

The review considers largely data and studies about NTFPs published from 2004 to March 2010, giving the

actual state of affairs since the last large scale regional studies about NTFPs (FAO 1999); Clark et al. 1998;

Clark et al. 2004). However, as information about consumption, trade, volumes and values that are

nationally representative is rare, some data prior to 2004 have been used.

The objectives of this national review are to:

Update and revise the existing information about the state of the use and commercialisation of

NTFPs

Identify the key NTFPs (both plants and animals), both most commonly used and commercialized

over the past 5 years.

Update a description of the key NTFPs.

Estimate the volumes, values and production associated with the commercialization of NTFPs.

Present methodologies for monitoring NTFPs in Cameroon within the context of COMIFAC.


2. Methodology The main methodology for the review is an analysis of documents and literature. Additional information

was gathered, guided by semi-structured questionnaires in markets, and interviews with stakeholders

working with NTFPs. The specific approaches used to gather and analyse the different data are detailed

below.

Approaches

Grey literature

Because the review specifically looked for new data and case studies, a large range of ‘grey literature’

covering a range of disciplines (botany, forestry, environmental sciences, development, anthropology,

sociology, ethnology, ethnobotany, geography and agriculture) was reviewed for possible new information

about NTFPs. Finding this broader scale of documents was done by search of key words in a web search

tool (www.googlescholar.com, see Annex 1). In addition, the NTFP project1 led by FAO offered assistance

finding relevant information by listing all relevant documents from their past projects and library. Recipe

books available in Cameroon were included to provide an insight into the NTFPs commonly used for food.

After a quick scan of about 500 documents using selection criteria (see ANNEX 1 Literature searches), 92

documents were retained for more detailed review.

Peer reviewed literature

After a scan of about 600 peer-reviewed scientific journals and books, using key words as selection criteria

(see ANNEX 1 Literature searches), 242 documents were retained for more detailed review. These are

presented in detail in ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon, and by region, and species and classification in Annexes

3, 4 and 5 respectively.

Theses

Academic thesis of masters, DEA and doctoral level students provide a rich source of data which is often

not well disseminated or well known, particularly for master’s levels students who do not publish their

results in scientific journals or non-scientific literature. Libraries and university websites were visited, and

contacts were made with researchers at Universities in Cameroon (Dschang, Yaounde I, Ngaoundéré, Buea

and Bamenda), international Universities known to have connections with Cameroon (Universities of

Gottingen, Wageningen, Gembleau and Brussels) and research institutes (the Cameroonian Institute for

Agricultural Research (IRAD), the French Centre for International Agricultural Research and Development

(CIRAD), the French Institute for Research and Development (IRD), Tropenbos Cameroon and the World

Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), to obtain copies of relevant theses. While there are undoubtedly many more

theses on the topic, a selection that meets the study criteria has been included. These provide in-depth

details, often for a specific geographic site, on trade, values and volumes.

Government and international institutions trade data

To obtain information on national and export trade of NTFPs within and from Cameroon, government trade

and permit data was sourced and consulted. This consists of data held by the Ministry of Forestry and

Wildlife on the annual data quotas allocated and actual quantities exploited of the 13 ‘Special Forestry

1 GCP/RAF/408/EC, European Union funded ‘’Mobilisation et Renforcement des Capacités des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises

impliquées dans les Filières des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux en Afrique Centrale’’ Project, FAO, SNV, ICRAF, CIFOR and the Governments of Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo; 2007-2010

http://www.googlescholar.com/


Products’. Also consulted were CITES databases of products listed under Annex II of the Convention on

International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and the annual reports from the Ministry of Forestry

and Wildlife to CITES, which are maintained in the United Nations World Conservation Monitoring Centre

database2. The Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife also maintains a Database of Commercialised Species in

Cameroon (‘COMCAM’ database) which details export quantities, importing countries and exporters of

forest products exports since 2004. The Système de Gestion de l’Information Forestière (SIGIF) appears to

be no longer used and does not appear to contain any data on NTFPs (see also Betti 2007).

Stakeholder interviews

Interviews and discussions and email correspondence with key stakeholders working in the sector included

the associations of NTFP exports and harvesters, the FAO, a number of University professors, the National

Herbarium of Cameroon, NGOs such as TRAFFIC, WWF and WCS, the Royal Botanic Garden Kew and CIFOR

colleagues, to obtain further data and clarify specific questions on species, values and volumes.

Market survey and Market Information Systems

The aim of the market survey was to meet with traders and market masters and verify the species and

volumes traded. Although the survey is limited in that it was restricted only to a small number (10) of towns

(Abong Mbang, Bafoussam, Bamenda, Dschang, Idenau, Kribi, Limbe, Lomie, Makenene and Yaounde) and

was a punctual, one-off survey, not able to capture the well documented seasonal variations in NTFPs, it

enabled a verification of all the traded NTFPs and especially the small quantities of condiments and barks

not captured by the other market surveys. To address these limitations, data and reports from the Market

Information Systems (MIS) set up by SNV from 2008 to 2010 were used (Mekongo and Ngueko 2008; SNV

2009c; SNV 2009b; SNV 2010b; SNV 2010a; SNV 2010c). These cover 8 months of data from the Centre,

South, East and North West regions and their markets (physical and virtual) and trade across Cameroon.

The NTFP Databases, also based on market surveys, also provide complementary information for the higher

quantity NTFPs traded.

Internet sites and sources were also used to provide export price data for species where this data was not

provided in the literature. Trade data was obtained from individual Cameroonian export and traders sites

which had been registered as having Special Forestry Permits, as well as Cameroonian traders sites found

during the internet search.

Data analysis The data on all species gathered from the different sources were entered into an excel sheet (ANNEX 4

General NTFP studies in Cameroon). Information on the species, names, values and volumes, parts, uses,

level of domestication and impact of harvest was included, with reference sources. Exotic NTFP species and

solely timber species were excluded from the review.

Trade volumes and values were taken from the literature and/or government data. Where several years of

data on values and volumes were available, these were averaged, to account for seasonal variations. Trade

values were calculated using annual exchange rates for the year(s) in question from CFA to $, if this

exchange rate was not quoted in the literature. An inflation-index linked US$ exchange rate was used to

calculate historical exchange rates into equivalent terms for 2010, to enable a comparison of values. Where

no recent (i.e. from 2004 or later) values or volumes were provided, the most recent data was used,

particularly where personal observations or literature sources indicate that this species remains consumed

2 http://www.unep-wcmc.org/citestrade/


or traded. However these figures should be treated with caution and have been included as a guide only.

Values provided are either ‘‘Forest gate’’ i.e. the value to harvesters, or more often, retail market values in

Cameroon. Where no export prices were available, prices advertised on the internet for the species from

Cameroon were used. Total values and volumes were calculated, where available, by selecting the most

recent; longer term averaged value and volumes for a species. If several discrete geographical studies

provided information, all these were used when it was felt that there was no overlap of data.

The literature review, in the absence of obtainable government data on traded bushmeat, was used to

determine which species are most used and/or commercialised. Eight studies (Wilkie and Carpenter 1999a;

Ayeni and Mdaihli 2001; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007;

Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Wright and Priston 2010), classified the most hunted and

marketed species (in numbers of animals and/or biomass) for their geographical zone of study. The

rankings provided by these studies were averaged to indicate key species nationally. As these eight studies

are broadly representative of different lowland humid forest zone of Cameroon, they are judged

representative for this zone. Similar data for bushmeat use in the Highland montane areas and Far North,

however were not found - which represents a significant data gap.

Where no details of values and volumes were found in the literature, this has a distorting effect on the

selection of ‘’key NTFPs’’ based purely on economic values. Particularly for some products such as Irvingia

gabonensis and in some cultures (such as Baka’a pygmy in the Centre and East regions and in the Anyang

and the Becheve in the Southwest region for example), exchange, gifts and non-cash trade can be

significant at between 11 to 30 % of the total quantity harvested ((Ingram 2009a). To compensate for this

distortion in selecting the ‘key NTFPs’, a simple scoring system was used to take account of own use,

consumption, barter and non-cash trade. This follows and elaborates on a similar logic used to value NTFPs

in previous studies (Zapfack and Ngobo 2001). Where studies had included an assessment or ranking of the

importance of the NTFPs to the local population, this was used to guide the score. Where little data was

provided on the importance and species did not have multiple uses, or only one reference, a ‘minor

consumption’ score was given. Species which had multiple uses, and from which multiple parts of were

used, were scored as being of a higher intrinsic value (Ticktin 2004; Akinleye, Olubanjo et al. 2008). The

value scoring system was based on criteria shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Value scoring system

Score Use

1 = Minor consumption (for cultural, medicinal, food, tools, construction use)

2 = Multiple use species (consumption)

Limited trade (Local trade or barter/exchange)

2.5 = Multiple use and local regional trade

3 = Wide scale trade (important revenue source for livelihoods, regional to national and

international trade)

Multiple use species (consumption and trade)

Major consumption (important cultural, medicinal, food, tools, construction use)

Species classified as protected or vulnerable

4 = Major consumption and wide scale trade nationally and/or internationally and/or

protected.


Limitations

Estimating revenues and volumes

As has been widely noted, NTFPs often provide a highly variable flux of revenues for users and harvesters.

This has several causes;

The seasonality of production;

The relation with seasonal farming practices;

The need for cash at certain times of the year (cultural and religious holidays such as Christmas and

Id, the start of new school terms etc.);

The vulnerability of the product or possibility to transform the product to keep it longer and extend

market possibilities (Hoare 2007).

Trade barriers and ease of trade, particularly transport routes, are also a major variable affecting

revenues and profitability of actors.

Changing demand and markets; the history of Prunus africana trade in Cameroon demonstrates

how over the last 40 years a changing market, triggered by regulations, has affected the level of

trade. Suspension of trade in 2007 has completely altered the values and volumes currently being

traded compared to 2007 and to1995 when comprehensive, annual data collection started.

As a result of his variability, data on prices and volumes, which with the exception of the government and

CIFOR NTFP databases, has not been collected over significant time periods that allow an overview of the

fluctuations and interactions between demand and supply, seasonal variations and natural changes in

productivity.

Where no documentation on prices was available, several exporters were asked to provide data on prices.

They were however largely reluctant to provide data. In these cases, internet sources, where available,

were used to provide trade values. Internet sources however should be taken with caution as may be

higher than actual prices paid by export and should be seen as providing indicative values only.

Export data concerning volumes is very patchy, with export data on volumes for only a few species

collected officially. Volumes for those species not provided by government data are therefore not

necessarily accurate and may represent minimum trade volumes. There is also a variation between the

volumes indicated in annual Special Forestry Product Permits and actual volumes exported, according to

the government COMCAM database: for some years less is exported than the permits requested, for other

years more, with over 100% variances for some species. This means that averages over the period that data

exists, may give an unrealistic long term impression of trade. Internet sources also indicate that many more

NTFP species are traded and available from Cameroon, and in quantities vastly different to those recorded

in the government database annually. Many of the references used were compromised by such fluxes and

seasonality. The lack of long term studies of values and volumes means that it is extremely difficult to

establish averages or baselines and to extrapolate this over the longer term, or to other regions, and even

nationally for some products.


Extrapolation to annual volumes and values

Where annual volumes were not given, but data was provided in terms of weeks or months, data was

extrapolated to a 12 month period for non seasonal products (e.g. Gnetum spp., Prunus africana). Where

only seasonal production data was available, this was used without extrapolation. When large seasonal

variations in prices or between markets were found, the average was used.

Study period

The market observations were only over a short period over 3 months and were intended only to provide

an indicative view of products traded at that period and the products usually offered in those markets.

Accurate recall by market traders was a problem as most do not record sales, values and volumes. This

limitation was complemented and compensated partially by CIFOR’s long term NTFP market databases and

SNV’s Market information Systems.

Species scientific and local names

Some forest products traded are not distinguished by their species name but are sold generically - meaning

that for some species it is difficult to obtain data on species level. For example eru (known as okok or koko)

is the common trade for two species: Gnetum bulchozium and Gnetum africanum, which are not

distinguished in trade. Similarly, bush mango, known locally as ndo’o or mangue sauvage, is the trade name

for two species (Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombulu). Whilst these species are distinguished in the

forest by harvesters and due to their different fruiting periods, they are often not differentiated in the

markets. Bushmeat, with monkeys, duikers and small rodents in particular, are also not sold according to

their species name. The species is also not always identifiable per species once it reaches markets if the

animals has been dried and/or smoked. Many caterpillars are often known only by their local names or by

the host tree. For some species, particularly caterpillars, insects and mushrooms, the scientific name has

not been yet been identified (van Dijk, Onguene et al. 2003). For many condiments sold in Cameroonian

local markets, even many traders also do not know their local names, but refer to the barks, herbs and

spices collectively by their main mode of use e.g. ’epice d’nkui’ and ’achu spices’.

3.

Photo 2 Cola acuminata, Garcina cola and Dacryodes edulis


3. Background This section briefly presents the Republic of Cameroon to set the context in which this study is framed.

Located in Central Africa the country covers a total land area of 466,326 km2. It has 4,591km of land

boundaries and 402km of coastline. It is bordered to the east by the Central African Republic, northeast by

Chad, west and northwest by Nigeria and south by the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.

The country is located between latitudes 2o and 13o N (about 1200 km) and longitudes 8o30’ and 16o 10’ E.

Climate, vegetation and topography

Cameroon has a tropical climate along the coast, becoming semi-arid, hotter and drier in the north. The

country can be divided into four geographic regions on the basis of climate and topographic criteria. The

southern zone, roughly between 2° and 6° N has a four-season climate, rainfall over 1500 mm and two dry

months. The Congo-Guinean zone forest zone is a region of closed evergreen or semi-deciduous rainforest,

forming an almost unbroken blanket in the south and splitting into islands north of the fourth parallel; it

corresponds to the ‘humid’ and ‘low and medium-altitude sub-humid’ eco-floristic zones. The coastal zone

is a 200 km wide strip along the sea in which oceanic influences predominate. The single dry season is not

very marked, and rainfall decreases from 4,000 mm on the coast with a maximum of up to 10,000 mm at

Debunscha near Mt Cameroon, to 2,500 to 3,000 mm, some 50 km inland (Edea) and 2,000 mm along the

border of the humid lowland forest zone. It corresponds to the ‘low- medium altitude very humid’ eco-

floristic zone, with an evergreen forest whose vegetation differs from that of the evergreen forest further

inland. The coastal and southern zones make up Letouzey’s (1985) ‘Congo-Guinean’ floristic region. The

northern zone has a drier Sudano-Sahelian climate with annual rainfall between 500 mm and 1000 mm.

The mountainous Cameroon Highlands zone is found along the volcanic chain from Mt Cameroon though

the northwest to Adamaoua and includes unique Afromontane forests above 2000 m, and a rainfall of

between 1500 à 2600 mm varying with relief and altitude. The average temperature in the south is 250C,

210C on mountain ranges and plateau and 320C in the drier north (Jonker and Foahom, 2009). The northern

slope of the Adamaoua plateau is a clear boundary within the Soudanian zone.

Cameroons' terrain is diverse, with plains in the north and the southwest, the Adamawa plateau in the

centre and high mountains in the west. The highest point is Mt Cameroon (4, 095 m) in the Southwest

region and the lowest is sea level. For most part the country lies between 200 and 800 m above sea level.

Lake Chad is in the far north and straddles the border with Chad. Three major rivers flow into the Atlantic:

The Wouri, the Nyong and the Sanaga that is formed from the confluence of the Lom (which flows from the

northwest) and the Noun (which flows from the east). The Dja arises in the east and flows out of the

country into Congo in the east. The river Bénoué flows north to Nigeria through Lagdo reserve

Demography

The population of Cameroon is estimated at 19.4 million as of January 1, 2010, a projection derived from

the Population & Housing Census of November 2005. This is based on an estimated annual growth rate of

2.6%. A little over half (50.5%) of the population is female with 43.6% of the population is less than 15

years old (Government of Cameroon (2010). The urban population is increasing with 52% now living in

urban areas, up from 48.9% in 2000. The average population density is 35.2 inhabitants per km2 (UNDP

2008: FAO, 2007), but varies considerably per region, from less than 5 persons per km² in some savannah

and moist forest regions to 90-100 persons per km² in parts of the West. Three-quarters of the male

population and 52% of the female population over 15 years of age are literate. The male/female ratio for

the population is 1.01. The main ethnic groups are the Cameroon highlanders (31%) and the Equatorial

Bantu (19%), Kirdi (11%) Fulani (10%), the Northwestern Bantu (8%) and the Eastern Nigritic (7%) (Neba


1999; CIA 2009). There are more than 250 linguistic groups with strong cultural identities associated with

the ecological zones where they live. The Bantus are dominant farming populations in the humid forest

zone while marginalized indigenous groups include the pygmies (Aka, Baka, Baka'a, Bakola and others)

(Topa et al. 2009). About 25% of the population adheres to traditional religion (indigenous beliefs); about

22% is Muslim; the remaining majority is Christian (Jonker and Foahom, 2009). The official languages are

English and French, with the latter dominating while the former is confined to the former British colony in

the northwest and southwest regions.

Governance and administration

Following German, British and French colonial rule, French Cameroon became an independent nation in

1960, merging with the British Cameroons in 1961. In 1972, President Ahmadou Ahidjo unified the country

and created a republic with a constitution and a legal system based on French civil law, and divided

Cameroon into 10 administrative regions, ruled through an autocratic, highly centralized, one-party system.

Since 1982 the current president, Paul Biya, has continued a one-party state until 1990, when a multiparty

system was introduced and parliamentary elections took place in 1992, with presidential elections in 1997.

Cameroon’s government however is often described as authoritarian (Topa et al 2009). Throughout

Cameroon, political parties and associations have been superimposed on traditional structures. In the last

two decades administrative functions have been decentralized, devolving power but not always

corresponding financial budgets to local councils and communities(Oyono 2004).

Socio-economics

The GDP per capita is US$ 651 and real growth rate is 4.8% (FAO, 2007), however 40% of the population

lives under the poverty line. Agriculture accounts for 44% of GDP, industry for 16% and service industries

for the remaining 40% (CIA 2008) with seventy percent of the working population active in the agricultural

sector. Cameroon is classified as a medium-income country, with a Human Development index of 0.532 in

2008 (UN 2009) but many development challenges remain (see Table 3). Because of its relative political

stability, timber and oil resources and favourable agricultural conditions, Cameroon has one of the best-

endowed, functioning primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 3 Cameroon Human Development Indexes

Literacy rate 67.9% Life expectancy at birth 49.8 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita 2005 (purchasing power parity US$) 2.299 Human Development Index 1995-2005 Increase Population living below: - US$1/day 17.1% - US$2/day 50.6% - National poverty line 40.2% Births per women 6.3 Population undernourished 1990/92 33% Population undernourished 2002/04 26% HIV prevalence (15-49 age group) 2005 5.4% Cell phone subscribers (per 1000 people) 138 Net Official Development Assistance per capita (US$) 25.4 Net Official Development Assistance as % GDP 1990 4.0% Net Official Development Assistance as % GDP 2005 2.5% TI corruption perception index 2.4

Overall HDI rank (out of 177 countries) 144 (Sources UN Human Development Report 2007/2008, * United Nations World Prospects Report (2004 revision), ** World Bank

Doing Business 2009)


Figure 2 Ecological maps of Cameroon

Source: Letouzey 1985


Infrastructure

Cameroon has 34,300 km of roads of which 4,288 km are

paved. Plans to upgrade and connect Cameroon to the African

international highway system are ongoing, with routes to

Equatorial Guinea and Gabon in the south, and Central African

Republic to the East completed but not to Nigeria in the west.

There is 1,104 km of one-metre gauge railway with the main

line leading from Douala on the coast through the capital

Yaounde and up to Ngaoundéré. There are eleven airports with

paved runways but only 3 (Douala, Yaoundé and Maroua)

served with regular flights, and 39 with unpaved runways.

There are about 2,090 km of waterways, with the main ports of

Douala, Limbe and Kribi on the Atlantic coast and Garoua on

the river in the north, which handles exports to Nigeria.

Cameroon is dependent on hydropower for 97.5% of its power,

but faces regular power cuts in both rural and urban areas. The

fixed telephone system that was previously largely only

available to business and government has been transformed in

the last five years by mobile networks which cover the majority

of towns and cities in Cameroon.

Cameroon’s forestry sector

As shown in Table 4, the forest sector’s economic importance has made it a source of influence, political

capital and reward in Cameroon’s patronage system, and the motives and behaviour of various groups with

an interest in Cameroon’s forests are best understood light of these circumstances. Since 2004, forests

have been under the competences of the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MinFoF), and nature protection

under the Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection, with the roles of both enshrined in the Sectoral

Program for Forests and Environment (Republic of Cameroon 2003). MinFoF is the gatekeeper to lucrative

logging rights in Cameroon, and the majority of its activities are focused on commercial timber. Given its

vital role in supporting the president, the Department of Forests enjoyed high-level access to the

presidential office and has operated under rather direct presidential control. The initiation of democratic

reforms in the 1990s has brought new complexity to forest management by involving a broader range of

actors with competing and overlapping interests and claims (Topa et al. 2009).

Over 47% of Cameroon’s national territory is forested (de Wasseige, 2009). The forest is mainly closed

tropical broad-leaved rainforest with three predominant types: lowland evergreen, lowland semi-

deciduous, and montane. The closed forests are concentrated in the south and along the coast. Cameroon’s

dense forested zone covers 19.6 million ha, about 40% of the national territory and is described as some of

the most biological diverse and most threatened forests (Topa et al. 2009; CBFP, 2006; GFW, 2000). Areas

of mangroves are found in the Gulf of Guinea and Acacia spp. savannah woodland occurs in the north.

Cameroon has a modest area of agro-industrial plantation forests, largely oil palm and rubber of around

100,00 ha (Monfort 2005). Whilst low by international standards, Cameroon has one of the highest central

African annual rates of deforestation in the humid zone is 0.14%, and an annual net degradation rate of

0.01% (de Wasseige, 2009). However when including the savannah zone, it is above the African average

with 1%. The Government of Cameroon adopted a new forestry law in 1994, highlighting its strategies for

making the forestry sector contribute to the socio-economic development of Cameroon by involving local

Figure 3 Infrastructure map of Cameroon


communities, NGOs, economic operators, as well as international communities. The forest zoning plan in

Cameroon now covers 14 million hectares with growing recognition of the customary rights and socio-

economic welfare contributions of forests at the local and national levels. The forest sector of Cameroon is

the largest employer outside the public sector, providing 13,000 formal and 150,000 informal jobs and is

the second largest source of export revenue after petroleum, 29% and 26% of nonpetroleum exports in

2001 and 2004 respectively (Topa et al. 2009; (Ingram 2009a). The value of forest products in Cameroon for

which some statistics exist is – export timber around US$ 870 million and domestic timber US$ 58 million,

with 15 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) estimated to have a market value of around US$ 54 million in

2007-2008 (Ingram 2009). However, the NTFP sector accounts for 58% of people employed, with the

domestic sector estimated 33% and the export sector at 9% of those employed in the forest sector (Ingram

2009a). In 1994, Cameroon introduced a number of forest policy reforms, both regulatory and market-

based, to support a more organized, transparent and sustainable system for accessing and using forest

resources (Topa et al. 2009). More policy and development focused attention is now increasingly been

directed towards the value chains of NTFPs in the last decade.

In Cameroon, the state defines forestry sector policies, forest management regulations and grants logging

rights. Cameroon’s forests are governed by the 1994 Forestry Law and its 1995 Decree of Application.

Another important legal regulation on forestry and wildlife was the implementation of the National Zoning

Plan and guidelines. The National Zoning Plan is an indicative framework for land use in the southern

forested area. It acts as tool for the planning, orientation and exploitation of natural resources within the

area (Jonkers and Foahom, 2004). Cameroon’s forest is divided into the permanent and non-permanent

forest domains. The permanent forests consist of protected areas and production forests, designated for

sustainable production of timber and other forest products. Non-permanent forests are forests that can be

converted to other uses, provided that they are kept as forest and harvested according to regulations for

production forestry.

Table 4 Cameroon forest key figures Aspect Figures Date Reference

Public forest ownership 86% 2005 MINFOF and FAO 2005

Industrial roundwood production 2.3 million m3 2006 MINFOF 2007a

Contribution forestry sector to GDP 6% 2004 CBFP 2006

Value of forest products exports 488 million $ 2006 INS 2006

(Sources: Fometé and Cerutti, 2008; World Bank, 2009; World Bank, 2009)

Photo 3 NW and Western highlands forests: Source of NTFPs such as honey, Voacanga africana and Prunus africana


4. Results

The forests of Central Africa and Cameroon are rich in non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which have long

been an important component in the livelihood strategies of forest-dwelling people, providing subsistence

needs, employment and cash income for them (Arnold and Ruiz-Perez, 1998). A number of ‘guesstimates’

(Calibre Consultants and SSC University of Reading 2000) propose that between one in four to one in six of

the world’s poor depend directly or indirectly on forests for their livelihoods (World Bank, 2002, FAO 2008).

Timber and other forests products provide 350 million people living in or around tropical forests with 50

percent or more of their household needs and also directly provide 10 percent of jobs in developing

countries (Ames, 1998). Given the high percentage of forest cover, some 62% of the rural population are

estimated to depend on access to forests to meet their daily needs in terms of subsistence, employment

and cash income (Tieguhong et al. 2009; Tieguhong and Ndoye, 2004, 2006; Arnold and Ruiz-Perez, 1998).

Most Cameroonians, particularly the rural inhabitants depend on NTFPs for their subsistence and provide

cash income. The value of forest products in Cameroon for which some statistics exist is – export timber

around US$ 870 million and domestic timber US$ 58 million, with 15 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

estimated to have a market value of around US$ 54 million in 2007-2008 (Ingram 2009). However, the NTFP

sector accounts for 58% of people employed, with the domestic sector estimated 33% and the export

sector at 9% of those employed in the forest sector (Ingram 2009a). At the household level, forests directly

provide about 8 million rural and poor Cameroonians with traditional medicines, food, domestic energy

and construction materials (Topa et al. 2009).

There has been increased interest in the collection and marketing of NTFPs as an instrument for sustainable

rural development in Cameroon (Tieguhong and Ndoye, 2004). One approach has been to work with rural

communities and participants involved in NTFP value chains to improve the income generation and

sustainability, particuarly for remote and marginalised communities and ethnic groups (SNV 2009a).

However, the ability of NTFPs to provide sustainable income and generating forest based enterprises has

been hampered by inadequate political, economic, technical and legal arrangements. This is aggravated by

the lack of statistics on the contribution of the various NTFPs to local, national and regional economies

(Sunderland and Clark 2004, Tieguhong and Ndoye, 2006). Many of the species recognised for their

economic contributions to livelihoods and large scale trade are not sufficiently domesticated to ensure that

supply is greater than market demand. This has lead to some wild species to be classified as vulnerable and

their international trade restricted to reduce the ecological pressures on wild populations. Examples are

Prunus africana and Pericopsis elata, which are the two Conventions on International Trade in Endangered

Species (CITES) listed plant species in Cameroon.

Defining priority NTFPs To establish the key NTFPs in terms of trade and use/consumption, the historical literature was first

examined to provide an initial list. Ground breaking publications prior to 2005 (FAO 1999; Walter 2001;

Clark and Sunderland 2004) provide a listing and assessment of the trade and consumption of different

NTFPs in Cameroon (Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 2000). These

sources formed the basis for the NTFPs listed in ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon.


Defining what are ‘key’’ and ‘’priority’’ products is

necessarily subjective. However a consensus is

apparent between many studies, that priorities can

be defined in terms of ‘’uses’’ (FAO 1999; Betti

2007b).

Priority uses identified in the literature include:

1. Using parts of plants for food, particularly

fruits (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis), nuts (e.g. Cola

spp.), seeds (e.g. Ricinodendron heudelotii),

and animals (commonly known as

‘bushmeat’), is one of the most common uses

of NTFPs in Cameroon. For an excellent

overview of all NTFPs (plants and animals)

with importance for food security, see Bikoue

(2007).

2. Medicinal use, including those exported and

plants or plant parts used locally such as

Prunus africana (Simons et al., 2000b),

Pausinystalia johimbe (Ngo Mpeck et al.,

2003a; Tchoundjeu et al., 2004), and moabi

(Baillonella toxisperma). The listing of medical

NTFPs in the FAO report on NTFPs in

Cameroon (FAO 1999) illustrates over 358

plants used in local pharmacopeia. This list, one of the most comprehensive for Cameroon, is however

misleading in that a significant number (at least 30) non-forest plants (e.g. Bildens pilosa) and exotic,

cultivated plants such as Musa spp, banana), Psidium guajava (guava) and Citrus lemon (lemon)) are

included in the lists of medicinal plants.

3. Tools and construction use of plants such as 5 species of rattan (e.g. Laccosperma secundiflorum)

(Sunderland 2001), bamboo (Ingram, Tieguhong et al. 2010), and raphia (5 species) both of which are

used as poles and in construction of buildings and to produce over 60 types of construction materials,

utensils and handicrafts(Shiembo 1986; Ingram, Tieguhong et al. 2010) .

4. Energy and fuel use, most commonly of wood, but also other plants parts and biomass to produce

energy, is one of the major uses highlighted in just a handful of studies. Depending upon the location,

a wide range of species are used, particularly in the drier, savannah forests, whereas a more

discriminate selection of species for energy is made in the humid forests.

5. The use of plants and animals for cultural purposes, including ceremonies and religious events, was

highlighted by the FAO (1999) overview and in ethnobotanic literature. The species used and uses vary

widely depending upon with the ethnic group and geographic location. For an overview of cultural

uses, see ANNEX 5 Location specific NTFP studies.

Based on these usage types, six criteria for the priority or key NTFPs are proposed in Box 1, of which five

are seen as appropriate to assess the priority NTFPs in Cameroon given the study terms of reference. The

next section examines plants and animal species in the light of these five criteria.

Box 1 A defintion of priority NTFPs

‘Priorirty’ or ‘key’ NTFPs have been defined (Wilkie

1999; (Clark and Sunderland 2004) as those which have:

1. High value for domestic or market consumption (ie Livelihood value)

2. Demand for the product exceeding supply unsustainable exploitation (a function of In-situ conservation priority status and Domestication priority)

3. New markets potential: The validity of this last criteria outlined by Wilkie (1999) is however questioned, as this aspect deals with future supply rather than with current actual practice.

Adding to this list, other important criteria that emerge from the literature review are;

4. Species which have multiple (including conflicting) uses.

5. Species from which multiple parts are used. 6. Species which are classified as vulnerable or

protected (for example, on the Red Data list, CITES listed and/or protected by national laws).

Critera 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 are seen as the most relevant for

this study, given the terms of reference.


Key plant NTFPs The literature review indicated that from an estimated 3000 plant species identified in Cameroon, some

181 plant products can be termed NTFPs and are regularly sold in the markets (Betti, 2007). Vivien and

Faure (1996) surveyed more than 300 edible fruits; (Fomete and Tchanou 1998) citing Fondou and Foteu

1995), found 205 species and Eyog Matig et al. (2006) described the use of 74 fruiting species. Over 200

plant foods were identified in southern Cameroon (van Dijk 1999). Adjanohoun et al. (1996) surveyed 839

plants used for 175 medicinal uses in Cameroun, and Betti (2004) found 102 medicinal plants used by the

Baka in Dja. To distinguish between all these different products it is useful to look into resource

characteristics, use, and value of the NTFPs. Betti (2007) divided the products into 13 different plant parts

that are commonly used and scores the amount of these plant parts sold at markets in Cameroon. Almost

half (47%) of all plant products sold are fruits and seeds, followed by bark (20%) and leaves (11%).

Subsequently the NTFPs were categorized in terms of use or purpose of the product, with a majority (44%)

of the products at the market sold for food consumption. The most often cited botanic families for food

purpose found by Betti (2007) are: Sapotaceae, Gnetaceae, Piperaceae, Irvingiaceae, Anacardiaceae,

Euphorbiaceae and Zingiberaceae. Medicinal use (29%) is the second most important group and frequently

cited botanic families are: Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Polygalaceae, Sterculiaceae, Clusiaceae. Food products

most commonly mentioned as ‘key’, using one or several of the criteria listed in Box 1, although not listed

here in any order of priority, include;

Irvingia gabonensis (Bush mango) (Ladipo et al., 1996; Okafor & Lamb, 1994),

Gnetum africanum and Gnetum buchholzianum (Eru) (Clark and Sunderland 2004)

Ricinodendron heudelotii (Ezezang/ Njansang)(Ngo Mpeck et al., 2003b),

Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola) (Leaky et al., 2005)

Cola acuminata and Cola nitida (Kola nut)

Dacryodes edulis (Safou) (Kengue, 2002; Okafor, 1983; Tchoundjeu et al., 2002a). NTFPs also contribute to the national economy and household income. The collection and sales of NTFPs

provide income for the rural poor living in forest rich environments. NTFPS provide less export revenue

than timber, but higher levels of employment. The timber sector provides an estimated 45,000 formal jobs

and the informal, domestic timber sector employs some 163,000 people, whereas NTFPs provide

employment for an estimated 283,000 people and generating a market value of US$ 54 million in the 2007-

2008 season, compared to US$ 870 million in the timber export sector and US58 million in the domestic

timber sector (Cerutti, Ingram et al. 2009; de Wasseige, Didider et al. 2009; Ingram 2009b). NTFPs noted in

the literature that provide significant revenues for harvesters, but also other actors in NTFP value chains

include: bushmeat, fish, honey, palm wine, mushrooms, rattans, caterpillars, Irvingia spp., Gnetum spp.,

Cola acuminata, Garcinia lucida, Garcinia kola, Strophantus gratus, Coula edulis, Ricinodendron heudelotii,

Dacryodes edulis, Dacryodes macrophylla (Clark & Sunderland, 2004; Dijk, 1999; Ndoye et al., 1999; (Ingram

2009b).

The literature review also revealed the volume and species traded internationally, data of which has not

been maintained by the government sources unless it concerns species whose international trade is

controlled such as Prunus africana. The major reference source is a study of European markets (Tabuna

1998; Tabuna 1999) – now over a decade old - which has not yet been replicated and for which reliable, up

to date information has been difficult to obtain. Given the increase in the Cameroonian and African

diaspora in Europe over this time period, combined with reports of growing NTFP exports from Cameroon

to Europe and the USA (Pers. comm. Taless 2010 ), it is reasonable to assume that the volumes and species


shown in Table 5 are still indicative and have increased. Such international trade data is complemented by

the product offers found on the internet.

Table 5 Internationally traded plant NTFPs from Cameroon in Europe

Species Product Volume

(tons)

Volume Location of sales Date

Gnetum spp. Leaves 50 ++ France, Belgium 1998

Elaeis guineensis Oil, nuts, wine 650 litres + France, Belgium 1998

Cola nitida Nut 2 - France, Belgium 1998

Cola acuminata Nut 2 - France, Belgium 1998

Garcina cola Nut, bark 3 - France, Belgium 1998

Irvingia gabonensis Nut kernel 5 - France, Belgium 1998

Ricinodendron heudelotii Seeds 4 - France, Belgium 1998

Dacryodes edulis Fruit 100 ++ France, Belgium 1998

Hua gabonii Leaves/seeds n/a -- France, Belgium 1998

Landolphia owariensis Leaves n/a -- France, Belgium 1998

Monodora tenuifolia Seed. bark, n/a -- France, Belgium 1998

Monodora myristica Seeds 1 -- France, Belgium 1998

Tetrapleura tetraptera Seeds 1 -- France, Belgium 1998

Xylopia aethiopica Seeds 1 -- France, Belgium 1998

Aframomum spp. Bulb n/a -- France, Belgium 1998

Aframomum giganteum Bulb n/a -- France, Belgium 1998

Afrostyrax lépidophyl bark n/a -- France, Belgium 1998

Volume: ++ High - Small -- Very small Source: (Tabuna 1999)

Government sources also provide information on the ‘’key’’ products. The 1994 Forestry Law3 identifies

thirteen products, which are termed ‘Special Forestry Products’4. Many of these, but not all, are NTFPs

although over half are also used for their timber, as shown in 5. This list indicates the plant-based NTFPs

seen as valuable and of ‘special interest’ by the government, inferred due to mainly to their high trade

value.

3 Law No. 94/01 of 20 January 1994 laying down Forest, Wildlife and Fishery regulations. Government of Cameroon, Yaoundé. This

has been followed to date by two decrees of application (No. 95/466-PM of 20 July 1995 on wildlife and No. 95/531-PM of 23 August 1995 on forestry) 4’Government of Cameroon (2006). Décision No 0336/D/MINFoF du 6 Juillet 2006, fixant la liste des produits forestiers spéciaux

présentant un intérêt particulier au Cameroun. 0336. d/MINFOF: 2.Setting the list of special forest products of particular interest to Cameroon’') 5 Scientific name has been added in italics where known, or speculated where it was not specified in the list.


Table 6 Special Forestry Products in Cameroon

Product (as it appears on the list)

Species scientific name7 Local names NTFP Timber

Ebéne Diospyros crassiflora Ebene, ebony √

Eru Gnetum africanum, Gnetum buchholzianum Okok, koko √

Pygeum Prunus africana Pygeum, kanda stick

√ √

Yohimbé Pausinystalia yohimbe Johimbe √ √

Wild rubber Funtumia elastic √

Rauvolfia Rauvolfia macrophylla, R. Vomitoria √

Rattan Eremospatha spp., Laccosperma spp., Oncocalamus spp.

Rattan, cane √

Gomme arabique Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal Gum, Gum Arabic √

Tooth stick Randia massularia (syn. Randia) acuminata, Garcinia mannii, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida

Chewing stick √

Candle stick Carpolobia alba and Carpolobia lutea or Canarium schweinfurthii

Cattle stick Candle nut

√ √

Charbon de bois At least 23 commonly used species identified in Cameroon: Albizia zygia, A. adianthifolia, Alstonia boonei, Bridelia micrantha, Dacryodes macrophylla, Entandrophragma utile, Ficus thonningii, Lannea welwistchii, Macaranga asas, Maesopsis, eminii, Mangifera indica, Milicia excelsa, Morinda lucida, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Phyllanthus discoideus, Presea maericana, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Theobroma cacao, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Voacanga africana, Xylopia aethiopica (FAO 1999)

Charcoal, fuelwood, bois de energie, bois de feu

√ √

Aniegré Aningeria robusta √ √

Poteaux d’Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus spp. especially Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus grandis

Eucalyptus √

Data on volumes and species of Special Forest Products permitted, exploited and exported over the last

twelve years is shown in Figure 4. Government data on NTFPs exported, sourced from the COMCAM

database of exported forest products, is shown in Figure 5. Comparing these two sets of figures highlights

several issues:

The data available per product varies depending on its status in that particular year and whether it has been listed in the annual Special Forestry Products list, and even when it is listed, data on the number of permits, exports and national trade is inconsistent across the time period for each product.

There are wide differences in the quantities allocated in permitted and actual exports.

Although some waybill data is collected by MinFoF on national levels of exploitation at some (but not all) customs and highway checkpoints, and the major border crossings and ports, this is not then centralised and compared with permitted quantities. This means that data on permits cannot be seen as an accurate guide to actual quantities sold or exported. Many exploiters and permit holders indicated in interviews that they try and reach the amount permitted, because they have already paid in advance the regeneration tax which is 10% of the total permit value.

Not all NTFPs actually exported are recorded by MinFoF – for example comparing these figures from the COMCAM database with Error! Reference source not found.Table 5 and with ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon and recent studies by CIFOR for Gnetum spp. and Irvingia spp., (Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009b; Ewane, Awono et al. 2009; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2010) shows how for


products of which have high levels of regional and European trade, the data for these products is not fully captured by the government, despite their listing as Special Forestry Products.

Only statistics on a small proportion of exported NTFPs are collected centrally by MinFoF - this data is therefore not representative of exports of NTFPs from Cameroon.

The Special Forestry Products and COMCAM databases only include plant based products and animal products. There is no such comprehensive database of Permits for class A, B or C animals – whether for trophy hunting or for bushmeat.

Data on insect products, notably apiculture products from wild and domesticated bees, caterpillars, termites and snails which are both harvested from the wild and farmed, is neither kept by MinFoF or the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries & Production (MinEPIA).

Photo 4 Key Cameroonian NTFPs; High trade but scarce data


Figure 4 Special Forestry Products: Species, Permitted quantities and Exported quantities

Source of data Averages 1998-2010

(tons)

Nembot 1998

Tabuna 1999

COMCAM COMCAM COMCAM SFP Quotas

COMCAM SFP Quotas

COMCAM SFP Quotas

SFP Quotas

COMCAM SFP Quotas

COMCAM SFP Quotas

CIFOR NTFP

Databases

Year Species* A

VER

AG

E

Pe

rmit

ted

AV

ERA

GE

Exp

ort

ed

1991 - 1994

1997-1998

2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010

exported exported exported exported exported Permits exported Permits exported Permits Permits exported Permits exported Permits exported

Total 4,755.33 7,462.12 58,647 1,666 829 1,221 2,131 3,847 1,812 7,180 928 - 7,623 643 9,173 - 8,170 110

Allanblankia floribunda 4.00 4

Afromomum spp. S

Baillonella toxisperma s

Bamboo 43.00 43

Barks 18,378.00 18378

Beeswax 88.00 88

Garcinia kola (bitter kola) 30.00 3.00 3 30

Bushmeat s

Cashew (Noix d'acajou) 4.00 4

Charbon villageois 4.00 4

Charcoal de bois 857.14 3.00 400 18 740 1920 1140 1800

Chinconia spp. 42.00 3.19 84 19

Cola acuminata 2.00 2

Cola spp. 7.61 4,321.00 8,640 2 6.24 8.98

Diospyros spp. 2,175.00 1290 3060

Frandia 1.00 1

Funtumia spp. 1,901.81 9.05 0 2500 3500 3500

Garcinia lucida

Garcinia manii 40.00 40

Gingembre 1.56 1.56

Gnetum spp. 1,9297 511.50 973 50 20.35 1650 1750 3925 2300

Graines de Geneve 20.00 20

Gum arabic 189.60 198 100 50 100 500

Honey 22.00 22.00 22

Irvingia spp. 110.00 5.00 5 120 100

Kigelia africana 2.00 2

Monodora myristica s

Other plants 10,962.00 109620

Palm wine 650.00 650

Pausinystalia johimbe 333.72 989.20 5,568 81 170 466 533 377 300 104 875 240 318 0 60


Source of data Averages 1998-2010

(tons)

Nembot 1998

Tabuna 1999

COMCAM COMCAM COMCAM SFP Quotas

COMCAM SFP Quotas

COMCAM SFP Quotas

SFP Quotas

COMCAM SFP Quotas

COMCAM SFP Quotas

CIFOR NTFP

Databases

Year Species* A

VER

AG

E

Pe

rmit

ted

AV

ERA

GE

Exp

ort

ed

1991 - 1994

1997-1998

2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010

exported exported exported exported exported Permits exported Permits exported Permits Permits exported Permits exported Permits exported

Prunus africana 815.07 592.02 50 605 930 1499 780 1060 1260 526 500 80 0

Rattan 34.13 11,913 0.666 50 20 90 10

Rauwolfia vomitoria 9.81 3.42 20 6

Ricinodendron heudoletii 4.00 4

Dacryodes edulis (Safou) 100.00 100

Strophanthus gratus 4.00 2,170.00 2,170 4

Tabernanthe iboga 2.00 s 2

Tetrapleura tetraptera S

Voacanga africana 182.33 292.63 800 137 122 167 289 357 299 304 0

*The species are as recorded in data source. Where possible, scinetific names are given to avoid confusion. For species in green, these are not NTFPs, for species in red the scientific name is not

known. For species in blue, only a generic name was given in the data source and not indivudal species.

Figure 5 Cameroon official data on exports NTFPs 2003-2009

Source COMCAM


There are a number of issues related to the list of Special Forest Products to be taken into consideration

when evaluating if these can be classified as ‘key’ products, using the definition in Box 1. These include:

The mix of French, English, local and scientific names given leaves ample room for confusion and

exacerbates identification and control problems. This is particularly critical where several species are

known locally under the same name or where species are only vaguely identified and thus the

intention of the government to control one or several species (e.g. Candle stick) is not clear. The

practical outcome of this is illustrated by personal communications from exporters and transporters:

Upon telling MinFoF controls that a truck is carrying ‘Gnetum’ rather than ‘eru’, they have been

exempted from control of waybills and permits.

The Special Forest Products actually exploited change annually according to the quotas allocated by

an inter-ministerial commission, chaired by the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife. Products in the last

four years for which permits have been issued include both timber and non timber species with high

local value, such as rattans and charcoal, and those with local and regional commercial interest, such

as bush mango (Irvingia spp.), despite it not being on the 2006 Special Forestry Products List.

The list includes products classified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. One

example is Prunus africana, which also has restricted trade as it is regulated by the Convention on

International Trade in Endangered Species. However the other CITES listed plant species in

Cameroon, known as Afrormosia or Assamela (Pericopsis elata), which is a highly traded timber

species, is not listed as a Special Product. Other NTFP and timber species classed as vulnerable,

endangered or critical by the Red Data list are not included e.g. Garcina cola (vulnerable), Khaya

ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis (vulnerable), Lophira alata (vulnerable) and Vitellaria paradoxa , the

Shea or karite tree (vulnerable).

Exotic introduced species, such as quinine (Cinchona pubescens) – which now grows spontaneously

outside former plantations and Eucalyptus spp., common in both plantations and on farms, as well as

increasingly spontaneously in the West, Northwest and North, are both included on the Special

Forestry Products list.

Special products have annual quotas set by an inter-ministerial committee headed by MINFOF. The

quotas are not based on amounts available, surveys or inventories, but are entirely demand led,

dependent upon amounts solicited by exploiting companies. In practice the actual quotas allocated

are often way below annual market turnover. For example, in 2009 only one quota was allocated for

100 tons of Irvingia from the centre province of Cameroon6. However, in 2007, studies indicated that

over 533 tons was produced from just 5 districts in the Centre, South and Littoral regions (Awono and

Manirakiza 2008) and some 2.8 tons collected annually from the 676 km2 of the Takamanda

landscape (Tajoacha 2008). These figures indicate that only fraction of the quantity harvested is

actually covered under permits. Studies of the 280 million hectare humid forest zone of Cameroon

(Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; Ndoye and Kaimowitz 2000; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 2000) indicate that

Safou, or bush plum, (Dacryodes edulis) is one of the most highly traded and valuable NTFP from the

lowland zone, with the volume traded in Cameroon in 1997 estimated at 11,000 tons (Awono, Ndoye

et al. 2002; Tajoacha 2008). Safou is another good illustration of the enormous gap between data and

practice on exploitation, trade and conservation, because it is neither listed as a Special Forestry

6 Ministère des Forets et de la Faune Décision N

o 0020 /D/MINFOF/SG/DF/AFF/SAG du 06 Jan 2009 Portant octroi

des quotas d’exploitation des produits forestiers spéciaux


Product, nor is a permit needed, and there is no

differentiation made between wild harvest and

harvest from domesticated trees. The 1994 Law is

silent on other species of NTFPs, with no regulation,

quotas or controls specified for other species traded.

For these reasons, the list of Special Forestry Products is

considered to provide only an indication of some of the

key plant species, but only 84% of them can be classed as

NTFPs and only 50% are ‘’key’’ NTFPs according to the

definition adopted for this study.

‘’Major’’ plant NTFPs were also identified during a 1998 workshop (Wilkie 1999) and repeated verbatim in 2008 (Noubissie et al. (2008). The logic however behind the selection of the NTFPs identified as ‘’major’’ is unclear (see Table 4 and Annex 2 of Noubissie et al, and Table 1 and 2 in Wilkie 19997). Wilkie’s list of 19 ‘’major’’ species, despite setting out criteria for ‘key’ species, includes those with low volumes of trade, low use and small markets e.g. mushrooms and Strophanthus gratus. Despite this inconsistency, the species indicated as having both high use and high trade can be used as a guide to ‘key’ species for this study and so have been included in Annex 6. Noubissie’s Table 4 also shows high value species, but as the source is a very general study (FAO 2001), that again, is a summary of prior data. This example illustrates how many of the supposedly ‘key’ NTFPs of Cameroon, which have since become well embedded in the literature, and to an extent in popular Cameroonian development and forestry mindset, but are not based on either actual economic values or on specific and nationwide assessments of consumption values in terms of either volumes or importance). Market observations, supported by discussions with

stakeholders, confirmed the data exchanged in the

Market Information System and the CIFOR NTFP

Databases. The market observations highlighted the

discrepancy between literature which focuses on the high

value, wide scale often long distance trade in NTFPs such

as Gnetum spp., Irvingia spp. and Dacryodes edulis.

Observations indicated that for about 100 commonly

7 Incorrectly referenced as ‘’Wilkie, D. 1998. Le programme du CARPE sur les produits forestiers non ligneux. In Recherche

actuelle et perspective pour la conservation et le développement. UAS,CARPE, USAID, FAO’’ - but assumed to mean Wilkie D.

1999, Le Programme Du Carpe Sur Les Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux In Recherches Actuelles Et Perspectives Pour La

Conservation Et Le Développement, T.C.H. Sunderland, L.E. Clark and P. Vantomme Eds FAO , Rome 1999

Box 2 Capturing the value of multi-use species: Raphia

In the mid 1980s two studies showed the value and

diversity of products from Raphia palms, known as

raffia or ‘bamboo’, with over 30 different products

identified (Shiembo 1982; Shiembo 1986). An

estimated 95% are still produced today. All parts of

four species (Raphia montbuttorum, R. Hookerii, R.

Mambilensis and R. vinifera) are used, and these are

commonly sold separately different markets to

different consumers.

Stems: Sold as poles in or near domestic timber

markets. Retial prices from 500 to 1000 FCFA a pole

(Bamenda, Bafoussam).

Stems: transformed by artisinal craftspersons who

produce crafts, and furniture and artifacts locally.

Sold individually, at the roadside, in crafts stalls and

markets and crafts shops. Retial price varies from

500-1000 FCFA for local stools (Mbalmayo,

Bamenda).

Exudate: The sweet, liquid sap is made into palm

wine by local tappers and sold in specialised palm

wine markets, at some stalls in food makrets, on the

roadside, directly bars by indivdal tappers, and from

tappers homes. Retial price for 5 litre = 800 to 1000

FCFA (Bamenda).

Fruits: the cooked, bitter yellow fruit seed is sold in

some markets. A stick of 5 sells for 100 FCFA (Bafut,

Mbalmayo).

Seeds: Sold directly to craftsmen who transform into

rattiles and curtains, sold in craftsmarkets and stalls.

A 1 metre x 1 metre wide curtain costs about 2500

FCFA (Limbe).

Leaves/Stems: Woven into decorations and used as

archways to market locations of funerals and

traditional ceremeonies, and relgous events. These

are often harvested directly by users.


traded and consumed NTFPs, there is no or scarce literature on the volumes and values of its use and

trade. An explanation for this phenomenon is that as many of these species have multiple products and

uses, the full trade, economic and social value of the multiple uses of several species has not been

captured by market surveys and Market Information Systems, as these have tended to focus on food use.

Raphia spp. provide an excellent illustration of this trend (See Box 2) (Shiembo 1982; Shiembo 1986;

University of Dschang 2007). This has also resulted in an almost complete absence of attention on

fuelwood. Literature on medical plants has also tended to focus on the efficacy and use of species for

traditional and Western style medical use, rather than values and volumes, with a few notable exceptions

(Olowokudejo, B et al. 2008).

The species observed, in approximate

order of value, are:

1. Fuelwood; a large number of

species, often undetermined and/or

unknown by the retailers. The actual

species differ markedly in each

market and are commonly sold in

specialised fuelwood markets, on

the roadside or adjacent to some

food markets.

2. Cola or Kola nut (Garcinia cola, Cola

nitida and Cola acuminata)

3. Raffia (Raphia spp.) for its multiple uses (see Box 2)

4. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) as both nuts, oil and palm wine

5. Insects (multiple species including palm grubs, caterpillars, termites and grasshoppers – when in

season)

6. Mushrooms (multiple species, mostly unidentified) e.g. Ebae from the Centre and East

7. Candle stick (Canarium schweinfurthii) (fruits, resin, roots, bark)

A wide range of popular condiments was also observed. These were usually dried and traded in very

small quantities (on average between 50 to 100g) by market traders. These constitute a small, but steady

trade that is also largely not captured by the NTFP Databases and Market Information Systems. The

following species were noted in the markets:

8. Aframomum melegueta (Maniguette)

9. Afromomum citratum (Maniguette)

10. Afromomum sulcatum (Maniguette)

11. Afrostyrax kamerunensis (bush onion)

12. Baillonella toxisperma (moabi)

13. Coula edulis (noisette)

14. Garcina kola (bark) Onye/onie)

15. Garcina lucida(essok, sok)

16. Monodora myristica(pebe, ding, dengo)

17. Piper guineensis (bush pepper)

18. Ricinodendron heudelotii (njangsang)

Photo 5 Raphia vinifera, Bafut


19. Scorodophloeus zenkeri (Olom, olon)

20. Tetracarpidium conophorum (Limba)

21. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Aidon, apwa)

22. Xylopia aethiopica (African pepper)

23. Xylopia parviflora (Pepper, Nkala)

Across all the markets, up to 40 different barks were also observed as being traded. These were often in

small quantities (up to 5 kg), and usually at specialised traditional medicinal stalls in markets, as well as

by traditional medical practitioners sold direct from their workplace in small quantities. In Bafoussam

larger scale stalls selling up to approx 50 kg were observed. Observations and the local names given were

confirmed by literature (Mbosso, Ngouela et al.; Noumi, Houngue et al. 1999; Noumi and Dibakto 2000;

Guedje and Fankap 2001; Noumi and Yomi 2001; Betti 2002; Bellewang 2005a; Ndjakou Lenta, Vonthron-

Sénécheau et al. 2007; Titanji, Zofou et al. 2008; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Jiofack, Ayissi et al. 2009). The

species identified were:

24. Allanblackia monticola 25. Alstonia boonei (Ekuk -Yaounde)

26. Alstonia congensis Bokuka (Douala) 27. Annonidium mannii

28. Antrocaryon klaineanum 29. Araliopsis tabuensis 30. Aspilia africana 31. Baillonella toxisperma 32. Bombax bouonopozense (Essodom -Yaounde)

33. Bridelia micrantha (Evoled - Esob) 34. Canarium schweinfurthii (Abel) 35. Ceiba pentandra (Dum - Yaounde)

36. Cleome ciliata 37. Cola acuminata (Abeu, abel) 38. Cylicodiscus gabonensis 39. Delonix regia (Tcheu babo - Bangangte) 40. Drypetes gosweileri 41. Enantia chloranta (Mfol - Ewondo, Ecorce du palu, Ecore jaune) 42. Entandrophragma cylindricum (Asie) 43. Erythrophleum suaveolens 44. Fagara macrophylla 45. Garcinia lucida

46. Guarea thompsonii 47. Guibourtia tesmannii 48. Harungana madagascariensis 49. Hexalobus crispflorus 50. Holarrhena floribunda (Ekuk) 51. Irvingia gabonensis 52. Isolona hexaloba 53. Khaya grandifoliola (Atungleh, ketuule) 54. Klainedoxa gabonensis (Atem, kentiise, Ngôn-Dja)) 55. Mammea africana 56. Milicia excelsia (Aban) 57. Mitragyna stipulosa (Afobezam/'Bahia)


58. Morinda lucida (Akeng) 59. Nauclea diderrichii 60. Odyendyea gabonensis (Ozhèng -Ebolowa) 61. Oldfieldia africana 62. Ongokea gore (Angueuk) 63. Opunctia vulgaris (Kiku ke njong si- Oku) 64. Peniantus longifolius 65. Pentachlethra macrophylla 66. Pentadiplandra brazzeana 67. Petersianthus macrocarpus (Abing) 68. Picralima nitida (Ebam) 69. Piptadeniastrum africanum (Atui) 70. Pseudospondias microcarpa (Atom koe mpom- Nkangela) 71. Pterocarpus soyauxii (Padouk, ecorce du sangue, Kwamtche- Bangante, Camwood) 72. Pycnanthus angolensis 73. Raphia mombuttorum 74. Rauvolfia vomitoria (Abodzok - Ewondo) 75. Rauvolfia macrophylla 76. Rauvolfia obscura 77. Rauvolfia vomitoria 78. Ricinodendron heudelotti (Ezezang) 79. Sacoglottis gabonensis (nyartorrji, chingleh) 80. Spathodea campanulata (Esusuk, Evôvôn-Dja) 81. Staudtia kamerunensis 82. Tabernaemontana crassa 83. Terminalia superba (Akom) 84. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Apkwa (beti), essessee (Douala), Esekeseke (SW) 85. Tricoscypha ferruginea (Amveut - Beii) 86. Turreanthus africanus 87. Voacanga africana (Etoume) 88. Xylopia aethiopica (Ekui -Yaounde, Koudje - Bangangte, Batoufam) 89. Zanthoxylum heitzii (Bongo/'Olon) Databases provide another perspective of the key NTFPs. The UNDP CITES WCMC database of

internationally traded species was accessed to evaluate the NTFPs from Cameroon. This database

contains only one species of NTFP from Cameroon, Prunus africana, listed under CITES Annex 2.The

volume of trade over the period for which records have been held, is shown in Figure 6. It is clear that

there is a discrepancy between the government data and CITES, which may arise due to slight different

definitions in the early 2000 about the dried, powered and fresh bark. Data is not available for all years

from either database.


Figure 6 Exports of Prunus africana from Cameroon 2000-2008

Source: COMCAM Annual reports 2003 to 2008, UNEP-WCMC Database 2000 to 2007

CIFOR’s NTFP databases also provide a wealth of data, obtained from weekly monitoring of 27 NTFPs in

28 predominately food based markets in the Centre, South, East, Littoral and Southwest regions of

Cameroon. The markets were visited on average twice in 1995 (interviewing 253 traders) and three times

in 1996 (interviewing 315 traders), and a sample of retailers, wholesalers and producers surveyed

between June and August 1997. The database was updated with baseline surveys covering three harvest

seasons from 2007 to 2009, based on interviews with 1203 harvesters, trader and exporters in five major

products; Irvingia spp. across the humid zone, Gnetum spp. in the Southwest and Littoral region, Acacia

spp. gum arabic in the Extreme North and North, honey in the West, Northwest, Southwest and

Adamaoua regions, and Prunus africana in the Southwest and Northwest, and associated NTFPs

harvested by harvesters of these products.

In the 1995 -1997 period three of the 27 NTFPs were found to represent 86% of total NTFP sales in the

markets: Irvingia gabonensis (bush mango), Ricinodendron heudelotii (njansang) and Dacryodes edulis

(safou), as shown in Figure 7.

A total of 22 species were recorded as traded in significant quantities across the markets, as shown in

Figure 10. On average much smaller number (7) of products were traded per market, although the

number varies depending on its location, as shown in Figure 8. The major urban centres of Douala (New

Bell market) and Yaounde (Mfoundi market) both trade a larger selection of NTFPs from across

Cameroon, than the other markets. The regional capitals and economic centres, such as Limbe, Buea

(Muea market) and Ebolowa also have a slightly smaller, but wider range of products than the very local

markets, many of which are surrounded by forest areas (e.g. Abong Mbang), and so offer, unsurprisingly,

a smaller range of products but in larger quantities of locally sourced products, as shown in Figure 8.


When the data over the thirteen year period is analysed, Figure 10 shows clearly how the majority of

trade in the 18 major markets in the humid zone of Cameroon is dominated by nine species; Gnetum

spp., Irvingia gabonensis, Dacryodes edulis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Piper guineensis, Cola acuminata,

Garcinia lucida, Garcinia kola (bark and nuts). The other products (originating from at least 11 species –

although the exact number of species of termites and larvae is unknown) each constitute less than 1 % of

annual volumes traded. Many of these products have good storage properties and are used as

condiments, or are highly seasonable products, such as termites and larvae. All of these NTFPs are

important in Cameroonian cuisine in the main humid and montane zone (Ndam 2000; Alaka 2009).

These eight products can therefore be seen as ‘’key’’ products in terms of quantity, their economic and

social value. Their volume of trade and price however varies widely depending on both the zone of

production and the markets, as shown in Figure 7 and in detail in ANNEX 9 Markets, Volumes and Prices

1995-2008.

Figure 7 Proportion of 3 main NTFPs in the markets per region 1995-1997


Figure 8 Number of NTFPs sold in 18 Cameroon markets 1995-2008

Figure 9 Annual average quantity of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008


Figure 10 Annual average proportion % of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008

Photo 6 Traditional medicinal NTFPs, Bafoussam


Figure 11 Annual, average quantity of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008


Using the approach described in the


Methodology Section, Figure 12 indicates the species most important for trade internationally and

nationally. The values are shown in US dollars at 2010 prices to aid comparison. A logarithmic scale is

used to show the wide variations in value. It is notable that fuelwood (including wood, sawdust and

charcoal) has by far the highest value, despite the small volumes allocated in MinFoF Special Forestry

Product permits for fuelwood and charcoal, on average of 857 tons annually (±1100). There is no record

of quantities of fuelwood exploited in the COMCAM or SIGIF systems.

Figure 12 Key plant NTFPs by trade value

Of the 487 plants assessed (listed in ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon), only a very small proportion (3%)

were the highly valued due to their wide scale consumption and/or large scale trade, which merited the

highest score (score 4). This group comprises at least fifteen species, although many more would be

included if all the species used for fuelwood were named. It also includes species such as Elasis

guineensis, the oil palm, which are now extensively domesticated in large and small scale plantations, but

which are also still found in the wild. The second group of 52 NTFPs (comprised of at least 39 species),

were given a score of 3. This group represents 11% of the total and includes those with either a wide

scale regional, national or international trade which provides important revenue source for livelihoods;

multiple use species; species where trade is combined with large scale consumption for important uses

(such as cultural, medicinal, food, tools or construction); and species classed as protected or vulnerable.

The third ranking includes a small number (4) products (1% of the total), which have both multiple use

and a local regional trade (score 2.5). For multiple use species where there was either only consumption

or a small, limited trade (local or barter/exchange), these were ranked lower with a score of 2, and

comprise the majority of products (56% of all NTFPs identified). The second largest group (29%) were

valued the lowest with a score of one, as having a minor use, with either a small trade or small scale

consumption (e.g. for cultural, medicinal, food, tools, construction use). The three highest valued groups

of NTFPs are shown in Figure 13.


Figure 13 Key plant NTFPs

Species (Scientific name) Local name Value score

Baillonella toxisperma Moabi

4

>15 species

> 22 products

67% multiuse

Cola acuminata Cola nut

Cola nitida Cola nut, chewing stick

Dacryodes edulis Safou

Elaeis guineensis* Oil palm

Fuelwood (multiple species) Fuelwood

Garcinia kola Kola nut, onie/onye bark

Gnetum africanum, Gnetum bulchozium Eru, okok, koko

Irvingia gabonensis, Irvingia wombulu Bush mango, mangue sauvage

Piper guineensis Bush pepper

Prunus africana Pygeum

Ricinodendron heudelotii Njangsang

Voacanga africana Voacanga

Acacia Senegal,Acacia polyacantha Gum Arabic

3

>40 species

>95 products

Aframomum spp. (Aframomum melegueta, Aframomum daniellii, Aframomum citratum)

Wrapping leaves, gorilla food, spice

Alstonia boonei Stoolwood

Canarium schweinfurthii Black, Aiele

Carpolobia lutea, Carpolobia albea Cattle stick

Chinconia spp. Quinine

Coula edulis Noisette

Garcinia lucida Essok, sok

Garcinia manii Tola, chew stick

Guibourtia tessmannii Bubinga

Harungana madagascariensis Nken, Atôndôk

Khaya ivorensis acajou, African mahogany

Kigelia africana Kigelia, sausage tree

Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. Robustum, Eremospatha macrocarpa

Rattan

Lophira alata Azobe

Lovoa trichilioides sakthoi, mbantou, Bibolo

Megaphrynium macrostachyum okakon, lekong, okakwi, Nden

Milicia excelsa Iroko, Aban

Monodora myristica Gangat, Ikoma, Ozek, Pebé, Ding, Dengo

Morinda lucida Fio, Medjock, Mendak, Hikoma, Nding, Atcheñ-élé

Nauclea diderrichii Bilinga

Pausinystalia johimbe Yohimbe

Poga oleosa inoi nut, poga, esohtong, eyghaiyese, Ngalé, angale

Raphia spp. Raffia, cane, bamboo

Rauvolfia vomitoria Rauvolfia

Scorodophleus zenkeri Garlic Tree, Olom, Olon, Ohomi, lem, Lom, doum

Terminalia superba Frake, Limba

Tetrapleura tetraptera Esekeseke, Aidon, Apkwa, Essessee

Trichoscypha arborea Mvut/Abut , Ndoi, ngoyo, okoyan

Vitellaria paradoxa Shea, Karitie

Xylopia aethiopica Pepper

Annona senegalensis Annona 2.5 4 species

>12 products

Enantia chlorantha enantia, Moambe

Tabernanthe iboga etong, ebtong

Xylopia parviflora Nkala, poivrier


Key animal NTFPs The hunting and slaughter of forest animals, collectively known as ‘bushmeat’ in Cameroon, is, as for

plant based NTFPs, regulated by the 1994 Forestry Law. The areas in which hunting may take place are

defined in terms of game reserves, hunting areas and game ranches belonging to the State ‘hunting

zones’ in Section 24:(1). Section 78 of the Forestry Law deals with the Protection of Wildlife and

Biodiversity, with section 78 (1) classifying all animal species in the national territory into three classes (A,

B and C), with conditions for their exploitation laid down by the Minister in charge of Forestry and

Wildlife. Class A species are totally protected and may not be killed (except as provided for in section 82

and 83 of this law). Their capture or captivity is subject to authorization by the service in charge of

wildlife. Class B species are protected and may be hunted, captured or killed subject to the grant of a

hunting permit. Class C species are ‘’partially protected’’ according to the law but in practice include all

animals not listed in A or B or by CITES. This classification was last amended in 20068. Any person found

at any time or any place, in possession of a whole or part of a live or dead class A or B protected animal,

as defined in section 76 of the law, is considered to have captured or killed the animal. For certain Class A

trophy animals, a certificate of origin is required to specify the characteristics of the animals and the

registration number of the trophies to enable the identification of the animal products. Export of wild

animals, their hides and skins or trophies, requires a certificate of origin and an export permit.

This legal classification provides a good basis on which to assess the ‘key’ animal species, by examining

databases and government data. The classification largely (but not completely) corresponds with the

level of threat to species, as indicated by the vulnerability assessment in the Red Data Threatened

Species database (IUCN 2010). The vulnerability classification is shown in ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon

and the Class A and B species which are listed in ANNEX 7 Protected animal species in Cameroon). Class

A includes 31 mammal, 60 bird, 15 reptile and 1 amphibian species and Class B contains 20 mammal, 92

bird and 44 reptile species. It is necessary to make the distinction between Class A ‘’trophy animals’’ and

‘’bushmeat’’. The commercial trophy trade cannot be seen as representative of local consumption or

commercial trade, as the permits for these animals are provided to specialist, large game ‘tourist’

hunters, who are mainly not Cameroonian9. Data on hunting permits allocated to Cameroonians for Class

A and B animals, or official statistics on off-take quantities related to permits either does not exist, or was

not found upon request to MinFoF at a national level in Yaounde and regionally to officials in the

Southwest and Northwest. Data was reported to exist in some regional delegations, but is incomplete

(Pers. comm. MinFoF Department of Wildlife 2010). However, as the majority of literature indicates that

most hunters do not possess a license, it is expected that these licenses would provide just a very partial

indication of species actually hunted, consumed and traded.

The literature review, in the absence of obtainable government data on traded bushmeat, has been used

to determine which species are most used and/or commercialised. Nine studies (Njiforti 1996; Wilkie and

Carpenter 1999a; Ayeni and Mdaihli 2001; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; Willcox and

Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Wright and Priston 2010), were used to

indicate key species. All these studies ranked the most hunted and marketed species (in numbers of

animals and/or quantity of biomass) for their specific geographical areas studied. As the studies are

8 Order No. 0648/MINFOF of 18 December 2006 setting the list of animals of Classes A, B and C. 9 For example, trophy hunting prices range from 300$ for a red river hog to 4000$ for an elephant, plus 600$

concession fee, hunting licesnse from 500 to 1000$, 200$ for gun fees etc. http://www.ahuntingworld.com/hunts/Cameroon.htm and http://www.gamehuntersafrica.com/website_cameroon_hunting_rates_savannah

http://www.ahuntingworld.com/hunts/Cameroon.htm

http://www.gamehuntersafrica.com/website_cameroon_hunting_rates_savannah


broadly representative of different lowland humid forest zone of Cameroon, these are judged

representative for this zone. Similar data on bushmeat volumes and trade in the Highland montane areas

and Grand North were not found, except the Njiforti study. However this is outdated as its data are least

15 years old – and so represents a significant data gap. This is of concern due to reports (Edderai and

Dame 2006) and projects (the WCS/WWF/MinFoF Camrail Project10) which have highlighted the link

between bushmeat from the savannah area and Grand North arriving in Yaounde via the train. For the

Highlands in the Northwest and West, the extinction of many large mammals due to anthropogenic

pressure and hunting (Maisels, Keming et al. 2001a) has lead to much smaller, and many endangered

endemic species, being hunted and now regarded as a delicacy – such as the Red Data listed and endemic

Oku rat (Lamottemys okuensis) and Oku mouse shrew (Myosorex okuensis), both listed as Endangered

(B1ab iii), which are sold in empty sardine tins locally in Oku under the name of “Oku sardines’’ for

around 500 FCFA for a tin of four animals.

Only a handful of studies on bushmeat in Cameroon actually provide data on trade values and volumes

by species. Seven studies list and rank 39 highly hunted species (see ANNEX 10 Ranking of most hunted

animal species). These rankings were averaged and are shown in Figure 14. As these studies are broadly

representative of the lowland humid forest zone, the individual species can be seen as representative for

the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Individual species were listed as a proportion of total hunted or

trapped animals and/or by proportion of biomass (weight). Figure 14 echoes the most comprehensive,

recent and widest geographical scale study (Fa, Seymour et al. 2006) in Cameroon and in Central Africa

(Fa and David 2009), which point out that the majority of species hunted are not the large, charismatic

mammals, but smaller mammals and that ungulates and rodents make up the highest proportion of

biomass extracted. This is confirmed by research in the Southwest (Abugiche 2008).

It is notable that 42% of the animals most hunted are protected species, classified as Class A or B (

Table 7). Several reasons are advanced by the studies for this predominance of smaller animals; the most

striking is that despite changes in hunting practices resulting from an increase in access to superior

weapons mentioned in at least 2 of the studies (Abugiche 2008; Wright and Priston 2010), these animals

are the only ones ‘’caught’’ i.e. available. This indicates that preferred, larger animals are extinct in

certain areas and also explains why hunting areas shift to forests often further or more difficult to access

(Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Wright and Priston 2010). This adds to the strong evidence to

suggest that current patterns of bushmeat off take (for consumption or commercialisation) across Central

Africa are unsustainable (Cowlishaw, Mendelson et al. 2005; Fa and David 2009), and are being depleted

on an unprecedented scale. Extraction rates in Cameroon and in Central Africa in general are of orders of

magnitude higher than in comparable ecosystems such as the Amazon (Fa, Currie et al. 2003), and much

less likely to be sustainable. However, the basic knowledge of the biology of harvestable tropical humid

forest animals, and the consequences of hunting which would allow accurate estimations production

rates (the excess of growth over replacement rate), is largely unavailable. This inhibits the estimation of

hunting quotas, permits and setting sustainable harvest levels.

Mammals represented the largest proportion of carcasses (95.0%) and biomass (96.2%), with reptiles

4.6% of carcasses and 3.8% of biomass, birds 0.4% of carcasses and 0.04% biomass, and amphibians

10

http://www.wcs.org/conservation-challenges/natural-resource-use/hunting-and-wildlife-trade/keeping-bushmeat-off-the-rails-in-cameroon.aspx


<0.01% of carcasses and biomass. Mammals are the most common types of bushmeat in both rural and

urban sites in Cameroon (Fa, Seymour et al. 2006). A recent study of the Congo Basin bushmeat trade

also quotes similar statistics; 42 mammalian species of international conservation concern were

identified in the commercial African bushmeat trade (citing CITES, 2000; Redmond et al., 2006), the

majority of which are primates (20) and duikers (10). WWF (2003) estimates that as many as 3000 to

6000 great apes were killed annually across Africa for the bushmeat trade and anecdotal evidence

indicates elephants are also hunted for meat in Central Africa (citing Stephenson, 2007). Although such

large-bodied mammals are a small percentage of both total species and biomass, they do represent a

significant conservation concern (Ziegler 2010).

All the studies highlight that bushmeat is important as both for consumption in predominately rural areas

and economically for trade in both rural areas and as a luxury or cultural product in urban areas, and how

these trends and tastes change over time (Smil 2002). The proportion of bush meat consumed and sold

varies widely by area and ethnic group, with between 47% to 83% consumed by the hunter and their

household (Njiforti 1996; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Abugiche 2008; Nasi, Brown et al. 2008; Wright and

Priston 2010). There is a strong correlation between proximity and access to markets and access to

transport infrastructure (reasonable roads and/or rail) and bush meat’s price elasticity compared to other

protein sources and food insecurity increases (LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006; Abugiche 2008). Similar

findings have been found in neighbouring Equatorial Guinea (East, Kümpel et al. 2005; Fa, Albrechtsen et

al. 2009). It is notable that consumption varies between forested rural areas across Cameroon and by

ethnic group, with communities that have traditionally viewed bushmeat as a primary source of protein

(i.e. the humid forest zone) consuming and trading more, than for example the North where the

dependence upon, and cultural importance of livestock increases. However, a preference for bushmeat

has been recorded in some areas of the North (Njiforti 1996). This cultural preference combined with

livestock supply not meeting consumer demand, together with spatial and resources competition has

resulted in increasing pressure on wildlife in the savannah zone whether hunted for food or shot to

protect agricultural land or pastures. As Ambrose Oji (2003) points out, many of the favoured species,

such as porcupine and duikers, are also regarded as agricultural pests.

All the studies point out that bushmeat is not just a source of protein but also a source of cash. ANNEX 6

NTFPs in Cameroon) highlights that hunters/trappers across Cameroon tend to be specialised (i.e. it is

their major income generating activity, although many have other, minor activities) and earn a significant

proportion of their income from hunting (Solly 2004; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Wright and Priston

2010). Aubighe’s (2008) work indicates however that hunters do not always make a profit given the effort

expended in hunting, but that the need for protein and cash outweighs the economic benefits. The

bushmeat trade has few rivals in terms of revenues in rural areas, particularly when more sophisticated

weapons (guns) are used (Brown and Williams 2003; Wright and Priston 2010), and because bushmeat is

accessible, highly transportable, has a high value: weight ratio, can be is preserved at low cost, and has

good storage qualities when smoked (Fa, Currie et al. 2003; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006). Paradoxically,

Brown and Williams (2003) highlight that both fish and bushmeat are seen as ‘luxury items’ in urban

areas, with consumption increasing exponentially with increasing wealth. In contrast, wild plants are

often seen as ‘inferior goods’, with consumption declining as household wealth increases.


Figure 14 Most hunted and trapped animal species in Cameroon

Sources (Njiforti 1996; van Dijk 1999; Wilkie and Carpenter 1999a; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche

2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009).


The highly ranked species shown in Figure 14 comprise at least 39 species (possibly more if all birds and

snakes are included). However over a third (38%) are classed as protected (18% Class A and 18% class B

(n=8)), and 31% (n=12) are CITES listed, as shown in

Table 7. This raises several questions:

1. Should Cameroon law classify Red Data species currently unlisted as Class A or Class B?

2. Given their consumption popularity, are the non-protected species vulnerable?

3. Are the protected species also sufficiently protected, given that they are widely hunted despite their legal

level of protection?

Table 7 Protected and vulnerability status of highly ranked hunted animals

Species Vulnerability

Scientific name

English name Cameroon Protected status Red Data & CITES listing

Potamochoerus porcus Red river hog

Cephalophus callipygus Peter’s duiker (Birch)

Atherurus africanus African brush-tailed porcupine

Cephalophus dorsalis & C.ogilbyi

Bay duiker, Ogilby’s duiker, Red deer

CITES listed

Cephalophus monticola Blue duiker

Hystrix cristata North African porcupine

Cricetomys emini Giant pouched rat

Numida meleagris Guinea fowl

Cricetomys gambianus Giant rat

Tragelaphus euryceros Antelope Class B

Kobus kob Buffon's kob

Bitis gabonica Gabon adder

Cercopithecus cephus Moustached monkey CITES listed

Snakes Snakes* 1Class B: Python, Black mamba

Manis spp. Pangolins (Giant) CITES listed

Cercopithecus mona Mona moneky CITES listed

Cercopithecus nicitans Greater white-nosed monkey CITES listed

Cercopithecus spp. Guenons monkey

Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Class A CITES listed

Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga Class B

Birds Birds* 2

Class A: Bannerman’s Turaco

Red Data EN

Class A : Grey parrott CITES listed II 2 Class A:, Hardlaub’s Duck , Yellow-

casqued hattled Hornbill Class B: Knob-billed Duck

Class B: Green Turaco, Whitecrested Turaco, Yellow-billed Turaco

CITES listed II

Cephalophus rufilatus Red flanked duikler

Cercopithecus nictitans Greater white nosed monkey CITES listed

Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Giant forest hog Class A

Felis aurata Golden cat, tiger cat CITES listed

Hyemoschus aquaticus Water chevrotain, water beef

Class A

Thryonomys swinderianus Greater cane rat

Proptoxerus stangeri Cane rat

Uromanis tetradactyla Pangolin

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 41 41

1 Numerous species are mentioned but include a number of Class A and B birds (FAO 1999; Abugiche 2008; Samndong 2009)

2 Snakes

mentioned include the python and black mamba (FAO 1999; Abugiche 2008; Samndong 2009)


Table 8 highlights the economic value of animal NTFPs. Forest–based fish are estimated on a national level to have a very large value. However, this

figure should however be taken with caution as it is a very basic extrapolation.

Table 8 Values of animal NTFPs in order of value, per species

Species Value FCFA

Value US$ Value US$ at 2010

exchange rate)

References Location Date

Fish (Silures) 520,000,000 613,600,000 Brummett (2005) National 2003

Honey National Export

4,970,589,075 10,537,061 10,642,431 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2008, 2009

60,500 61,105 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2008

Beeswax National

Export

127,776,000 270,870 273,579 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2008, 2009

242,000 244,420 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2008, 2009

Tragelaphus euryceros 75,529,404 157,547 181,180 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007

Felis aurata 69,000,000 143,928 151,124 Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009 Lobeke 2007

Cephalophus callipygus 38,343,750 79,982 83,981 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007

Potamochoerus porcus 28,220,800 58,866 61,809 Wright 2010 Lebialem 2007

Cephalophus monticola 17,075,500 35,618 37,399 Wright 2010 Lebialem 2007

Crocodylus niloticus 13,803,500 28,793 30,232 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007

Atherurus africanus 14,110,400 29,912 30,212 Wright 2010, fao 1999 Lebialem 2007

Syncerus caffer nanus 5,112,500 10,664 12,904 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007

Phataginus tricuspis 5,776,800 12,050 12,652 Wright 2010 Lebialem 2007

Cercopithecus spp. 5,012,505 10,456 10,978 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009 Lebialem, Lobeke 2007

Thryonomys swinderianus 3,643,000 7,599 8,435 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, van Dijk 1999 Lebialem 2007

Tragelaphus spekei 2,404,700 5,016 5,919 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007

Termites 1,098,000 2,308 3,300 Falconer 1990

1971

Other apiculture products 1,497,500 3,175 3,206 Ingram 2010 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2009

Hyemoschus aquaticus 1,406,000 2,933 3,079 Chupzei 2009, fao 1999 Lobeke 2007

Gorilla gorilla 460,080 960 1,209 Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2008 Lobeke 2007

Cricetomys gambianus 511,000 1,066 1,119 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009, van dijk 1999

Lebialem/Llobeke 2007

Python sebae 255,000 532 761 Chupzei 2009, fao 1999 Lobeke 2007

Atilax paludinosus 38,000 79 110 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007

Guttera plumifera 16,320 34 36 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007


Table 9 Volumes and values of bushmeat, Cameroon

Location Annual Volume (Tons)

Value FCFA (Market value)

Value US$ (Market value)

Value US$ 2010

Date References

Pre 2004 studies

Cameroon1 - 233,963,266 404,883 477,762 2003 Fa (2003)

Cameroon1 276 - 362 kg/km²/year -

1990, 1995, 2000, 2005

Ziegler (2010)

Dja - - 19,000 27,170 1995 Ngnegueu and Fotso (1996)

Douala, Yaounde - - 42,942,445 43,371,869 1990s Wilkie (1999)

Recent studies

Dja, East 12.71 11,434,500 24,240 24,482 2004 Vermeulen (2009)3

Lebialem, SW - - - - 2007 Wright (2009)

Littoral, Centre, SW (Korup & Cross River)

674,561 608,303,595 1,052,695 1,242,180 2002-2003 Fa et al (2006)

Takmanda, SW - 417,641,603 586,995 739,614 2000 & 2001 Ayeni (2001)

- 250,000,000 432,636 510,510 2003 GFA (2006)

Banyang Mbo, SW 22,397 50,779,476 105,921 111,217 2006-2007 Aubighe (2007)2

- 38,377,199 54,824 66,337 1999 -2002 Wilcox (2007)

Lobeke, East 484 43,914,000 91,601 96,181 2007 Tieguhong (2009)

Yaounde markets (Centre & North)

7 35,710,369 67,699 75,146 2005 Edderai (2006)

Cameroon Humid zone Estimated*

1233.268 1,417,783,543 2,361,787 2,799,330 2001-1007

Notes: 1 Fa’s 2003 study is based on a 2001 literature review of hunting but not fieldwork 2 the total for Banyang Mbo includes only Aubighes data

1, to avoid duplication, as Aubighes data

is more recent and precise than Wilcox’s. Similarly Vermuelen’s study has been used in preference to Ngnegueu and Fotso (1996) as being more recent, but providing comparable values.

The key animal NTFP species shown in Table 10.are a combination of data from Table 7 on the protected and vulnerability status of highly ranked hunted

animals, and Table 6 which shows the high value animals NTFPs.


Table 10 Key animal NTFPs in order of species

Species Local name Trade

type

Value US$ Value US$

2010

References Status Huntin

g rank

Value

Score

Atherurus africanus African brush-tailed porcupine 3 29,912 30,212 Wright 2010, fao 1999 High 3

Atilax paludinosus Marsh mongoose 3 79 108 Chupzei 2009 3

Beeswax Wax 1, 2 517,999 517,999 ingram snv 2008, SNV 2009 3

Birds* Bannerman’s Turaco, Hardlaub’s Duck , Grey parrott, Yellow-casqued Wattled Hornbill

3 FAO 1999 2 Class A: &

B high 3

Bitis gabonica Gabon adder 3 9 studies High 3

Cephalophus callipygus Peter’s duiker 3 79,982 83,981 Chupzei 2009 high 3

Cephalophus dorsalis & C.ogilbyi

Bay/ Ogilby’s duiker 3 9 studies CITES listed High 3

Cephalophus monticola Blue duiker 3 35,618 37,399 Wright 2010 3

Cephalophus rufilatus Red flanked duikler 3 9 studies 3

Cercopithecus cephus Moustached monkey 3 9 studies CITES listed High 3

Cercopithecus mona Mona moneky 3 9 studies CITES listed High 3

Cercopithecus nicitans Greater white-nosed monkey 3 9 studies 3

Cercopithecus spp. Guenons Monkey 3 10,456 10,978 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009

High 3

Cricetomys emini Giant pouched rat 3 9 studies 3

Cricetomys gambianus Giant rat 3 1,066 1,119 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009, van dijk 1999

High 3

Crocodylus niloticus Crocodile 3 28,793 30,232 Chupzei 2009 3

Felis aurata Golden cat, tiger cat 3 143,928 151,124 Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009

CITES listed High 3

Gorilla gorilla Gorilla 3 960 1,180 9 studies 3

Guttera plumifera Guinea fowl 3 34 36 Chupzei 2009 3

Honey Honey 1, 2 2,245,5772 10,703,536 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 3

Hyemoschus aquaticus Water chevrotain 3 2,933 2,962 Chupzei 2009, fao 1999 Class A High 3

Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Giant forest hog 3 9 studies Class A High 3

Hystrix cristata North African porcupine 3 Njiforti 1996 High 3

Kobus kob Buffon's kob 3 Njiforti 1996 High 3


Species Local name Trade

type

Value US$ Value US$

2010

References Status Huntin

g rank

Value

Score

Manis spp. Pangolins (Giant) 3 9 studies CITES High 3

Numida meleagris Guinea fowl 3 Njiforti 1996 High 3

other apiculture products 1,3 3,341 3,206 Ingram SNV 2008 3

Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee 3 9 studies Class A 3

Phataginus tricuspis Tree pangolin 3 12,050 12,170 9 studies 3

Potamochoerus porcus Red river hog 3 58,866 59,455 9 studies high 3

Proptoxerus stangeri Cane rat 3 9 studies high 3

Python sebae Python, Boa 3 532 739 9 studies High 3

Silures Fish 1,3,4 500,000,000 75,000,000 9 studies 3

Snakes Snakes*1Class B: Black mamba 2, 3 9 studies High 3

Syncerus caffer nanus forest buffalo 3 10,664 12,584 9 studies 3

Python sebae Python, Boa 3 532 739 9 studies High 3

termites Termites 3 2,308 3,208 9 studies 3

Thryonomys swinderianus Greater cane rat 3 7,599 8,207 9 studies 3

Tragelaphus euryceros Antelope 3 157,547 174,878 9 studies High 3

Tragelaphus spekei sitatunga 3 5,016 5,768 9 studies Class B High 3

Uromanis tetradactyla Pangolin 9 studies High 3

Photo 7 Caterpillars, Lobeke


Key NTFPs in Cameroon

The data on plant and animal NTFPs, using the value scoring system to indicate social, cultural,

environmental and economic values (shown in US dollar equivalent in 2010) indicates that there are

about 30 ‘priorty’ or ‘key’ NTFPs in Cameroon, which are shown in Table 11.

It is necessary to reiterate that the values are only indicative, and due to the wide variation in data

collection methods, cannot be seen as representative of current local trade values or nationally

representative. The aim to include the economic values in cash terms to provide an insight into the

economic value. The value score however is more useful in indicating overall how valuable the products

are from a more holistic perspective.

Table 11 Cameroon Key NTFPs trade and consumption

Species Annual

value US$

Locations References Value

score

Fish (Silures & other species) 613,600,000 National Brummet 2005 4

Fuelwood/charcoal/sawdust 378,641,309 National Ministère de l'Énergie et de l'EauSIE, 2009 4

Gnetum africanum, Gnetum

bulchozium

12,197,503 humid forest zone Ndumbe et al. 2009, Tabuna 1999, Kanmenge et al.

2007, Tajocha 2008, Bell 2004 4

Irvingia gabonensis, Irvingia

wombulu

8,089,580 Humid forest zone Awono et al. 2007, Ewane et al. 2009, Tajocha 2008 4

Prunus africana 2,874,928 Montane Awono et al 2007, Ingram et al 2009 4

Dacryodes edulis 989,504 Humid forest zone Tabuna 1999a ; 1999b, van dijk 1997 4

Pausinystalia johimbe 847,182 humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 4

Ricinodendron heudelotii 730,325 humid forest zone Ngono & Ndoye 2004, Tajoacha 2008 4

Voacanga africana 585,586 Humid forest zone snv 2009, Comcam 1994-2010 4

Cola nitida 430,639 Humid forest zone Facheux 2006, Ddegrand 2006 4

Laccosperma secundiflorum, L.

Robustum, Eremospatha

macrocarpa

284,013 humid forest zone Sunderland 2001, Betti 2007, Sunderland et al.

2001, Nembot 1998 4

Cola acuminate 269,083 Humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 4

Garcinia kola 249,938 humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 4

Garcinia lucida 171,175 humid forest zone Ndoye et al 1997 & 2000, Guedje et al 1998 &

2002, Eyog Matig 2006 4

Baillonella toxisperma 11,868 Humid forest zone Romain 2009, Schneeman 1995 4

Piper guineensis 78.9 humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006,

Betti 2007, fao 1999, Pers obsv. 2010, CIFOR

database, Noumi 2001

4

Xylopia aethiopica no data Humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006,

Betti 2007, fao 1999, Pers obsv. 2010, CIFOR

database

4

Acacia senegal,

Acacia polyacantha

4,040,000 Savannah SNV 2007 and workshop 2006, Mbolo 2005, Djiam

2009 3

Bushmeat: small mammals,

ungulates, reptiles, rodents

2,799,330 Humid, savanna &

montane zone

Njiforti 1996; van Dijk 1999; Wilkie and Carpenter

1999; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Fa, Seymour et al.

2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008;

Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009

3

Raphia spp. 1,574,661 Humid, montane,

savanna

Falconer 1990, Forbosh 2002, FAO 1999 3


Species Annual

value US$

Locations References Value

score

Tetrapleura tetraptera 124,489 humid forest zone Pers. Obs., van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig

2004, betti 2004, FAO 1999, SNV 2010, Alaka 2009,

ndencho 2009, zapfack 1999, betti 2007, Jiofack

2009, Nwakoth 2005

3

Rauvolfia vomitoria 94,803 Humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 3

Chinconia spp. 31,500 Humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 3

Kigelia africana 18,000 humid/montane MinFoF SFPs list 2008, COMCAMKIFP 1997,

ndencho 2009 3

Carpolobia lutea, Carpolobia

albea

5,911 Humid & montane

zone

Tajoacha 2008 3

Aframomum melegueta,

Aframomum daniellii,

Aframomum citratum

no data Humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Guedje et al 1998, Eyog

matig 2006, Alka 2010, zapfack 1999, Betti 2007,

Jiofack 2009, Nkwatoh 2005, CIFOR databases

3

Alstonia boonei no data Humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, fao 1999, betti 2004,

ndencho 2009, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 2009, fao

1999

3

Coula edulis no data Humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Walter 2001, Betti 2007,

van dijk 1999 3

Garcinia mannii no data humid forest zone ndencho 2009, zapfack 1999, Sunderland Tchouto

1999, Comcam data 194-2010 3

Guibourtia tessmannii no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Laird et al 1996, Betti

2007, fao 1999 3

Harungana madagascariensis humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, Jiofack 2009,

zapfack 2001 3

Khaya ivorensis no data Humid & savannah van dijk & Wiersum 1997, zapfack 1999, Laird et al

1996 3

Lophira alata no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2006, Zapfack

1999, Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, Jiofack 200, 3

Lovoa trichilioides no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2006, Zapfack

1999, Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, Jiofack 200, 3

Megaphrynium macrostachyum no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009,

Dounias 2000 3

Milicia excelsa no data humid forest zone ndencho 2009, van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti

2004, Laird et al 1996, fao 1999, zapfack 2001 3

Monodora myristica no data humid forest zone an dijk & Wiersum 1997, FAO 1999. Ndoye 1995,

Alak 2010, SNV 2009, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009,

zapfack 2001, Pers.obsv. 2010

3

Morinda lucida no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009,

FAO 1999, zapfack 2001 3

Nauclea diderrichii no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2006,

ndencho 2009, Laird et al 1996, betti 3

Poga oleosa no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Laird et al 1996, Betti

2007, Nwkato 3

Scorodophleus zenkeri no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006,

Alak 2010, Jiofack 2009, betti 2007, van dijk 1999 3

Terminalia superba no data humid forest zone Betti 2004, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 2009, zapfack

2001 3

Trichoscypha arborea no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, FAO 1999,

Betti 2007 3

Vitellaria paradoxa no data Savannah Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007 3

Apiculture beeswax

244,420 Savannah, montane Iingram snv 2008, SNV 2009 3

honey 61,105 SNV 2008, 2009 3


Photo 8 Fuelwood arriving in Yaounde


5. Description per NTFP

See Annex 11 for a detailed description of each of the priory NTFPs.

6. Methodology for monitoring NTFPs in Cameroon

The current consultations to revise the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law have had a particular emphasis

on the regulatory framework for NTFPs (FAO 2009b; FAO 2009a). This process is ongoing but the broad

themes for revision largely adopted during the 1st Consultative meeting in Bamenda May 3-6 2010 and

in Ebolowa May 23-25 2010 (FAO 2010). This provides an excellent opportunity to update the policy and

regulations surrounding NTFP value chains and products and address problems and challenges identified

with the current system. This Review of NTFPs in Cameroon contributes to the revision process of the

Forestry Law by identifying the ‘key’ NTFPs in Cameroon in terms of both trade and consumption. It is

recommended that these NTFPs should form the basis of the revised framework and list of species

which require permits and monitoring for ‘Special Forestry Non-Timber Products’ and how they are

currently monitored and managed.

The monitoring, regulatory and harmonisation frameworks proposed in detail since 2006 (Walter and

Mbala 2006; Betti 2007b; Bonannée, Zé et al. 2007) and the emerging presence of the Observatoire des

Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (OFAC), provide an excellent opportunity for the regional level coordination

and monitoring among Central African states.

Plant NTFPs A thorough and extensive review of the data available, the methods and subsequent proposal of an

improved strategy for data collection for NTFPs in Cameroon has already recently been conducted in

2007 (Betti 2007b), This report also included with recommendations for other COMIFAC countries. and

is judged still valid and pertinent, requiring only minor qualifications to incorporate the findings of this

study. In summary, these recommendations are:

1. Introduce a definition for NTFPs in the revision of the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law

2. Revise the list of NTFPs Special Forestry Products, based on the lists presented above, stating

both scientific name, local names in English, French and local languages and a description to

avoid confusion during controls

3. The COMCAM monitoring system should be revised to include the revisions proposed to Special

Forestry Product NTFPs.

4. Revise permit system based on regional quotas and inventories for key products in wild

5. Distinguish between the source of products: agroforestry and plantations and natural forests

this is particular for plantation species such as Elaesis guineensis and some highly domesticated

plants such as Raphia and Cola spp.,

6. Distinction between international trade permits and national trade in the NTFPs

7. Harvesting guidelines and norms introduced for key NTFPs

8. Improve system of exchange of information from Waybills (Lettre de Voitures), Control Posts

and regional level and the major customs controls at ports and border posts that feed into a

national COMCAM system


Animal NTFPs Based on the key NTFPs, the main animal products that require monitoring is bushmeat. This issue was

highlighted by the comments made by MinFoF Minster Dr Ngolle Ngolle relating to the MinFoF Anti-

Poaching Brigade and the Direction Générale à la Recherche Extérieure’s “Operation Coup de Poing”

(Operation Punch) raid on bushmeat markets in Yaoundé in October 2009 to seize illegal bushmeat on

sale11.

Within the general classification, there are two categories of animals that stand out why qualify as key animal species:

1. Class A and B protected species: for which a system is set up but for which no or little rigorous

monitoring takes place of hunting permits or outside of protected areas.

A monitoring system needs to look outside of the current focus on Protected areas and take into

account all forested areas, both the humid, montane and savannah forest zones.

2. Nearly 50% of Class C classified species form the bulk of volumes and values for both

subsistence hunting and commercial trade (shown in Table 7).

3. At least 39 highly used species listed in the Red Data list, do not have any special level of

protection in Cameroon i.e. they are not listed in Class A or B) and appear threatened by the

situation described above.

A comprehensive analysis of the lessons learned at national and/or regional level of the studies on

bushmeat on both a national and regional level is currently lacking (Ringuet, Melisch et al. 2010). This

knowledge gap neither helps to identify what the “bushmeat crisis” is, nor when it has occurred and

critically, what actions policy decision-makers can make to take remedial action. At least two guiding

governing frameworks, the Convention on Biological Diversity and its report of the Liaison Group on

Bushmeat (2009), and the operational document of the Central African Forest Commission’s (COMIFAC)

Convergence Plan (2009) provide guidance about the bushmeat sector for decision makers.

TRAFFIC has set up a Central African Bushmeat Monitoring System/Système de suivi de la filière viande

de brousse en Afrique Centrale (SYVBAC), through a participatory approach, including representatives of

national institutions, scientific and technical institutions or organizations, NGOs and the private sector.

As part of this, it organized two workshops in Douala, Cameroon, in December 2008, and February 2010

((TRAFFIC 2008; TRAFFIC 2009; TRAFFIC 2010) which aimed to develop a monitoring system based on

available aggregated survey information, providing a regular overview through proxy indicators, its

potential structure and function, methodological aspects, challenges of data collection and site

selection, identification of indicators, and partnerships and advocacy issues. The meetings indicate that

there is a strong interest and support of participants to contribute to SYVBAC. Such as system would

enable Government decision-makers to be better informed and meet national policy and development

needs, but also to respond to requests for input to the international fora and conventions (CBD,

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), International

Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), regional bodies (COMIFAC, Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP),

11

http://allafrica.com/stories/200710291251.html 28 October 2007

http://allafrica.com/stories/200710291251.html


for example), and at national level to develop National Bushmeat Action Plans and strategies, legislation

and Forest Management Plans). The SYVBAC could also contribute to the development of the

Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (OFAC), which strives to provide for a jointly managed

overview of available knowledge and data on Central African forests in their economic, ecological and

social aspects and the joint knowledge-sharing undertaking of the “State of Forests” programme of

OFAC (OFAC, 2009).

Recommendations include:

A revision of the system of hunting permits would increase availability of data and enable

improved control.

Increase the ease of obtaining Class C permits

Coordination between regional and centralised MinFoF authorities on granting of permits,

monitoring, controls and data collection at decentralised and national level

Increased control and monitoring of bushmeat markets for Class A and B species

Increase basic knowledge of the biology of harvestable forest animals and the consequences

of hunting, to would allow accurate estimations production rates (the excess of growth over

replacement rate) and enable the estimation of hunting quotas, related permits and

sustainability.

Revise the Protected Classes of animals in the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law to include Red

data listed species.

Assess if the ‘key’ non-protected but traded & consumed species are vulnerable, and if so,

revise their rating and classification

Review the level and methods of protection and control for NTFPs, and specifically for key

Class A and B species, given that they remain widely hunted despite their protected status.


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ANNEX 1 Literature searches

Internet search A search was performed using Google scholar www.googlescholar.com, with the following search terms:

The search: “Cameroon AND ("non timber forest products" OR NTFP) filetype: pdf for the period 2005-

2010 brought a total of 307 pdf. files.

The search: “Cameroon AND ("non timber forest products" OR NTFP) filetype: doc for the period 2005-

2010 brough a total of 6 doc.files.

The search: ”Cameroun AND ("produits forestiers non ligneux" OR pfnl) filetype: pdf for the period 2005-

2010 brought a total of 48 pdf.files.

The search: ”Cameroun AND ("produits forestiers non ligneux" OR pfnl) filetype:doc for the period 2—5-

2010 brought a total of 0 doc.files.

Scientific literature search Searches were performed using the following databases;

Google Scholar www.googlescholar.com (for scientific articles only)

ISI Web of Knowledge www.apps.isiknowledge.com

Online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE) www.oaresciences.org

Research4life http://www.research4life.org/

University of Amsterdam library portal http://cf.uba.uva.nl/uba2006/

University of Cambridge Journals online http://journals.cambridge.org/

Atypon Link http://www.atypon-link.com/?cookieSet=1

Cameroon Sectoral Forest & Environment Program monitoring Website http://data.cameroun-foret.com

Memoire online http://www.memoireonline.com/

With the following search terms:

(Cameroon AND NTFP) (Cameroun AND PFNL), (Cameroon AND non timber forest) (Cameroon AND

bushmeat, hunting), (Cameroon AND market forest), (Cameroon AND forest trade market), (Cameroun

or Cameroon AND……… Cola, Coula, Prunus africana, irvingia, ricinodendron heudelotii, gnetum, eru,

okok, cola, kola, Dacryodes edulis, honey, forest + fish, Pausinystalia johimbe, yohimbe, Chinchona,

Baillonella toxisperma, Moabi, Gum Arabic, gomme arabic, rattan, Rotin, Laccosperma secundiflorum,

Eremospatha macrocarpa, Charcoal, Firewood, fuelwood, Kilinga erecta, raffia, palm wine, vin de palme,

ethnobotany, ethnobotany)



http://www.apps.isiknowledge.com/

http://www.oaresciences.org/

http://www.research4life.org/

http://cf.uba.uva.nl/uba2006/

http://journals.cambridge.org/

http://www.atypon-link.com/?cookieSet=1

http://data.cameroun-foret.com/

http://www.memoireonline.com/recherche.html?domains=www.memoireonline.com&q=pfnl+cameroun&sitesearch=www.memoireonline.com&client=pub-2070567197244873&forid=1&channel=4172063633&ie=ISO-8859-1&oe=ISO-8859-1&flav=0000&sig=BQhS_pnmAoSrMVWB&cof=GALT%3A%23008000%3BGL%3A1%3BDIV%3A%23336699%3BVLC%3A663399%3BAH%3Acenter%3BBGC%3AFFFFFF%3BLBGC%3AFFFFFF%3BALC%3A0000FF%3BLC%3A0000FF%3BT%3A000000%3BGFNT%3A0000FF%3BGIMP%3A0000FF%3BLH%3A50%3BLW%3A132%3BL%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fmemoireonline.free.fr%2Flogo_270x102.jpg%3BS%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fmemoireonline.free.fr%2Fliens.html%3BFORID%3A11&hl=fr


ANNEX 2 Market survey

February – May 2010

Questionnaire (market master/manager)

Introduction: Explanation of what is meant by NTFPs. (e.g. Safou, okok, njangsang, barks, gibier du

chasse etc...)

Number of NTFP traders monthly/annually?

Which NTFP products are sold in the market? List......

Which changes in products from dry season/rainy season?

Which products have highest volume? Provide details...

Which products highest value?

Which products are most sought after?

Where do they come from?

Observations during market tour

Number of NTFP sellers/traders and stalls

Which products observed?

Which products observed in highest quantities?

Which products highest value?

Markets visited & Region

Market Region

Abong Mbang East

Lomie East

Bafoussam West

Bamenda NW

Dschang West

Idenau SW

Kribi South

Limbe (Muea) SW

Lomie East

Makenene Centre

Yaounde (Mfoundi, Madgascar, Mokolo) Centre


Overview of Markets visited & Region

(Recorded as Pers. Obs. 2010 in Annex 6)

Market Region NTFPs (in order highest value and volume)

Source No stalls (Condiments& barks)

No stalls (NTFP meat, vegetables/ Fruits)

Abong Mbang East Irvingia spp. Condiments Safou Bushmeat

Local 1 2

Bafoussam; Marche B Marche Central

West Condiments Medicinal Raphia spp. Elaesis guineensis Gnetum Safou Maranthacae/ Ngogo Honey Palm wine

Local, W, NW national

18 C 6 B 8 mixed 2

5

Bamenda; Nkwen market Central market

NW Condiments Gnetum Maranthacae/ Ngogo Safou Elaesis guineensis Honey Palm wine

Local, SW 4 7

4 5

Dschang West Mushrooms Condiments Medicines Palm grubs

Local 2 4

Idenau SW Gnetum Condiments

Local 1 3

Kribi South Gnetum Condiments Medicines

Local 3 7

Limbe ; Muea

SW Gnetum Condiments Palm wine Honey

Local 3 5

Lomie East Irvingia spp. Wrapping leaves Elaesis guineensis Mushrooms Condiments Safou Bushmeat

Local 1 3


Market Region NTFPs (in order highest value and volume)

Source No stalls (Condiments& barks)

No stalls (NTFP meat, vegetables/ Fruits)

Makenene Centre Bushmeat Local, west 6

Yaounde; Mfoundi, Madagascar, Mokolo

Centre Bushmeat Gnetum Irvingia Condiments Safou Maranthacae/Ngogo Dried mushrooms Honey Palm wine

Centre, East, South

11 4

±20 ±08 ±25

Condiments: Small quantities (a bottle top to small tomato tin measure: 50g to 100g on average, retailing at around 100 FCFA) of: Aframomum melegueta Afromomum citratum Afromomum sulcatum Afrostyrax kamerunensis Baillonella toxisperma Cola edulis Cola nitida Garcina kola (bark and seeds) Garcina lucida Monodora myristica Piper guineensis Ricinodendron heudlotii Scorodophloeus zenkeri Tatracarpidium conophorum Tetrapleura tetraptera Xylopia aethiopica Xylopia parviflora and a number of unidentified barks (local names only were given & no translation found) Medicinal plants Where large quantities and numbers of species of medical plants and especially barks were found in markets, reference has been made to ethno botanical and medicinal literature for a full listing of species.


ANNEX 3 Species specific NTFP references

Species References

Fauna Fish Brummett 2005;

Caterpillars (Balinga, Mapunzu et al. 2004; Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007)

Honey & Apiculture Products

(API-CAM 1998; Kidd and Schrimpf 2000; Bonu 2001; Tchoumboue, Tchouamo et al. 2001; Forboseh 2002; Erasmus, Hamaljoulde et al. 2006; Fombad and Nuesiri 2006; Tata, Hamaljoulde et al. 2006; WHINCONET 2006; Niba and Ingram 2007; Soukontoua, Mfomou et al. 2007; Anembom Consulting 2008b; Anembom Consulting 2008a; Cohen 2008; Ingram and Fon 2008; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Matsop, Kamajou et al. 2008; Njonga 2008; Ade 2009; Chikamai and Tchatat 2009; Chupezi, Ndoye et al. 2009; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Ingram, Husselman et al. 2009; Niba Fon 2009; Wright 2009)

Bushmeat (Wilkie and Carpenter 1999b; Maisels, Keming et al. 2001a; Fa, Currie et al. 2003; Nkembi 2003; Solly 2004; Edderai and Dame 2006; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006; Forboseh, Sunderland et al. 2007; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Vermeulen, Julve et al. 2009; Wright 2009; Wright and Priston 2010)Stewart 2009; (Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Vermeulen, Julve et al. 2009; Ziegler 2010)

Flora Baillonella toxisperma

((Jochem 1995; Debroux and Delvingt 1998; Dkamela 2001; Louppe and Mallet 2009; Romain 2009; Veuthey and Gerbera 2009); Samndong, 2009; (Mundi 1978; Lauber 1990; Zon 1992; Nkwatoh 2005; Plenderleith and Brown 2006; Tabot Tabot 2006)

Bamboo (Ingram et al. 2010;(Rao and Rao 1998; Sunderland and Tchouto 1999; Sunderland 2001; Sunderland, Balinga et al. 2002; FAO 2003; Tabot Tabot 2006; Tajoacha 2008)

Carpolobia spp.

(Ngo Mpeck, Asaah et al. 2003; Schreckenberg, Awono et al. 2006; Tchoundjeu and Atangana 2006a; Tchoundjeu and Atangana 2006b; Manirakiza 2007; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009d)

Cola spp. (FAO 1995; Tachie-Obeng and Brown 2001; Vermeulen and Fankap 2002; Facheux, Tchoundjeu et al. 2006; Niemenak, Onomo et al. 2008; Tita 2009)

Combretum mucronatum

(Betti and Lejoly 1998)

Dacryodes (Schrekenburg, Awono et al. 2006; Manirakiza 2007; Tchoundjeu and Atangana 2007; Ogunsina, Koya et al. 2008; SNV


Species References

edulis 2008; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009c; Ewane, Awono et al. 2009; Sunderland, Asaha et al. 2009)

Ficus spp. (Gautier 1996)

Gacinina lucida (Marie 2000; Guedje and Fankap 2001; Guedje, Fankap et al. 2001; Ndoye, Ruiz-Perez et al. 2001; Vermeulen and Fankap 2002; Guedje, Lejoly et al. 2003; Guedje, Zuidema et al. 2007)

Gnetum spp. (Bokwe and Ngatoum 1994; Shiembo 1994; Shiembo, Newton et al. 1996; Fuashi 1997; Blackmore and Nkefor 1998; Nkefor, Ndam et al. 1998; Nkwatoh and F. 1998; Shiembo 1998; Isong, Adewusi et al. 1999; Nde-Shiembo 1999; Fondoun and Manga 2000; Ndam, Nkefor et al. 2001; Nkefor, E. et al. 2003; Tekwe, Ndam et al. 2003; Bell 2004; Clark and Sunderland 2004; Makoumsong 2004; Mbolo and Pouna 2005; Asaha, Balinga et al. 2006; Facheux, Tchoundjeu et al. 2006; Lingondo, Atanga W. et al. 2006; Mbolo, Ze et al. 2006; Tieguhong and Ndoye 2006; Eyong 2007; Kanmegne, Belinga et al. 2007; Nlend V 2007; Sewart 2007; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2008b; Betti 2008; CENDEP 2008; CIFOR 2008; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Nchinda and Che 2008; Ntsama 2008; Tieguhong, Ndoye et al. 2008; UNEP-WCMC 2008; van Damme and Termote 2008; Awono, Ingram et al. 2009; Foaham, Dagobert et al. 2009; Ndoye and Awono 2009; Stewart 2009; Tanda 2009; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2010; Ndumbe 2010; van Eijnatten 2010; Engineers without Borders Cameroon undated; Sumelong undated)

Acacia spp.

Gum arabic

(Mbolo and Pouna 2005; Molenaar, Boum et al. 2006; Njomaha 2008a; Yakeu Djiam and Tabuna 2009)

Irvingia spp. (Mbolo and Pouna 2005; Asseng Zé 2006; FAO 2006; Kanmegne, Belinga et al. 2007; Nlend V 2007; Anembom Consulting 2008b; CENDEP 2008; Tajoacha 2008; Vabi and Tchamou 2008; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009a; Ndoye and Awono 2009; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2009; Republic of Cameroon 2009b; Tanda 2009)

Termites (Falconer 1990; Balinga, Mapunzu et al. 2004; Alaka 2009)

Mushrooms (van Dijk, Onguene et al. 2003; Mbongaya 2008; SNV 2009b; SNV 2010b; SNV 2010c)

Piper guineesnsis

(Nkwatoh and F. 1998; Noumi and Yomi 2001; Nkembi 2003; Sunderland, Besong et al. 2003a; Tajoacha 2008)

Prunus africana

(Watt and Beyer-Brandwijk 1962; Parrott and H. 1989; Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993; Acworth 1997; Dibobe 1997; Ndibi and Kay 1997; Sunderland and Nkefor 1997; Acworth, Ewus et al. 1998; Ewusi 1998; Ndam 1998; Nkefor, Ndam et al.


Species References

1998; Tonye 1999; MCP 2000; Ndam and Ewusi 2000; Tonye, Ndam et al. 2000; Underwood and Burn 2000; Dawson, Were et al. 2001; Ewusi and Acworth 2001; Ondigui 2001; Stewart 2001; Cunningham, Ayuk et al. 2002; Page 2003; Peka 2003; Stewart 2003a; Stewart 2003c; Stewart 2003b; Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife 2004; Ndam and Marcelin 2004; Bellewang 2005a; Bellewang 2005b; Muchugi, Lengkeek et al. 2005; WHINCONET 2005; Cunningham 2006; Tieguhong and Ndoye 2006; Ingram and Nsawir 2007; Meuer 2007; MOCAP-CIG 2007; Stewart 2007a; Stewart 2007b; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2008a; Loden 2009; Nkeng 2009; Ingram 2010d; Ingram 2010c; Ingram and Nkeng 2010; Sumelong undated)

Raphia spp. (Shiembo 1982; Shiembo 1986; Gautier 1995; Guedje, Dijk et al. 1998; Mbolo, Walter et al. 2002; Vermeulen and Fankap 2002; Walter and Mbala 2006; University of Dschang 2007)

Rattans (Tshimala-Tshibangu, Ngeh et al. 1996; Sunderland, Clark et al. 1998; Sunderland and Tchouto 1999; Dione, Tamnjong et al. 2000; Sunderland 2001; Sunderland, Balinga et al. 2002; FAO 2003; Tabot Tabot 2006; Tajoacha 2008)

Ricinodendron heudelotii

(Ayuk, Duguma et al. 1999; Leakey 1999; Leakey and Tchoundjeu 1999; Leakey and Tchoundjeu 2001; Awono, Ndoye et al. 2002; Leakey, Atangana et al. 2002; Schrekenberg, A.Degrande et al. 2002; Tchoundjeu, Kanmenge et al. 2002; Leakey, Tchoundjeu et al. 2004; Eyog Matig, Ndoye et al. 2006; Plenderleith 2006; Tajoacha 2008; Awono, Ingram et al. 2009)

Vitellaria paradoxa

(Vermilye 2004)


ANNEX 4 General NTFP studies in Cameroon Topic/Product Key literature on Cameroon NTFPs

NTFP values (Belcher, Peréz et al. 2005; Betti 2007b; Ingram and Bongers 2009); (Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; Dorp, Niemeijer et al.

1998; Dione, Tamnjong et al. 2000; Mark van Dorp and Offermans 2001; Ambrose-Oji 2003; Lingondo, Atanga W. et al.

2006; Ingram and Nsawir 2007; Anembom Consulting 2008b; Tajoacha 2008; Ingram 2009b)

General NTFPs in

Cameroon

(FAO 1999; Mbolo, Walter et al. 2002; Jetz, Rahbek et al. 2004; Belcher, Peréz et al. 2005; Eyog Matig, Ndoye et al. 2006;

Schreckenberg, Marshall et al. 2006; Tchatat and Ndoye 2006; Tieguhong and Ndoye 2006; Tobith and Cuny 2006; Betti

2007b; Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007; Hoare 2007; Ebamane 2008; IUCN 2008; Noubissie, Chupezi et al. 2008; Vermeulen

and DOUCET 2008; Ndoye, Awono et al. 2009; Republic of Cameroon 2009a; Topa, Karsenty et al. 2009)

Monitoring (Mbile, PA’AH et al. 2005); (Sunderland, Clark et al. 1998; Forboseh, Keming et al. 2003; Nkembi 2003; Ministry of Forestry

and Wildlife 2004; Ndoye and Tieguhong 2004; Meuer 2007; Ngwobela 2007; Pfund, Ingram et al. 2009)

Legislative (Ndibi and Kay 1997; Ngwasiri, Djeukam et al. 2002; Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007; Djeukam 2007; Ebamane 2008; Assembe

2009; FAO 2009b; Laird, McLain et al. 2009; Ndoye and Awono 2009; Samndong 2009; Assembe-Mvondo 2010; Laird,

Ingram et al. 2010; Nfor no date)

Medicinal value (Watt and Beyer-Brandwijk 1962; Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993; Laird and Sunderland 1996; Ndibi and Kay 1997; Baba-

Moussaa, Akpaganab et al. 1999; FAO 1999; Sunderland, Ngo-Mpeck et al. 1999; Dounias, Rodrigues et al. 2000; Tonye,

Ndam et al. 2000; Guedje and Fankap 2001; Nfi, Mbanya et al. 2001; Noumi and Yomi 2001; Ngassouma, Essia-Ngangb et

al. 2003; Stewart 2003a; Betti 2004; Vasisht and Kumar 2004; Bellewang 2005a; Sandberg, Perera-Ivarsson et al. 2005;

Eyong 2007; Joseph, Stéphane et al. 2007; FAO, GTZ et al. 2008; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Focho, Ndam et al. 2009;

Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Loden 2009; Ndenecho 2009; Lohchoves 2010; Simbo 2010)


ANNEX 5 Location specific NTFP studies Region Location Reference

Adamaoua Tikar

Zapfack et al. 1999; (MINEF and ONADEF 2000; Belinga 2001; Mbawala, Ngang et al. 2002; Chapman 2004; Tchuenguem, MAPONGMETSEM et al. 2005 ; Tata, Hamaljoulde et al. 2006; Ibrahima, Mapongmetsem et al. 2007; Soukontoua, Mfomou et al. 2007; Ndam and Asanga 2008; Mbawala, F.N. Tchuenguem Fohouo et al. 2009; Nkeng 2009; PHILIP 2009)

Cameroon

(Zon 1992; API-CAM 1998; Tabuna 1998; CERUT-AIDEnvironment 1999; FAO 1999; Dione, Tamnjong et al. 2000; Ngwasiri, Djeukam et al. 2002; Tieguhong and Ndoye 2004; Betti 2007b; Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007; Parrotta, Oteng-Yeboah et al. 2008; Ndoye and Awono 2009; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009; Laird, Ingram et al. 2010)

Centre

(Awono, Ngono et al. 2002; Ngo Mpeck, Asaah et al. 2003; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009b; Jiofack, Ayissi et al. 2009; Ngendakumana, Balinga et al. 2009; SNV 2010a)

Mbalmayo Noumi 2001

Lekie (Bruno 2004; Kanmegne, Belinga et al. 2007; Ndoye and Awono 2009)

Yaounde (Tshimala-Tshibangu, Ngeh et al. 1996; Edderai and Dame 2006; FAO 2006; Kanmegne, Belinga et al. 2007; Manirakiza 2007; Njomaha 2008b; Yakeu Djiam and Tabuna 2009)

East

Haut Nyong Asseng Ze(Fomete and Tchanou 1998; Schrekenberg, A.Degrande et al. 2002; Jiofack, Ayissi et al. 2009)

Lom Pangar (ACHOUNDONG, FAURE et al. 2005)

Lobeke (Fomete and Tchanou 1998; Gwet 2004; LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009)

East & South Dja

Debroux et Dethier 1993, Vander Linden 1994; Nlégué 1994, Betti & al. 1999 ; Doucet & Koufani (1997) (Betti and Lejoly 1998; Akoa and Mbolo 2001; Edderai and Dame 2006)Betti 1994) Betti 1995, Betti 2001; Betti 2002; Debroux & Dethier 1993; (Gwet 2004)Samndong 2009

Humid Zone (Centre, South, Littoral, East, SW)

(Awono, Ngono et al. 2002; Betti 2004; CAFECO 2009; Philippart and Doucet 2009) Perez et al 1999 ; Perez et al .2000 ; (Jochem 1995; Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; Ayuk, Duguma et al. 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 2000; Mbolo and Pouna 2005; Oyono, Kouna et al. 2005; Degrande, Schreckenberg et al. 2006; Sonwa, Nkongmeneck et al. 2007; Romain 2009)


Region Location Reference

North West

(CERUT-AIDEnvironment 1999; Abott, Thomas et al. 2001; Maisels, Keming et al. 2001b; Forboseh 2002; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2008a; Cohen 2008; Ingram 2008b; Kwack 2009; Butchart, Walpole et al. 2010; Ingram, Asha et al. 2010; SNV 2010a)

Kimbi (Abott, Thomas et al. 2001)

Dom (Mzeka 2008)

Ndop, Babungo (Simbo 2010)

Bali Ngemba (Cheek, Harvey et al. 2010)

Kilum Ijum (Oku, Boyo, Fundong)

(Parrott and H. 1989; Ndam 1998; Maisels and Forboseh 1999; Cheek, Onana et al. 2000a; Cheek, Onana et al. 2000b; Abott, Thomas et al. 2001; Maisels, Keming et al. 2001b; Stewart 2001; Kew 2003; Stewart 2003a; Bruno 2004; WHINCONET 2005; Degrande, Schreckenberg et al. 2006; Anembom Consulting 2008b; Ingram and Fon 2008; Mekongo and Ngueko 2008; Mzeka 2008; Ade 2009; Foaham, Dagobert et al. 2009; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Kwack 2009; Niba Fon 2009; Stewart 2009) (Knox and Beighle 2001; Ndifon 2007)

South

Van Dijk 2003(Guedje, Dijk et al. 1998; Dijk and Wiersum 1999; Lescuyer and Emerit A. 2001; Zapfack and Ngobo 2001; Schrekenberg, A.Degrande et al. 2002; Mekongo and Ngueko 2008; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009b; CAFECO 2009; SNV 2009a)

Campo Maan- Bipindi Akom

Van dijk 1999, (Guedje, Dijk et al. 1998; van Dijk and Wiersum 1999)

South West

(Limbe Botanical Gardens 2002; (CERUT-AIDEnvironment 1999; Knox and Beighle 2001; Ambrose-Oji 2003; GFA Consultantcy 2006; Forboseh, Sunderland et al. 2007; Ingram 2008b; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Mbongaya 2008; Ewane, Awono et al. 2009; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2009; Sunderland, Asaha et al. 2009; Tanda 2009; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009)

Aguambu (Focho, Ndam et al. 2009)

Bambutos (Ngoufo 1992)

Banyang Mbo (Nkembi and Hoyle 2001; Nkembi 2003; Forboseh, Sunderland et al. 2007; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Chapman 2008)

Kupe Muanengouba

(Cheek, Pollard et al. 2004; Foaham, Dagobert et al. 2009)

Mone (Tajoacha 2008; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009)

Korup (Laird, Awung et al. 2007) Fuashi 1997 ; (Malleson 1993; Sunderland, Clark et al. 1998; Malleson 2000; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008), (ETUGE 1999 ), Tshiamala-Thisbangu 1997, Lingondo 2006


Region Location Reference

Lebialem

(Ekatie and Mambo 2006)Wright 2010(GFA Consultantcy 2006; Focho, Ndam et al. 2009)

Mt Cameroon

(Bokwe and Ngatoum 1994; Brocklesby and Ambrose-Oji 1997; Acworth, Ewus et al. 1998; Dijk and Wiersum 1999; Ambrose-Oji 2003; Mbile, Vabi et al. 2005; Abugiche 2008; Focho, Ndam et al. 2009)Proctor 2007; ETUGE 1999; (Ndenecho 2009) )

Takamanda (Ayeni et Mdaihli 2001, (Mdaihli, Schmidt-Soltau et al. 2002) ; Sunderland 2001 ;(Ayeni and Mdaihli 2001; Zapfack, Ayeni et al. 2001; Mdaihli, Schmidt-Soltau et al. 2002; Sunderland, Balinga et al. 2002; Sunderland, Besong et al. 2002; Sunderland, Besong et al. 2003b; Asaha, Balinga et al. 2006; Sunderland, Asaha et al. 2009; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009), Ojong Ayuk (2002), Zapfack 2001, Tajoacha 2008; (Comiskey, Sunderland et al. 2003; GFA Consultantcy 2006)

Montane zone (NW, SW, West, Adamaoua)

Highlands Tata et al 2006(Tchoumboue, Tchouamo et al. 2001; Bergl, Oates et al. 2007; Ingram, Asha et al. 2010)

North & Extreme North (Akseye 2000; Kaïgama 2000; Ladjan 2000; Nfi, Mbanya et al. 2001; Garine 2002; Njomaha 2008a; Yakeu Djiam and Tabuna 2009; Naï no date)

West Bafoussam (Gautier 1992; Gautier 1995; Gautier 1996; Tchoumboue, Tchouamo et al. 2001; Tata, Hamaljoulde et al. 2006; Ingram 2008a)


ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon A fuller verison of the database is available in excel. The database is separated in to plant and animals based NTFPs.

Abbreviations PRODUCT NAME: Species and or name of most common products from that species, in English, french and local dialects where available.

PARTS: Parts of the plant or animal used:

All: whole plant, Wo/ti: wood or timber, Ba: bark, Ex: exudates/resin, Fr: fruit, Le: leaves, S: seeds, Sp: sprouts, St: stem, Ro: root, Th: thorns,

Fl: flesh, Fr: Fur, Ho: Horns, Sp: Spines, Bo: Bones

MARKETS: Scale of the markets in which the product is sold:

1=National 2= internaitonal

3 = Local 4 = regional

VOLUME : Annual volume of trade and/or consumption, converted into tons or litres (for specific liquds e.g. palm wine and honey)

ECONOMIC VALUE: The market (export or retail) value in FCFA and US$ - at the value during the period indicated, and inflation adjusted

equivlenet in SUS for 2010. Where not avialable, the value at harvester level (ie at forest gate) is given.

HABITAIT TYPE: The domainat type of forest ecology where the species is found:

H= Humid M = montane S = savannah

PLANT TYPE

LT = large tree MT = Medium tree ST = small tree

Sh = shrub Li = liana

USES; Major uses of the product- may vary between regions;

FO = food MED = Medicinal Fu = fuelwood Cu = Cultural Co = Construction Sh= Shade cover Con = condiment Fur= Furniture To= Tools Ti=

Tmber Eq = Eq Re = Revenue Car= Carving Cos = Cosmetic MuI Muscial instruments Ap = Aphrodisiac Ba = Baskets We = Cords/weaving


DOMESTICATION; main harvest regime and level of domestication of the species:

1 = wild harvest only

2 = small scale domesticaiton

3 = domesticated

4 = main harvest from domesticated sources

5= integrated into farm/forest

HARVEST IMPACT: effect in general of harvesting on the species:

1= Very destrcutive

2= Damaging to species population

3 = Low impact

4 = Sustainable

VALUE SCORE; Assessment of trade and consumption values:

1 = Minor consumption (consumption as food, tool, construction, medicia use)

2 = Multiple use species (consumption)

2 = Limited trade (local trade or barter/exchange)

2.5 = Both a trade (regional/national and/or small international) and local consumption

3 = Wide scale trade (important resource for livelihoods, regional to national and international trade)

3 = Multiple use species (consumption and trade, commerical Ti and non Ti uses)

3 = Major consumption (Important Cu, Med, FO, To, Co use)

4 = Major, widescale consumption and large scale trade

COLOUR CODES

Yellow = Highlights data selected as most relevant (where there are multiple data sets and data from different years and geographical locaitons)

used to indicate key economic values and qunaaities

Other colors = Highlgihts the key products

Pink = Animals Blue = fish Brown = apiculture products


Animal based NTFPs Resource Product name Market Annual

Volume2

Economic value

References Data Status

Habitat Type4

parts uses Status Protected status Value Score

Species English French Local

Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

Anaphe venata Caterpillar Minyos 3 Balinga 2004 H FO host tree

Triplochiton

scleroxylon

1

Anomalurops sp Anomalure 3 fao 1999 FO 1

Aonyx congica Congo Clawless Otter

loutre à joues bleues. du Congo),

2 Fao 1999 FO

Class B

2

Atherurus africanus African brush-tailed porcupine

Chugger-chugger

3 17.64 14,110,400 29,912 30,212 Wright 2010, fao 1999

2007, Lebialem

H fl FO 1

3

Atherurus africanus Porcupine Hedgehog, porky pig

3 Samndong 2008

FO 1 3

Atilax paludinosus Marsh mongoose

3 0.04 38,000 79 110 Chupzei 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 3

Bitis gabonica gabonadder

3 van dijk 1999 FO 1

bushmeat

bushmeat

Gibier de chasse

3,1 Debroux & Dethier 1993 FAO 1999

-


Resource Product name Market Annual Volume

2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




1 680.00 6,800,000 11,768 15,416 Bahuchet et

Ioveva 1999 Yaoundé FO 3

1 484.00 43,914,000 91,601 96,181 Tieguhong 2009

2007 FO 3

1,3 233,963.27 233,963,266 404,883 477,762 Fa 2003 FO 3

1,3 78,077.17

42,942,445

43,371,869

Wilkie 1999 mid 1990s Douala, Yaounde

FO 3

1,3 19,000 27,170 Ngnegueu and Fotso (1996)

Dja 1995 FO

1 Samndong 2009

Lomie FO

1 Maisels 2001 77 species FO 3

1 250,000,000

432,636 510,510 GFA (2006) 2003 Takamanda, Nigeria .

FO 3

bushmeat

1,3 674.56 608,303,595 1,052,695 1,242,180 Fa et al 2006 2002-2003 Cross river to Sangah - Littoral Centre/SW/Nigeria



2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




1 39.60 35,710,369 67,699 75,146 Edderai 2006 2005?

1,2 417,641,603 Ayeni 2001 November 2000 and March 2001, Takmanda

3 22.40 50,779,476 105,921 111,217 Aubighe 2007

2006-2007, Banyang Mbo 187 hunters in 14 villages

FO 1

2

3 12.71 11,434,500 24,240 24,482 Vermulen 2009

2004 FO 1 3

3 160.14 38,377,199 54,824 66,337 Wilcox 2007 1999-2002 Banyan Mbo 96 hunters , 44 species

FO

2

Birds

oiseaux 3 samndong 2008, FAO 1999

2007 FO 1 # Class A Bannerman’s Turaco, Hardlaub’s Duck , Grey parrott, Yellow-casqued Wattled Hornbill, Grey Parrot B Knob-billed Duck, Yellow-billed Turaco White-crested Turaco, Green Turaco

3

caterpillars caterpillar Chenilles 3 fao 1999 FO 2

Cephalophus callipygus

Peter’s duiker (Birch)

birch 3 51.13 38,343,750 79,982 83,981 Chupzei 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1

3



2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




Cephalophus dorsalis & C. ogilbyi

Bay duiker, Ogilby’s duikera

So (bulu)

3 Wright 2010, van dijk 1999

2007, Lebialem

H fl FO 1 CITES listed

3

Cephalophus monticola

Blue duiker Frutambo

3 34.15 17,075,500 35,618 37,399 Wright 2010 2007, Lebialem

H fl FO 1

3

Cephalophus monticola

Blue duiker okpweng (bulu)

3 Chupzei 2009, van dijk 1999

2007, Lobeke

FO CITES listed

2

Cephalophus rufilatus

red flanked duikler

3 fao 1999 FO

Cercocebus albigena

Mantled mangabey/grey cheeked

singe, cercocèbe joues grises

3 fao 1999 FO

2

Cercocebus galeritus

Tana River mangabey

cercocèbe agile

3 fao 1999 FO 2

Cercopithecus neglectus

De Brazza's Monkey

cercopithèque de brazza

3 fao 1999 FO Class A

2

Cercopithecus cephus

moustached monkey

inge, moustac

osok (bulu)

3 fao 1999, van dijk 1999

FO CITES listed 2

Cercopithecus erythrotise

red eared monkey

3 Wilcox 2007 2007 Banyang mbo

FO 1

2

Cercopithecus mona Mona moneky

3 Wilcox 2007 1999 to

March

2002.Banyang mbo

FO 1

CITES listed

2

Cercopithecus nicitans

greater white-nosed monkey

singe hocheur


FO

2

Cercopithecus nictitans

greater white nosed monkey

3 Wilcox 2007 2007 Banyang mbo

FO 1

CITES listed

2

Cercopithecus spp. Guenons Monkey

3 7.52 5,012,505 10,456 10,978 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009,

2007, Lebialem/ 2007 lobeke

H fl FO 1

3



2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




Samndong 2009

Colobus guereza guereza colobus

colobe guereza

3 fao 1999 FO Class A, CITES

listed

2

Cricetomys emini Giant pouched

rat Rat mole

3 Wright 2010 2007, Lebialem

H fl FO 1 2

Cricetomys gambianus

Giant rat rat 3 0.51 511,000 1,066 1,119 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009, van dijk 1999

2007, Lebialem/ 2007 lobeke

H fl FO 1

3

crickets cricket criquets cricket 3 fao 1999 FO 2

Crocodylus niloticus crocodile 3 27.61 13,803,500 28,793 30,232 Chupzei 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 Class B, CITES

listed

2

Crossarcuhus obscurus

Common Kusimanse

mangouste brune

mangoose

3 FO 2

Dendrolyrax arboreus

Eastern Tree Hyrax

daman des arbres

3 FO 2

Felis aurata golden cat, tiger cat

3 1,150.00 69,000,000 143,928 151,124 Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1

CITES listed

3

Gorilla gorilla Gorilla 3 1.92 460,080 960 1,209 Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2008

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 Class A, CITES

listed

3

Guttera plumifera Guinea fowl

3 0.10 16,320 34 36 Chupzei 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 3

Hippopotamus amphibius

Hippopotamus

hyppopotame

3 fao 1999 FO Class A, CITES

listed

Hyemoschus aquaticus

Water chevrotain

chevrotain aquatique

water beef

3 1.41 1,406,000 2,933 3,079 Chupzei 2009, fao 1999

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 class A 3



2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




Hystrix cristata North

African

porcupine

3

njiforti 1996 1995

FO 1

3

Hylochoerus meinertzhageni

giant forest hog

3 Chupzei 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 Class A 3

Imbrasia epimethea caterpillar 3 Balinga 2004 FO Petersianthus

macrocarpus host

2

Imbrasia ertlii caterpillar Bigombo

3 Balinga 2004 FO Entandrophragm

a cylindricum,

Ricinodendron

heudoletii,

Petersianthus

macrocarpus

2

Imbrasia truncata caterpillar Mikom/Mikomichan

3 Balinga 2004 FO Lovoa trichiloides

host

2

Kobus kob Buffon's

kob 3

Njiforti 1996 1995

FO 1

3

larvae

larves de hanneton

palm grub

3 fao 1999, Pers obs

FO 2

Loxodondta africana

Elephant 3 fao 1999 FO Class A, CITES

listed

Mandrillus leucophaeus

Drill 3 Wright 2010 2007 H fl FO 1 Class A, CITES

listed

3

Manis spp. (M. tricuspis etc)

Giant pangolin

Bissounal

3 Chupzei 2009, van dijk 1999

2007, lobeke FO 1 CITES listed

3

Manis tetrdyctala pangolin pangoloin à logue queue

FO CITES listed

3

Manis tricuspis pangolin à écailles

pangolin à écailles

3 fao 1999 FO



2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




Nandinia binotata african

palm civet 3 Wilcox 2007 1999 to

March

2002.Banyang mbo

FO 1

Class B

2

Nandinia binotata African Palm Civet

nandinie Biwolo, Mimbinfsg

3 FO Class B 2

Notodontidae caterpillar Chenilles 3 Dounias 2000

Numida meleagris Guinea

fowl 3

Njiforti 1996 1995

FO 1

3

Nudaurelia oyenmsis

giant silkworm moths

Sumbo 3 Balinga 2004 le leaves host for caterpillars

Osteoaemus tretraspis

broadheaded crocodile

3 fao 1999 FO Class B 2

Osteoaemus tretraspis

crocodile

3 fao 1999 FO Class A

Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee

3 samndong 2008

FO 1 Class A, CITES

listed

3

Panthera pardus panther panthère 3 fao 1999 FO Class A, CITES

listed

Perodicticus potto Potto Bitom 3 Wright 2010 2007 H fl FO 1 CITES 2

Phataginus tricuspis Tree pangolin

Galagos, potto Bush baby

3 7.22 5,776,800 12,050 12,652 Wright 2010 2007 H fl FO 1

2

Potamochoerus porcus

Red river hog

3 35.28 28,220,800 58,866 61,809 Wright 2010 2007 H fl FO 1 2



2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




Potamogale velox Giant Otter

Shrew potamogale

3 fao 1999 FO

Proptoxerus stangeri

cane rat 3 van dijk 1999 FO 1

Snakes Snakes Black mamb, python

3 Samndong 2008, FAO 1999

FO 1 Class B 3

Python sebae Python, Boa

3 0.20 255,000 532 761 Chupzei 2009, fao 1999

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 Class B, CITES

listed

3

snails snail escargot snail 3 fao 1999, pers obsv

FO 2

Syncerus caffer nanus

forest buffalo

3 10.23 5,112,500 10,664 12,904 Chupzei 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 3

termites termites 3 1,098,000 2,308 3,300 Falconer 1990

1971 FO

Thryonomys swinderianus

Greater cane rat

cane rat, Cutting grass , mvep (Bulu)

3 3.64 3,643,000 7,599 8,435 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, van dijk 1999

2007 H fl FO 1

2

Tragelaphus euryceros

Antelope cane rat, Cutting grass

3 241.31 75,529,404 157,547 181,180 Chupzei 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1

3


Bongo Bongo 3 fao 1999 FO

Tragelaphus scriptus

bushbuck guib arnaché

3 fao 1999 FO

Tragelaphus spekei sitatunga Bongo 3 4.33 2,404,700 5,016 5,919 Chupzei 2009

2007, Lobeke

FO 1 Class B 3

Tragelaphus spekei sitatunga sitatunga 3 fao 1999 FO

Tryonomys swinderianus

Greater Cane Rat

aulacode cutiing grass, cane

3 Fao 1999 Fo 2



2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




rate

Uromanis tetradactyla

pangolin Cutter beef

3 wilcox 2007 1999 to

March 2002. FO 1 Ranked 9th 3

Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor

varans (Varanus niloticus),

3 FO CITES listed 2

Viverra civetta civet civette 3 fao 1999 FO

Hare 3 Samndong 2008

FO 1 3

caterpillar 3 Balinga 2004 FO 2

caterpillar Tonal 3 Balinga 2004 FO 2

bushmeat 1 960.00 Nasi 2008 1995

Allabenchelys (cf. brevior)

Fish 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2

Auchenoglanis 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2

Barbus (cf. guirali) 1,3 Samndong 2009

around Lomie

FO 2

Clarias (cf. pachynema)

1,3 fao 1999 FO 2

Hepsetus (cf. odoe), 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2

Memichromis (cf. fasciatus)

1,3 fao 1999 FO 2

Mormyrops delicious

fao 1999 FO 2

Oreochromis (cf; nilotica),

1,3 fao 1999 FO 2

Parophiocephalus (cf. obscurus)

poisson vipère

1,3 fao 1999 FO 2

silures fish 1,3,4 260,000.00 500,000,000

590,000,00

0

Brummett (2005)

2003 FO 3

Tilapia (cf. mvogoï 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2



2

Economic value


Habitat Type4




& margaritacea)

Beeswax Wax Cire 2 88.00 242,000 244,420 ingram snv 2008, SNV 2009

2008, 2009 M/S FO, Med, Cos, Re

1,2 4 3

beeswax 1 44.00 127,776,000

270,870 273,579 ingram snv 2008, SNV 2009

2008, 2009

Honey 2 22.00 60,500 61,105 ingram snv 2008, SNV 2009

2008, 2009 FO, Med

1,2 3

Honey Honey Miel 1 3,322,586.28 4,970,589,075

10,537,061

10,642,431 ingram snv 2008, SNV 2009

2008, 2009 M/S FO 3

other Apiculture products

1,3 1,497,500 3,175 3,206 Ingram 2010 2008, 2009 M/S FO, Med, Cos, Re


Plant NTFPs Resource Product name Market Annual

Volume

Economic value References Data

Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $

value1

Allophylus africanus

olom (beti), ohomi (bassa)

3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 2

Abrus preckatorius


Abrus sp. 3

All Med 1

Acacia albida 3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007, fao 1999

S MT ba, le, fr, se, ro,

forage, Fos, Med, Fu

2

Acacia hockii 3 fao 1999 S MT le forage

2

Acacia nilotica Chaki 3 Eyog Matig et al 2006

S MT ex, le, ro, se, fr, ba, wo

forage, Fos, Med, Fu

2

Acacia senegal Acacia polyacantha

Gum arabic

Gomme arabic

gavde 2 3,000.00 2,000,000,000

4,000,000 4,040,000

SNV 2007 and workshop 2006, Mbolo 2005, Djiam 2009,

2008 S ST ex trade, Med, forage

3

2 189.60 86,268,000 182,878 184,707 SFP Lists, 2004-2010, COMCAM 2004-2010

averaged 1994-2010 data

S ex trade, Med,

3

2,4 1,000.00 364,000,000 812,154 820,275 NJOMAHA 2008 2008 3

2 2,500.00 FAO 2006, Betti 2007 S ex trade, Med,

3

Acanthospermu 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1


Resource Product name Market Annual

Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

m hispidum

Acanthus montanus

3 Zapfack 1999, Jiofack 2009

S st, le Med 1

Acnella caulirhiza

3 Jiofack 2009 fr Med 1

Adansonia digitata

Baobab Baobab 3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007

S LT fr, le, ba, se

FO, oil, forage, Med

3 2

Aegeratum conyzoides

Ôkpwaté (dja)

3 H herb

Aframomum citratum

Maniguette jutese

hamar, bobdi , boki, boumbou, Mbongo spice

3, 1, 2 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Guedje et al 1998, alak 2010, Betti 2007, Pers. Obsv ingram 2010

H herb fr, se Con, Re

1, 5 2.5

Aframomum daniellii

Maniguette

Mvolong , mbongo, Maniguette

3,2 Betti 2004, Betti 2007

H herb le, se Med 3

Aframomum hanburyl

3

Betti 2007 herb le, se Med 1

Aframomum latofolium

3 Zapfack 1999 S herb Le, Fr,

FO, Wr

1 2 2

Aframomum melegueta

Alligator pepper

Maniguette piquante

Ndong (ewondo)

3, 1 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Guedje et al 1998, Eyog matig 2006, Alka 2010, zapfack 1999, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, Nkwatoh 2005

H herb se, fr Ap, Meds, Con, Re

3, 5 3

Aframomum pruinosum

Maniguette

3,1 herb se Med 2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Aframomum sp. Gorilla FO

Maniguette

Ndong , ketchou, ndon, ndonodo'a mounda, ndong

3, 4 KIFP 1997, van dijk wiersum 1997, ndencho 2009, Tabuna 1999, Betti 2007, fao 1999

H herb fr,le,ex, st, se

FO/Fo, Meds, Con

3

Aframomum sulcathum

Maniguette

kisho, Adjom , eynchok, acho

3 Betti 2007 Med, Con

2

Afrostyrax kamerunensis

bush onion

1,3 Betti 2007, Sunderland 2003, SNV 2009, Nwkatoh 2005

H tree se Con 2

Afrostyrax lepidophyllus

ngakanga

1,2, 4, 3

Tabuna 1999, Betti 2007

H tree ba Med 2

Afzelia bella Omi 3 Jiofack 2009 tree se Med 1

Afzelia bipindensis

abre d'or Mbanga 3 fao 1999, zapfack 2001

H tree br, ba

Cos, Med

1

Agauria salicifolia

3 KIFP 1997 H/M ST Med 1

Alangium chinense

fang, ejeo , bang

3 KIFP 1997 M, H LT insecticide

1

Albizia adianthifolia

kiwuf, febom

3 Jiofack 2009, fao 1999

S tree le, ba Med,, Fu

2

Albizia ferruginea

3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1

Albizia glaberrima

Nséné-ésak

3 zapfack 2001 H tree medcicinal

Albizia gummifera

3 KIFP 1997 M, H LT Ti, fruit

1

Albizia zygia lantanza

kijooh, fuim, fewum

3 Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, fao 1999

M, H tree ba, st, fr, le

Ti. Med , Fu

2

Alchornea cordifolia

avô / aboé (beti)

2, 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, Jiofack 2009, fao 1999

H ST le,wo,fr ,

Meds, Eq, lure

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Alchornea laxiflora

Aboe 3 Jiofack 2009 ST le Med 2

Allanblackia floribunda

allanblakia

3,2 4.00 5,000,000 8,121 10,639 FAO 1999, Betti 2004, Eyog Matig et al 2006, comcam 1994-2010 database

Comcam exports, FAO 1999 re prices

decidious, semi M

MT se Med, FO oil

3

Allanblackia gabonensis

Nsangomo

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006

H MT se oil 1

Allophylus africanus

agnoume 3 KIFP 1997 M, H ST le Co, fibre

1

Allophylus bullatus

3 KIFP 1997

M, H ST le Co,

fibre 1

Alstonia boonei stoolwood

njabai, njiabas, leitung, Ekuk ewondo), Conga (baka) Bokua (Douala), ekuk (bulu)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, fao 1999, betti 2004, ndencho 2009, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 2009, fao 1999

H LT ba,ex , le, wo

Med, additive palm wine, Ti, Fu

3

Ampelocissus sp.

Ekuk 3 Jiofack 2009 le, st Med

1

Amphimas pterocarpoides

3 Jiofack 2009 ba, ex

Med

1

Anacardium occidentale

3 1

Ancistrocladus korupensis

3 Dounias 2000, ndencho 2009

H Li st, le Med 1

Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum

Rattan nkan 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, Betti 2007, van dijk 199

H Li st, sp Co, Eq, Con, Med

2

Angylocalyx Nkan 3 Betti 2007 herb 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

talbotii

Aningeria robusta

Aingueri

Aniegré , Abam

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007, zapfack 2008, Fomete 1998

H LT fr, wo

FO, wood

2

Annickia chlorantha

tolongo, abam, mondongue

3 ndencho 2009 H tree ba, le 2

Annona senegalensis

Annone de savanne

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, zapfack 1999

S ST /Sh

ro, ba, le, fr

FO, animal feed

2.5

Annonidium mannii

Corossole sauvage

Faolo, doukouloulade, Sore, Mewou, Ebom-afan (Dja)

3 FAO 1999, betti 2004, zapfack 2001

H tree fr FO 1

Anogeissus leiocarpus

3 fao 1999 st To, forage

2 2

Anonidium floribundum

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Jiofack 200, Betti 2007

H MT ba,fr , st

Meds, Fo

1

Anthocleista schweinfurthii

Ebom, afan

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Anthocleista vogelii

3 Jiofack 2009 tree ba, ex

Med 1

Antrocaryon klaineanum

Onzabili

ozakong (Bulu)

3 Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, fao 1999, van dijk 1999

1999 H, M LT fr,ba,se, wo

Fo, Med, Ti

2

Aphrardisia sp. arbre à ail

3 Fao 1999 Con 2

Aphrardisia sp. Ozakong/'Angongui'

3 Zapfack 1999 H ba Con 1

Ardisia cymosa 3 KIFP 1997 M, H Sh 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Aspilia africana aborneh , eynchia , pahlohji

3 Zapfack 1999, Jiofack 2009

S l le Med 1

Autranella congolensis

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Baillonella toxisperma

Moabi Huile de moabi

Adjap, Moabi, Njabi, also as Shea in South & East

1 6,200.00 4,600,000 18,400 8,442 Schneemann 1995, Eyog Matig 2006, Betti 2004, ndencho 2009, van dijk 1999

1994 H LT se,ba,fr,wo

cooking oil, Con, Fo, Med, Ti

2, 5 2 4

3 854.00 Vermuelen 2004, Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009

1997-1998

4

3,1 2,160.00 1,600,000 3,392 3,426 Romain 2009 2009, Kribi

4

Balanities aegyptiaca

Dessert date

3 FAO 1999, Eyog Matig et al 2006

S ST Le, Fr,

FO, forage

1 2

Barteria fistulosa

morotodi, adoua

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997

H MT ba Meds 1

Barteria nigritiana

Mekbenga , Mebeñga (dja)

3 Betti 2004, zapfack 2001

H tree ba Med 1

Begonia sp. 3 KIFP 1997 M mediciine

1

Beilschmiedia anacardioides


S MT se Con 1

Beilschmiedia obscura

kanda dingo, mbangala

3 Achoundong 2005, Eyog Matig 2006

Markets Kribi, Ouami et Mararaba,

H MT se FO 1

Beilshmiedia mannii

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Berlinis bracteosa

3 fao 1999 tree ba, fr, se

Cu 1

Bersama eybieles 3 KIFP 1997 M ST Co, 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

abyssinica e fibre

Blighia sapida akee apple

ris de veau


LT se, fr, ba, le, wo

FO, posin, oil

3 2

Boerhavia coccinea

otousi, abai

3 Jiofack 2009 bush le, Med 1

Bombax costatum

kapokier 3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007

H MT se, gr, ro, ba

Med, melliferous, FO

2

Borassus aethiopum

Palmier roncier

essodoum, nso douma, dombi


S m-sized palm

fr, wo, ro, st

Fo, Co, , wine, Ap

1,2 2

Bosquiea angolensis

Osom-ozô Dja)

3 zapfack 2001 H tree fr, ro FO 1

Bridelia ferruginea

daleib, koh, kop, doubi

3 Jiofack 2009, Betti 2007, Zapfack 1999

S tree le, ba Med 1

Bridelia micrantha

3 Jiofack 2009, Betti 2007, fao 1999

S, M tree ba, ex, wo

Med, Fu

2

Bridelia speciosa elum eblum 3 KIFP 1997 M ST 1

Bryophyllum pinnatum

keng-ketuule

kirum 3 KIFP 1997, ndencho 2009, Jiofack 2009

herb le Med 1

Buchholzia coriacea

3 Jiofack 2009, Betti 2007

tree le, se Med 1

Buchholzia macrophylla

mban (eton)

3 fao 1999, Pers. Obsv 2010

tree se Con 3 2

Butyrospermum parkii

Shea, shea butter

Shea, shea butter

3 fao 1999, walter 2001, Eyog matig et al 2006, pers obsv 2010

S tree se FO, oil 3 2

Caldaba farinosa

3 fao 1999 tree forage

1

Calycobolus africanus

3 Betti 2004 H Med 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Canarium schweinfurthii

Black, Aiele

Otu/'Aiele, Mboura, mbeu, bili, sene, Mbu, Abel

1,2, 3 fao 1999, Matig et al 2006, van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Pers Obs. 2010, KIFP 1997, ndencho 2009, Zapfack 1999, pers obsv ingram 2010, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 200, Betti 2007

2009 H, M, S

LT ex,se,ba,fr , wo, la ro

fuel, witchcraft/Cu, Meds, FO, Co, Ti

3, 4 2,3 3

Canthium dunlapii

3 KIFP 1997 M ST Cu 1

Canthium mannii

mba-a shevf, mbang, mbang-ebfon e mbese

3 Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009

tree st, le, ex, ro

Med 1

Carapa grandiflora

3 KIFP 1997 M LT wo Fu 1

Carapa procera crabwood

Crabwood d'afrique

kijwun, ngoroba'I, ebvun, e'vuin, Touloucouna

3,2 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Jiofack 2009

H ST fr Fo, Med, Cos oil

1 2

Carissa edulis djan, hom, ngan, nkpakou, bamesa, godjo, kokolo

3

Eyog Matig et al 2006

bush fr, wo, ro

Med, melliferous, Fu, Fo

2

Carpolobia lutea, Carpolobia albea

Cattlesticks, Onong

pinsela, tchaboule bali, bsgozahi, chikazi, ongong

1,3, 4 168.20 2,523,000 5,629 5911 Tajoacha 2008, Betti 2004, Betti 2007, Sunderland 2001, zapfack 2001

2007, 293 households Takamanda

H ST ro,fr,wo,le

cattle stick, Ap, Fo, Eq

3

Cayratia debilis 3 Jiofack 2009 tree ba, ex

Med 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Ceiba pentandra ceiba, boma

3 Laird et al 1996, van dijk & Wiersum 1997, ndencho 2009, Jiofack 200, Betti 2007

H LT ba, wo , le, ro, fr

Ti. Med

2

Celtis mildbraedii

Dum 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1

Celtis toka 3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Cercopetalum dasyanthum


Tree 1

Chenopodium ambrosioides

3 KIFP 1997 M herb insecticide

1

Chinconia spp. Cinchona, qunine tree

Cinchona

Cinchona 3,2 42.00

31,500 31,500 Cunningham 1993, COMCAM 2004-2010

2010 H LT ba Ti. Med Med

3

Chrysophyllum africana

abam 3 Laird et al 1996 fruit, bark

Ti. Med Med

1

Chytrantus sp Abinazé (dja)

3 zapfack 2001 H tree ex FO

Cinchona succiruba

3 Betti 2007 Sh 1

Cissus quadrangularis

Mfazo'o (dja)

3 KIFP 1997, van dijk & Wiersum 1997, zapfack 2001

M/H Li st, ex, le

Med, drinking water

1

Clausena anisata

nkviti, Fazo'o

3 KIFP 1997 M ST st Med 1

Clematis grandiflora

livf, fii, febom

3 KIFP 1997 M Li st Co, fibre

1

Clerodendrum splendens

ntang tisrr , shehdehwul , Beyem élok (dja)


H Li fr Med, FO oil

1

Coelocaryon preussii

ekoume

3 Laird et al 1996 bark Ti. Med Med

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Cola acuminata

Cola, small cola

Faux cola

abel, nia-abel, ribey, abe, dibanga, Abatacola, kola, bata nut

1, 4 127.00 94,000,000 188,170 269,083 Ndoye et al 2000, Eyog matig 2006, ndencho 2009, Dalziel, 1937; Howes, 1948; Hedrick, 1972; Menninger, 1977; Rosengarten, 1984; Mabberley, 1987; Purseglove, 1987; Peters et al., 1992

Données issues de enquètes conduites 1995/1996

H MT se, ba

Med, stimulant

4, 5 3 4

1 2,160.00 27,830,750 51,077 73,040 Nembot 1998 1991-1994 Minep data averaged

4

1 20,400.00 Nkomgmeneck 1985 1985 4

1 Facheux 2006, degrande 2006, SNV 2009, Pers obs 2010

2009, 2010

4, 5 3 4

Cola anomala 3 Mabberley, 1987; Purseglove, 1987

2

Cola lepidota Bamenda cola

3 Betti 2007 tree 2

Cola nitida Cola abel goro, aba

1 318.00 158,323,000 316,646 430,639 Betti 2004, van dijk 1997, Facheux 2006, degrande 2006

1996 & 1997

H MT se,ba stimulant, Fo/Ap, Med

4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

2 6.20 Betti 2007 2003 H MT se,ba stimulant, Fo/Ap, Med, chewing sticks

4

4 2.00 Tabuna 1999 4, 5 3 4

2 7.61 44,780 51,497 Comcam 1994-2010 averaged 1994-2010

1,4 237,000.00 Soup Nguiffo 1982, Falconer 1990, fao 1999

1980s H MT se stimulant, Cu

3 3 4

Cola pachycarpa Monkey cola

Cola de singes

monkey cola

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007

H ST fr FO 1

Cola ricinifolia komngoei, eci mbock, ekom, mvoe, akomengwoe (bulu)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, van dijk 1999

H tree fr Fo, Re (fr)

2

Cola rostrata Akomngwoé s

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Cola verticillata 3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Combretum aculeatum

3 fao 1999 tree le forage

1

Combretum glutinosum

3 fao 1999 tree le forage

1

Combretum mucronatum

3 Betti 2004, Zapfack 1999, Betti & Lejoly 1998

H Li all Med 2

Corchorus tridens

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Cordia platithyrsa

3 KIFP 1997 M LT Cu 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Coreopsis barteri

Feshu, fungom, Fangom, mbangom

3 KIFP 1997 M herb melliferous

1

Corynanthe pachyceras

fol 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Fu 1

Costus aferker ebweng 3 ndencho 2009 H Herb ro, le, st, ri

Med 2

Coula edulis Noisette

ewomen (dja, bulu)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Walter 2001, Betti 2007, van dijk 1999

H MT wo,se,ba

Co, oil, Fo, Con,

3 3

Crassocephalum mannii

Ewomen , koumoun, bokomia

3 KIFP 1997 M Sh agroforestry

1

Crossopterix febrifugum

kimbuuchum, burrughal'hi, ngangngang, alang


Croton macrostachyus

3 KIFP 1997, Betti 2007 M ST wood Car

1

Cuviera longiflora

kijam, Ejuam, ebjam

3 KIFP 1997 M ST FO 1

Cyathula prostrata

ketyelum 3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 1

Cylicodiscus gabunensis

3

Betti 2004

M tr tr, ba Med, Cu

2

Cymbopogon citratus

Fipagrass (Bandjoun)

3 fao 1999 le, st Med 1

Cynoglossum lanceolatum

3 KIFP 1997, fao 1999 M herb Med 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Cyphostemma spp.

haakoh', eymbaanen*

3 KIFP 1997 M Li Med 1

Dacryodes edulis

african plum

Safoutier Plum, ketise, Safou, Sao, sas, wom, sene, Assa, assas, mbil

1, 4 11,000.00 9,500,000 7,500,000 10,200,000

Awono et al. 2002, Isseri 1998, Eyog Matig 2006

1997 H MT fr,ba vegetable, Meds, Re

3 3 3

2 100.00 800,000 1,357 1,818 Tabuna 1999 1998

2 89.00 726,240 987,686 Tabuna 1999a ; 1999b, van dijk 1997

1999 3

Dacryodes klaineana

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog matig 2006

MT fr Fo 1

Dacryodes macrophylla

Atom Tom afan

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog matig 2006, fao 1999

H MT fr, ti Fo, Fu 1 2

Dalbergia hostilis

Atom Tom


Desbordesia glaucescens

Omañ (or Alep)


H Med 1

Desmodium adscendens

3,2 Betti 2004 H bush, tree

all Med, Ti

2

Dichrostachys cinera

3,2 Betti 2007, fao 1999 S bush/tree

se, le forage, melliferous

2

Dioscorea sp. Wild yam, igname sauvage

3 FAO 1999, Zapfack 1999, Noubissie 2008

H Li tu FO 1 2

Diospyros crassiflora

ebene Nsang 3 Betti 2007, fao 1999 H tr tu, ba,

Ti, Cu 2

Diospyros White ebeny




Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

hoyleana

Discoglypremna caloneura


MT ba Med 1

Distemonanthus benthamianus

movingui

Ata'a , Eyen (Dja)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Laird et al 1996, zapfack 2001

H m/LT wo,ba,fr le

Co, Med

2

Dorstenia psilurus

Eyen/'Movingui

3,2 Betti 2007 tree 1

Dovyalis nov. sp. 3 KIFP 1997 M, H ST MuIinstrument

1

Dracaena arborea

Dragon tree

3 Betti 2004, KIFP 1997 M, H m sized tree

lv musical, Med, Cu

2

Dracaena deisteli

Dragon tree

anchomchom, ntumtum

3 KIFP 1997, Gauliter 1996

M, H MT fencing, poles

1

Drypetes gossweileri

nkeng, kinkeng

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Duboscia macrocarpa


Elaeis guineensis

oil palm, palm wine

palme de huile, vin de palme

1,3,2 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, zapfack 1999

H MT ex,fr,se,le,st

FO, wine, cooking oil, Med

3, 5 3 4

Elaeophorbia drupifera

Alen, Sea 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1

Embelia schimperi

3 KIFP 1997 M Li FO, Med

1

Emilia coccinea kirim, nguanguang, kelemlem, Alômvu

3 KIFP 1997, Betti 2004, zapfack 2001

M/H herb ba/st Med 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Enantia chlorantha

enantia, Moambe

moambe jaune

afeuameghi, emnjienen, Mfol (ewondo, Dja)

3,2 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, Laird et al 1996, FAO 1999, Zapfack 2001

H s/MT ba,wo,le , st

Med, Fur, Eq

2.5

Entada gigas Mfo , Juju seeds

3 Betti 2007, pers bosv ingram 2010

2010 H tree se MuIinstrument

2

Entandrophragma cylindricum

Abing, Asié/'Sapelli, Asé (dja)

3,1 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Balinga 2004, Zapfack 2001

H LT wo,ba

Fur, carpentry

2

Entandrophragma utile

sipo atua bss 3 Laird et al 1996, fao 1999, KIFP 1997

M LT bark, ti

Ti. Med , Fu

2

Eremomastax speciosa

Pèkidjum en Bandjoun

3 ndencho 2009, FAO 1999

M Herb le Med 1

Eremospatha cabrae

Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, Ba, furntiture

1 1 1

Eremospatha cuspidata


1 1 1

Eremospatha haullevilleana


1 1 1

Eremospatha wendlandiana


1 1 1

Eremospatha barendii


1 1 1

Eremospatha hookeri

Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, Ba,

1 1 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

furntiture

Eremospatha laurentii


1 1 2

Eremospatha macrocarpa


1 1 2

Eremospatha quinquecostulata


1 1 2

Eremospatha tessmanniana


1 1 2

Eribroma oblonga /oblongum

Eyong 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, Eyog Matig et al 2006, zapfack 2001

H LT wo, ba , se

Co, Meds, Fur, Con

2

Eriocoelum sp Eñgôñ 3 zapfack 2001 H tree wo, st

Co

Erythrophleum ivorense

3 Balinga 2004, van dijk & Wiersum 1997,

H LT ba,wo, fr

Meds, Fur, Co, FO (caterpillars), FO

2

Erythrophleum suaveolens

Elon/'Tali (Dja, ewondo), Essessang


H tree ba, fr Med, FO

2

Fagara heitzii Olôñ (ewondo)

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, zapfack 2001

H/M l-size tree

fr, ba, le, wo

Ti, fruit

1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Fagara leprieuri 3 tree se oil 2

Fagara macrophylla

Olôñ (ewondo)


H tree ba, fr fruit 1

Fagara rubescens (Zanthoxylum rubescens)

Olôñ (ewondo)

3 KIFP 1997, zapfack 2001

H/M s-size tree

wo MuIinstrument

1

Ficus artocarpoides

fig efo atsia (bamilieke)

3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencing, poles

1

Ficus chlamydocarpa

fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencing, poles

1

Ficus craterostoma

fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencing, poles

1

Ficus exasperata fig jung, ebjung, enjung

3 KIFP 1997, zapfack 1999, Gauliter 1996

M Sh le, wo

Med, Fu, leaves as sponge

2

Ficus mucuso fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencing, poles

1

Ficus mucuso fig keghawus (tree type), awovese

3 Zapfack 1999 H, S tree Med 1

Ficus oreodryadum

fig 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Cu, fencing

1

Ficus ovata fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencing, poles

1

Ficus sur fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencing, poles

1

Ficus thonningii fig fig 3 fao 1999, Galtier 1996

tree le, ti Med, Fu,

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

fodder, FO (in north)

Ficus thonningii fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencing, poles

1

Ficus vallis-choudae

fig kidzem? mfumgoh?

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Gauliter 1996

S ST fr, ba, wo

Fo, To, Med

1

Ficus vogeLi fig ndong, doulou, bempe, gambo, k'ghum; fengak, fegvum

3 KIFP 1997 M LT st fencing, poles

1

Funtamia elastica, Funtumia africanum/africanan

Funtumia

ntoh, akaine, Etendamba, Elé-ndamba

3 1,901.81 27,407 31,518 Betti 2004, Sonwa et al 2009, Mbolo 1998, COMCAM 2004-2010

2004, Unprice price per 12 Euro kg

H MT ba,wo,ex

Fur, Co, Med

3,5 2

Gambeya africana


Garcinia epunctata

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Garcinia kola Bitta cola, bitter cola

Onye, onie, Niel, We, nye, adi, ngbwel, nguenyi

1 12.50 3,040,500 4,181 5,477 Ndoye et al. 1999, 2000, FAO 1999, Betti 2004, SNV 2009, van dijk 1999, Zapfack 2004

1999, 2009

H MT se,ba Fo, Ap, Med

1, 3, 4

3 4

Garcinia kola 2 30.00 217,337 249,938 Comcam 1994-2010 averaged 1994-2010

H

Garcinia kola 3 0.03 Vermeulen 2004 H tree ba Med 1, 3, 4

2 4

Garcinia kola 4 3.00 6,900,000 11,831 16,918 Ndoye et al. 1999, 1995 H 4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Garcinia lucida Garcinia

Essok, Sok, Lano

1, 3 33.75 54,515,000 119,703 171,175 Ndoye et al 1997 & 2000, Guedje et al 1998 & 2002, Eyog Matig 2006

1995 & 1996

H s/MT ba, se

wine additive, Fo/stimulant, Cu use

1 2 3

3 FAO 1999 H Tree ba FO, Con, wine

2 3


s/MT ba,se additive palm wine, Fo/Ap

3

Garcinia mannii Chewing stick, chew stick

3 40.00 ndencho 2009, zapfack 1999, Sunderland Tchouto 1999, Comcam data 194-2010

averaged comcam data

H MT ba, le, ex, st

chewing stick

1 1 3

Girardinia heterophylla (condensata)

3 KIFP 1997 M herb fibre 2

Gnetum africanum Gnetum bulchozium

ambwenaku, kembiy, kibin

2 50.00 1,812,700 1,830,82

7

Tabuna 1999 Juin 1997

H vine le FO, medincal

4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Eru, Okok, Koko

1,4 3,276.00 1,310,400,00

0

1,850,000 2,331,00

0

Besong 2001 2000? 4

1 Mbalo (2005) 4

1,2,3,4 68.00 445,000 928 975 Tajoacha 2008 2007, 568 houseohlds in 4 villages in Takamanda mone

4

2 3,600.00 Nkefor 2000, Asha 2000

1999? 4

4 1,500.00 900,000,000 1,557,488 1,791,11

2

Bell 2004 2003 4

3,2 841.00 441,525,000 985,127 994,978 Nchinda 2008 2007-2008,

4

1,2,3 3,464.00 5,086,046,80

0

9,988,386 10,088,269

Ndumbe 2009 2009 study SW and Littoral

4

1,2,3 34,841.00 Awono 2002 1995-1997 H zone

1 van dijk 1997 1994-1996

4

2 324.33 15,584,000 28,601 40,899 Nembot 1998 1991-1994 export data- assumed

3



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

for gnetum - as 'leaves'


1 287.62 46,737,600 97,490 102,365 Kanmenge 2007 4 villages in Lekie, centre region, Meyos, Minwoho, Nkolassa II and Nkolowandja. We also selected six major markets of Gnetum in the Lékié Division: Evodoula, Monatélé, Elig-Mfomo, Obala, Sa’a and Okola. 224 collectors in the 4 villages in total and 153

4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

traders in total in the markets


3,2 Peach brown 2008 2002-2004 in centre Lekie & Sa'a and East: Haut Nyong & Lomie

4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

I 1,533.00 1,840,000 3,520 3,802 Asseng Ze (2006), FAO (2006

Donnees Idenau 2004, Donnees l’aéroport de Yaoundé-Nsimalen MINFOR.

4

1,4 34,841.16 Awono et al 2002 1997-1998

4

1, 2, 4 3,741.33 Mbolo 2002 2002 South, Centre, SW Cameroon

1 4

Gnidia glauca 3 KIFP 1997 M ST Co, fibre

2

Gongronema latifolium

ndzeng, liing , borrkonorrje, ding

3 Betti 2007 herb 1

Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum

tola 3 Laird et al 1996 stem exudate

Ti. Med Med

2

Guarea thompsonii

Asé-nombô


H tree ba, wo

Med, Ti

1

Guibourtia tessmannii

bubinga

Essingang (Ewondo), Ôveñ-élé (dja), Simgang (Bassa), Oveng (Bulu),

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, fao 1999

H LT ba,tr,ex,wo , le

witchcraft, Meds, Eq, Ti,

3



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Modumba (Baka),

Halopegia azurea

Oveng/'Bubinga


H herb ro,st,ex

Meds, basketry

2

haolopegia azurea

Wr leaves

se (bulu) 3 van dijk 1999 H herb le, st Wr 1 1

Harungana madagascariensis

Nken (NW), Atôndôk (dja)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, Jiofack 2009, zapfack 2001

H s/MT ba,wo, fr, le

Med, Co, Fur, We

2

Haumania danckelmaniana

Atondo 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004

H Li st Eq, drinking water, Med

2

Haumania danckelmaniana

Wr leaves

nken(bulu)

3 van dijk 1999 H herb le, st Wr 1 1

Heckel Clusiaceae

Se 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1

Heisteria zimmereri


Hexalobus crispiflorus

owe (Bulu)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, van dijk 1999

H MT fr,wo Fo, Con, lure, Eq

2

Holopegia azurea

Owe 3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Hua gaboni 1,2 Betti 2004, Tabuna 1999

H Med 1

Hylodendron gabonensis

Omi 3 Betti 2004, fao 1999 H tree ba Med, Cu

2

Hymenocardia acida


H ST fr, ba,

med.icinal,

2 2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

,le, wo

FO, forage

Hypericaceae root bark, stem

3 Jiofack 2009 ro, st Med 1

Hypodaphnis zenkerii

3,2 Betti 2007 H tree ba Med 2

hypselodephus scandens

Wr leaves

nkomenkomo (bulu)


Hyptis suaveolens

3 Jiofack 2009 st, le Med 1

Irvingia gabonensis Irvingia wombulu

Bush mango

Mangue de brousse, mangue sauvage

Ndo'o, Ando'o, Onyae (dja)

1 107.00 147,769,000 288,929 401,611 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Ndoye et al., 1999 , Tabuna 1999a ; 1999b, van dijk 1998, betti 2004, Zapfack 2001, zapfack 1999

1996 au Sud Cameroun

H LT se,fr,ba

Con, Fo, Meds, Re, Cu

2 3 4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

2 0.59 Vermeulen 2004 1997-1998

4

1,3,4 46.00 762,000 1,589 1,669 Tajoacha 2008 2007, 655 household Takamanda Mone

4

3 SNV 2009 2009 4

1,3, 2 35.50 8,993,241 17,662 17,838 Ewane 2009 2008,2009 East

4

1,3 2,692.00 4,036,406,37

4

7,927,018 8,006,28

8

Awono et al 2007 2007 2008, CSL regions

4

1,3, 2 75.80 41,150,427 80,815 81,623 Ewane 2009 2008,2009 southwest

4

1 825,000 1,039,50

0

Ndoye, 2005 2000 3 4

2 5.00 40,400 54,944 Tabuna 1999, Comcam 1994-2010

1999 and comcam average data

Isolena hexaloba

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Jatropha carcas 1,2,3 SNV 2009 2009 M, H Sh se oil 3 1

Justicia insularis Oyem ze (Ewondo)

3 fao 1999 le Med 2

Kalanchoe crenata

3 KIFP 1997, Jiofack 2009

M herb le, so Med 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Khaya grandifolia

atungleh, ketuule

3 Zapfack 1999 savannh

tree 2

Khaya ivorensis acajou, African mahogany

Mpfa’a 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, zapfack 1999, Laird et al 1996

H, S LT wo, ba, ro, se

Fur, Meds, Ti

3

Khaya senegalensis

Ngollon/'Acaju, Mpfa'a

3 Betti 2007 S tree 1

Kigelia africana Cucumber tree, sausage tree

2

Cucumber tree, sausage tree

1,2 2.00 18,000 18,000 MinFoF SFPs list 2008, COMCAMKIFP 1997, ndencho 2009

2004 H, M LT se, ba, fr, bu

Med, Ti, wood Car

3

Klainedoxa gabonensis

Atem, kentiise, Ngôn (dja)

3 Betti 2004, Jiofack 2009,Betti 2007, zapfack 2001

H tree ba, wo

Med 2

Kyllinga erecta (spelt wrongly as Kilinga erecta by Walter and Noubissie)

2 Noublisse 2008,

Walter 2001 swa

mpy herb ro Med 1

Laccosperma acutiflorum


1 1 1

Laccosperma laeve

Rattan Rotin 3

Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, Ba, furntiture

1 1 1

Laccosperma opacum


1 1 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Laccosperma robustum

Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001, Betti 2007

H Li st Co, Ba, furntiture

1 1 2

Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. robustum Eremospatha macrocarpa

Rattan Rotin 1, 3 108,760.00 230,905 284,013 Sunderland 2001, Betti 2007, Sunderland et al. 2001, Nembot 1998, Sunderland 2001, Betti 2007

2000 H Li st Co, Ba, furntiture

1 1 3

Rattan rotin 1 700,000,000.00

282,000 383,520 Sunderland, 1997; Données nécessitant une mise à jour

H Li st Co, Eq, Med

2

Rattan rotin 3 34.13 Comcam 2004-2010 comcam permit data averaged

Rattan rotin Nlong 2 11,913 283,274,667 519,885 743,436 Nembot 1998 1991-1994 average export figures

H Li wo, st

To, crafts, Co

1 2 3

Lagenaria siceraria

ndeg (beti), ete (SW)

3

tree se musical, decorative fruits

3 1

Laggera alata 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1

Landolphia owariensis

3 Betti 2004, Zapfack 1999

H bush le Med 1

Lannea acida Medouh 3 Betti 2007 bush 1

Lannea nigritana


Lannea welwitshii

3 Jiofack 2009, fao 1999

tree ba, ti Med, Fu

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Laportea ovalifolia

3 Jiofack 2009 sh, ba, le,

Med 1

Lasianthera africana


le Med 1

Leea guineensis 3 KIFP 1997 M bush Med 1

Leptaulus daphnoides

chong? 3 KIFP 1997 M ST dye 1

Lonchitis currori salengang, saringeng


Lophira alata ironwood, azobe

azobe 1,2,3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2006, Zapfack 1999, Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, Jiofack 200,

vulnerable

H LT se, ba,le,wo

Meds, oil, Co, Ti, Cos dye

3

Lophira lanceolata

Faux karitie

Okwa/'Azobé, Kofia,

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Ingram 2009

S MT se, wo

Med, oil, melliferous, Fu

1 3 2

Lovoa trichilioides

african walnut

sakthoi, mbantou, Bibolo/'Bibolo, Bibôlô (dja)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Balinga 2004, zapfack 2001

H LT wo,ba

Co, Fur, Med

3

Lovoa trichilodes

3 fao 19999 tree ba Cu 1

Macaranga asas 3 fao 1999 tree ti Fu 1

Macaranga spinosa

Ewolo 3 Jiofack 2009 ba, le Med 1

Maesa lanceolata

3 KIFP 1997 M ST ba, le Fu 1

Maesobotria bacteri

seim, seim , bambamhi'

3 Betti 2007 tree 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Maesopsis eminii

3 fao 1999 tree ti Fu 1

Mammea africana


ba Med 1

Mansonia altissinia

mansonia, bete

Bissounal

3 Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007

tree bark, root

Ti. Med Med

2

Fuelwood

multiple species

fuelwo

od

bois du

feu,

bois du

energie

1,3 857.14 428,571,429 857,143 865,714

COMCAM 1994-

2010

Avwrage tree wo fuel 4

Fuelwood

multiple species

Fuelwo

od

bois du

feu, bois

du

energie

1 11,487,210.00 144,157,059,27

1

321,642,00

0

324,858,4

20

SIE 2009

tree wo fuel 4

Fuelwood

multiple species

charco

al

charbon

du bois

1 216307 19,389,640,340 43,262,000 43,694,62

0

SIE 2009

tree wo fuel 4

Fuelwood

multiple species

sawdus

t

sciere 1 279,603 3,759,426,360 8,388,000 8,471,880 SIE 2009 household energy consumed in 2008 in Cameroon

tree wo fuel 4

Maranthaceae spp.

Wr leaves

3 Zapfack 1999, SNV 200, Pers Obs 2010, van dijk 1999

2010 H, savannh

herb le Wr 1 2 1.5

Maranthochloa purpurea

Ngongo 3 Betti 2007 H herb le, st Wr 1 1

Marantochola holostachya

Wr leaves

madoro (bulu)


Marattia fraxinea

3 KIFP 1997 M bush Med 1

Markhamia 3 Galtier 1996 M tree st poles, 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

lutea, fences

Massularia acuminata

yobun, kelang e nchiafa


H bush st To, Co 2

Megaphrynium macrostachyum

Wr leaves

okakon (bulu), lekong (bagyelei), okakwi (fang)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, Dounias 2000

H herb le,st FO Wr, basketry, Eq, roofing

3

Megaphrynium megalophyllum

Wr leaves

Okakon/Nden

3 Betti 2007 H herb le FO Wr, basketry, Eq, roofing

3

Microdesmis puberula


Milicia excelsa iroko Abañ 3, 1,2 ndencho 2009, van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, Laird et al 1996, fao 1999, zapfack 2001

H LT wo, ba, le, ex, st, fr

Meds, Eq, Fur, Ti, Fu, fruits

3

Milletia sanagana

Abang/Iroko

3 Jiofack 2009 ro Med 1

Mimulopsis sp. 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh wo Fu 1

Mitragyna inermis

Bum fingai

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Mitragyna stipulosa

Afobezam/'Bahia

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, van dijk 1999

H tree ba Med 2

Momordica charantia

Jiofack 2009 le Med 1

Mondia whiteii 3 Betti 2007, internet sources

H Li ro Med, FO arom

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

a

Monodora brevipes

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Monodora myristica

False muscat, Calabash Nutmeg

Faux muscatier

Gangat, Ikoma, Ozek, Pebé, Ding, Dengo

2,3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, FAO 1999. Ndoye 1995, Alak 2010, SNV 2009, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, zapfack 2001, Pers.obsv. 2010

2009 H MT se, ba

Con, Re, Med, oil, aroma

1 3 3

Morinda lucida Fio, Medjock, Mendak, Hikoma, Pebe, Nding, Atcheñ-élé (dja)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, FAO 1999, zapfack 2001

H MT ba,wo,le, fr

Meds, Eq, construct, Fu

3

Moringa oleifera radish tree

Atjek , alim, bouri, gaba, gilgandja, zogolo gandi

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Farmers Voice 2009, Betti 2007

S -introduced

s/MT ba, fr, se

Meds, oils

2 2

Moringa pterygosperma


Tree 1

multiple species Saw dust

Sciure et coupeau

1 279,603.00 4,194,000,00

0

8,388,000 8,471,88

0

SIE, 2009 1

multiple species Fu, charcoal

2 18.00 Betti 2007 quantity exported in 2006

4


3 Tata 2001 2001 4


1 11,487,210.

00

160,821,000,

000

321,642,000

324,858,

420

SIE, 2009 2008 4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Musanga cecropioides

Asseng 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, van dijk 1999

s/MT ex,ba,le

Meds, Eq, drinking

2

Mushrooms Mushrooms

Champingons

3 SNV 2008, 2009, Mekongo 2009, van dijk et al. 2003

H, S fo 2

Myrianthus arboreus

mbel messil, bikoko Biyogo, ossié, nlom, mva’a, tolon, etog, (beti),

3,2 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006, Zapfack 1999 & 2001, Jiofack 2009

H MT fr,ba,le,wo

Fo, Meds, Co, oil

2 3 2

Nauclea diderrichii

Bilinga Angokom, Akundum (dja), wakawaka, ngata, boekkou, engakom

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2006, ndencho 2009, Laird et al 1996, betti 2007, zapfack 2001

H m/LT wo,fr, se , ba, ro

Ti, Eq, Co, Fo, Med, chewing sticks, fruits

3

Nauclea pobeguinii

Akondok/'Bilinga'

3 Jiofack 2009 ba Med 1

Neoboutonia velutina

3 KIFP 1997 M ST MuIinstrument

1

Newbouldia laevis

faangum, afongom, luujang

3 ndencho 2009, Jiofack 2009

H, M tree ba, ro, le

Med 2

Nuxia congesta

3 KIFP 1997 M LT Fu, melliferous

2

Ocimum basilicum

Tree basil

karbon, kiyang, ebfian,

3 FAO 1999, Pers. Obs 2010

H Le Con, Med

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

nfuewain

Ocimum sp. Messeb 3,1 FAO 1999 H le Con 2

Octolobus angustatus

ossim nnam

3 Jiofack 2009 ba Med 1

Olax gambecola 3 Jiofack 2009 whole

Med 1

Olax subscorpoidea

3 Zapfack 1999 S MT fr FO 1 2

Oldfieldia africana

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Olea capensis 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Fu 1

Omphalocarpum elatum

eughung 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1

Omphalocarpum procerum

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Oncocalamus macrospathus


1 1 2

Oncocalamus mannii


1 1 2

Oncocalamus tuleyi


1 1 2

Oncocalamus wrightianus


1 1 2

Ongokea gore 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997

m/LT

fr,ba lure, Meds

1

Oxytenanthera abyssinica

Anguek 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh consturction fibre

1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Pachyelasma tessmannii

mbasetutuy, mentomtom

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Pachypondanthium staudtii

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004

H m/LT ba Med 1

Palisota ambigua

Ntom 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1

Panda oleosa Afane , Afan

3 van dijk 1999, van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, zapfack 2001

H MT se,ba Con, Meds, Re

2

Pandanus candelabrum

Afane 3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Parinari curatellifolia


S MT fr,ba Med, FO, Cu

2

Parkia biglobosa Nere de l'afrique de louest

kwi, toukouli, gahoussa, seppo

3,1 Eyog Matig et al 2006

S LT fr, se, soi fertility, Con, Med

5 2

Paulinia pinnata 3 Jiofack 2009 st, le Med 1

Pausinystalia johimbe

Yohimbe, Johimbe

I 715.00 600,000 804,000 MINEFI 1999 Données datant de 1997/98

H MT 3



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

2 989.20 395,679,886 838,795 847,182 COMCAM 2004-2010 average 1994-2010

3

2 1,392.00 67,805,750 124,442 143,108 Nembot 1998 averaged 1991-1994

2 840,000 1,125,60

0

CARPE (2001) Données datant de 1998

3

2 100 20,000,000 34,293 45,952 Sunderland 1999 1996/97 3

3 Betti 2007 2

Pennisetum purpureum

3 FAO 1999, Jiofack 200

H le, sh FO 1

Pentaclethra aetveldeana

Ebaé 3 zapfack 2001 H tree ba Med 3 1

Pentaclethra macrophylla

African beans

Abre de semelles

Essong, Sissongo

2,3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, SNV 2010, eyog matig 2006, Jiofack 200, Betti 2007, van dijk 1999

H m/l-sized

ba,se,wo , fr

Meds, witchcraft, Fur

2

Pentadiplandra brazzeana

Oubli Ebay , bale, bokomol, bamba, mbalaka, ba

2,3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009

H Tree fr, le, se, ro

Med 2

Peperomia fernandopoiana

difeh, guipi

3 KIFP 1997 M epipyhte

Med 1

Petersianthus macrocarpus

Manguier

mbor ouh, mbol, Abiñ (dja)

3 Balinga 2004, Zapfack 1999 & 2001, Betti 2004

S/H tree fr Med, host tree caterpillar

2

Phoenix reclinata

date palm

Abing, Essessang, Assié (sapelli)


savannha/ perif

m-sized palm

le, ro, fr, ro, wo

Co, Med

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

orest

Phragmantera capitata

jan, lina, anding, andzic


Phyllanthus discoideus

3 fao 1999 tree wo Fu 1

Phyllanthus floribundus

Ônyale-kabat

3 zapfack 2001 H Sh ba Med 1

Phyllanthus muellerianus

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, fao 1999

H Li ba,ex

additive palm wine, Meds

2

Physalis angulata

Awum 3 Jiofack 2009 fr, le Med 1

Physostigma venenosum

Calabar bean

3 ndencho 2009, noubissie 2008

M Shby climber

se Med, Cu, poisin

2

Phytolaca sp. 3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 1

Picralima nitida Ebam 3 zapfack 2001, noubissie 2008, van dijk 1999

H tree fr, ba FO, Med

2

Picralima nitida 3 Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009

tree ba, ft 1

Piliostigma thonningii

Ebam, Eban, matotoko , ebtoo ketam, afeuewang

3 Betti 2007, fao 1999 tree ba material

1

Piper capense 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh traditional

1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Piper guineensis Bush pepper

poivrier d'afrique

kiboboi, boboy, ebohmabomm nkap (Beti), Ndôndo m'efan (dja)

1,3,4 3.20 35,000 78 79 Tajoacha 2008, FAO 1999, Eyog matig 2006, zapfack 1999 & 2001, Jiofack 2009

SNV 2009, 2007: 225 households in 3 villages in Takamanda mone

H liane fr,ba,le , se

Con, additive palm wine, Med

1,2,5

3 4

Piper umbellatum

Abominjang ndik Li , nkap, Nsep meshoro

3 Jiofack 2009 le, top, ro

Med 1

Piptadeniastrum africanum

dabema, atui

Tôm, Atui (dja)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 2009, zapfack 2001, van dijk 1999

H LT ba, fr, le

Ti, Med , Fu, FO

2

Pittosporum viridiflorum

Atui/'Dabema

3 KIFP 1997 M ST Med 1

Poga oleosa inoi nut, Poga, shea nuts, african breadfruit

esohtong, eyghaiyese, ikoh'tamnya, Ngalé (dja), angale (Bulu)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, Nwkatoh 2005, zapfack 2001, van dijk 1999

H MT se,wo , fr, ba

Con, cooking oil, Fo, Re, Med, Ti

3

Polyalthia suaveolens

Angale , mipo, moi, fo


H sh, ba

Med 1

Polyscias fulva Umbrella tree

Parasolier

3 KIFP 1997, Zapfack 1999

M ST st wood Car, muscial instrument

5 2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Portulaca oleraceae

lunjang, keghung (large); kebongelengos (small), aghang

3 Jiofack 2009 sh Med 1

Premna quadrifolia

3 Jiofack 2009 le, st Med 1

probably all exotic species

Bamboo

Bambou cane, bamboo

2,3 10.75 530,750 974 1,393 Ingram 2010, Nembot 1998

H/S grass st Co, poles, To

3, 5 2 2.5

Prunus africana

Prunus, red stinkwood, African cherry

Pygeum, kirah, bi'beh'kemboh', elouo, eblaa

2 159.00 2,550,400 2,677,92

0

Cunningham et al. 1997; Cunningham et Mbenkum, 1993b; FAO, 1997;KIFP 1997

SFP permits 2004, Comcam 1994-2007, cites 1995-2007 averaged

M MT ba, wo, se

Med, To, wood

4

2 592.02 COMCAM 2004-2010 ,

SFP permits 2004 onwards,

2 1,394,192,618.6

9

2,738,027.00

2,874,928 Awono et al 2007, Ingram et al 2009

SFP permits 2004+, Comcam 1994-2007, 1995-2007 averaged

Psychotria densinervia


Pteleopsis hylodendron


Pteridium aquilinum

3 Jiofack 2009 ba, le Med 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Pterocarpus mildbraedii

3 fao 1999 tree ba Cu 1

Pterocarpus soyauxii

padouk, camwood

Mbe(l) 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, ndencho 2009, laird 1999, Jiofack 200, zapfack 2001

H LT wo,ex,ba,le , st

Eq, Meds, Co, FO, Cu, dyes

3

Pycnanthus angolensis

ilomba, Pycnanthus kombo

Mbe/'Paduk

2,3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 2009

H LT ba,wo , se, sh, le

Meds, Eq, Ti

3

Rapanea melanophloeos

Eteng 3 KIFP 1997 M LT 1

Raphia farinifera

Rhapia, Raffia, palm wine

vin de palm

boh'deh'je, fegwough , ntoo koo

3 KIFP 1997 M s-tree

ex, wo, le

Co, fibre, wine

3

Raphia hookeri ruh, aluh eyluk

3 Betti 2007 s-tree

3

Raphia monbuttorum

3 Betti 2007 s-tree

3

Raphia regalis 3 Betti 2007 s-tree

3

Raphia spp. Raphia montbuttorum, R. hookerii, R. mambilensis,

2 650.00 Tabuna 1998, Shiembo 1986

swampy

s-tree palm

Le, st, wo, le,ex,fr

1, 3, 5

3 3

Raphia spp. (Raphia montbuttorum, R. hookerii, R. Mambilensis)

Rhapia, Raffia, palm wine

vin de palm

vin de palm, mimbo, Zam

3 1,512,000.00

600,000,000 1,101,161 1,574,660.81

Falconer 1990, Forbosh 2002, FAO 1999

swampy

m-sized palm

st, wo, le,ex,fr

1, 3, 5

3 3



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

1, 3 144,000.00 Achoundong 2005,

van dorp 2001 Kribi: Ouami et Mararaba SW Van Dorp 1999

H, M, swampy

ST wo, le,ex,fr

To, crafts, palm wine, Co, Fur

1, 3, 5

3 3

Raphia vinifera

3 Betti 2007 Tree 3

Rauvolfia caffra 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997

H 1

Rauvolfia macrophylla

Esombo , Etoe (Ewondo), Mbongo (Baka)

3 Betti 2004, fao 1999 H MT le,ba Med, Eq

2

Rawolfia vomitoria

3, 2 9.81 82,438 94,803 COMCAM 2004-2010, Jiofack 200, Betti 2007

H Tree Ex, le, ba, se , st, ro

Med, Car

3

ebtong, etong, Esombo (dja)

1,2,3 Betti 2004, FAO 1999, ndencho 2009, KIFP 1997, zapfack 1999 & 2001, fao 1999, van dijk 1999

H ST fr,ro,ba,le , wo

Meds, Fu, FO, Re

3

Ricinodendron heudelotii

Obaton , Njansang, Ezang, Nditi, Elon (tali), Esesañ (dja)

1 155.50 290,500,000 492,590 660,070 Awono et al. 2002, Tabuna 1999, Betti 2004, Van dijk 1997, Zapfack 1999 & 2001, van dijk 1999, Tchoundjeu 2006, Betti 2007,

155.5 (1997 à 1999)

H m/LT se,ba FO, Con, Meds, Re , host carterpillar

2 3 4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

2 4.00 20,000,000 33,913 45,444 Awono et al 2002, Balinga 2004

1998 4

2,3 0.80 Vermeulen 2004 1997-1998

4

3 Samndong 2009 2008 thesis study around Lomie: Eschiambor, Bapile and Djenou

4

1,3,4 5.10 762,000 1,307 Tajoacha 2008, SNV 2009, pers obs 2010

2007 335 households in 5 villages in Takamanda mone

1 4

1 0.30 2,826,000 5,652 7,687 Facheux 2007 2006 4

1 557,500 730,325 (Ngono et Ndoye, 2004).

1999

1 35.95 43,432,200 78,967 107,395 CIFOR database, ruize perez 1997

1995 4

Ricinus communis

Tonal 3 Jiofack 2009 le, Med 1

Rothmania octomera

3 Jiofack 2009 le, ba, st

Med 1

Rubiacées lianescentes

root 3 FAO 1999, Betti 2004, Pers. Obsv.

1999, 2010

H tu/ro FO, Con

2

Rubus pinnatus nkang 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh/Li FO 1

Rubus exsuccus lalang, bakoh, chingleh, nyartorrj

3 KIFP 1997 M Sh/Li FO 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

i

Sacoglottis gabonensis

nyartorrji, chingleh


H m/LT ba ad ditive palm wine, Meds

1

Sansevieria trifasciata

Bidu 3 KIFP 1997 herb Co 1

Santiria trimera elang, eylang

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004

MT fr Fo, commercial

2

Sapium ? ellipticum

Ebaptom 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Med 1

Sarcocephalus diderrichii

ketoff, kehtorh


Tree 1

Sarcophrynium brachystachys

3 Betti 2007 herb 1

Sarcophrynium prionogonium

Wr leaves

angwafan bulu) akiene (Bagyeli), angokwi (Fang)


Sarcophrynium prionogonium


herb le,fr FO Wr, Fo, Re

2

Scaphopetalum sp

Angwafan

3 Betti 2007 herb 1

Schefflera barteri

3 KIFP 1997, Gauliter 1996

M tree st fence 1

Schefflera abyssinica

elang 3 KIFP 1997 M LT wood Car, mellferous

2

Schefflera mannii

shaai, youor, djia, ndane'ho'

3 KIFP 1997 M LT wood Car, mellferous

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Schumanniophytum magnificum

3 Jiofack 2009, van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, Eyog Matig et al 2006

le Med 1

Scleria sp Scleria striatinux

ewus, ebwos, kebongelengos, njaaloo'hi, kirarah, kibongrig-oi

2, 3 Betti 2007 swampy gassland

herb ro Med 1 2

Sclerocarya birrea

3 FAO 1999, Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007

S MT fr, se, ba, wo

FO, wine, oil, wood, Med

2

Scoparia dulcis Dania, Kampe, Yakgo, Edi


Scorodophleus zenkeri

Garlic tree

Abre de ail,

Olom, Olon, Ohomi (Bafoussam ): lem ; (Bamiléké) : lom ; (Bangangté ): doum ; (Bassa ): hiomi, ngô ; (Boulou ): Olan ; (Douala): bobinbi ; Ewondo) : Olom ; (Pygmée

1, 2, 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006, Alak 2010, Jiofack 2009, betti 2007, van dijk 1999

H MT ba, se, wo, fr , st

Con, Re , Med

3 2 3



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Baka ): mingagne. Olon (bulu)

Securidaca longepedunculata

3 Jiofack 2009 tree sh, ba, le,

Med 1

Senna alata 3 ndencho 2009, Jiofack 2009

H Sh le, ba, st

Med 1

Senna hirsuta 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1

Solenostemon monostachyus


Sonchus angustissimus

3 Jiofack 2009 ariel le Med 1

Soreindeia deliciosa


Tree 1

Spathodea campanulata

Esusuk, Evôvôn (dja)

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Zapfack 1999 & 2001, Jiofack 2009, fao 1999

H MT ba,ex , le

Meds 1

Spilanthes filicaulis

Esusuk , Chimbi, Añdoñsi (dja)

3 ndencho 2009, zapfack 2001

H herb/creeper

ba/st Meds 1

Spondias cytherea

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Staudtia kamerunensis

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004

H m (?)-sized

wo,ba

Co, Meds

2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

tree

Sterculia rhinopetala

nkanang

Mbonda/'Niove'

3 Laird et al 1996 bark Ti. Med Med

3

Strombosia pustulata

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Strombosiopsis tetrandra

3,2 4.00 Betti 2004, Comcam database 2004-2010

1994-2010 comcam data averaged

H Med 1

Strophanthus gratus

2 542.50 56,678,500 104,020 119,623 Nembot 1998 average 1991-194

H Sh/Li st , le, ro

Med, revnue

3

Strophanthus gratus

2 1.10 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006, Cunningham 1993, ndencho 2009

1995 H Sh/Li st , le, ro

hunting/fishing poison, Med, Re

1 2

Strychnos asterantha

Enay, eneh, neah


H Li wo,ex

Eq, drinking water

2

Strychnos campicola

Mfas 3 Betti 2007 Li 1

Strychnos longicaudata


Strychnos spinosa

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Jiofack 2009

H Tree ba Med 1

Syzygium guineense

Waterberry


M MT fr, ro, le, ba

Fo, Med, Ti

3

Tabernaemontana crassa

kakout, tchankop, zomoli, malmop, asora,

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, zapfack 2001, van dijk 1999

H s/MT ex,le,ba

Med 2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

ebwey, oweh, perrki , Obatoan , Etoan (Dja, Bulu)

Tabernaemontana ventricosa

Etoan 3 KIFP 1997 M s/MT wood Car

1

Tabernanthe iboga

Iboga etong, ebtong

3, 4 2.00 504,378 580,034.70

Betti 2007, Clark et al 2004

H Sh/herb

ro Med 1,3 2.5

Talimum triangulare

3

Betti 2007 Sh 1

Tamarindus indica

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Tapinanthus bangwensis


Tephrosia vogelii

fish bean, fish-poison bean, vogel’s tephrosia

2,3 Jiofack 2009 H bush le, ba,

Med, insecticide, fish poisin

2

Terminalia schimperiana

3 Betti 2007 1

Terminalia superba

frake, limba

Akom 3 Betti 2004, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 2009, zapfack 2001

H LT le, fr ba, wo, ex

Ti, Med, FO

3

Tetracarpidium conophorum

conophor nut

Limba 3,2 Eyog Matig et al 2006

M ST, Li fr, se Fo 1 2 1

Tetracera aniflora

Eñgoñgwi (dja)

3 zapfack 2001 H tree fr FO 1

Tetracera potatoria

ngag, ngak, nkat, naso




Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Tetrapleura tetraptera

Aidon tree, Aridan

Apkwa (beti), essessee (Douala), Esekeseke (SW)

2, 3 20.00 108,252 124,489.97

Pers. Obs., van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2004, betti 2004, FAO 1999, SNV 2010, Alaka 2009, ndencho 2009, zapfack 1999, betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, Nwakoth 2005

1999, 2010

H MT se, ba, fr, ro, wo

Con, Med, Re, Fu

1 3

Tetrorchidium didymostemon

Kpwa'sa, Essessee , Sassas, djetk, essissa,

3

van dijk & Wiersum 1997

H s/MT ba,wo

Meds, Co

2

Thalia welwitschii

Dilik 3 Betti 2007 herb 1

Thaumatococcus daniellii

okeo beti), emgkbong (SW), ngongo

3 Betti 2007, fao 1999 H herb ro, le, st

Wr, sweetener, Co

2

Thomandersia hensi

Ngoka (Baka)

3 fao 1999 le, ba Med 2

Tiegemella hechelii-africana

douka 3 Laird et al 1996 bark Ti. Med Med

3

Trachyphrynium braunianum

3 Betti 2007 herb 1

Trachyphrynium braunianum

Wr leaves

nkomenkomen(fang & bulu), mposo (Bagyeli),


Treculia africana 3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004

MT wo,se

Eq, Con, Med

2

Trema guineensis

Etui 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1

Trema orientalis 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Trichilia rubescens


H ro, ba

Med 1

Trichoscypha abut

Abut 3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007, zapfack 2001

H MT fr Fo 1 1

Trichoscypha acuminata

Ossang Mvout, ngale

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, FAO 199, Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007

H s/MT fr,ba,wo

Fo, Meds, Re

2 3 2

Trichoscypha arborea

Mvut/Abut , Ndoi, ngoyo, okoyan

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, FAO 1999, Betti 2007

H MT fr,ba Fo, Meds, Eq, Re

3

Trichoscypha patens

Engong 3 Betti 2004, FAO 1999 H fr Med 1

Tricoscypha acuminata

engong 3 fao 1999, van dijk 1999

H tree fr Con 2

Tricoscypha arborea

mvut, abut


H Tree fr, se Con, fruit

2

Tricoscypha ferruginea

3 fao 1999 H tree ornamental

1

Triplochiton scleroxylon

Ayous 3 Betti 2007, Balinga 2004, Betti 2004, Dounias 1996

H/S tree le Med, caterpillars, Ti

2

Triumfetta cordifolia

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Trychoscypha spp.

1 0.22 Vermeulen 2004 1997-1998

1

Uapaca guineensis

Rikio Asam-élé 3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, zapfack 2001

H MT wo, fr, ba, ro

Ti, Fo 2

Uapaca heudelotii

lissamba, assam, obia

3 FAO 1999, Betti 2004 H fr FO 1

Uapaca paludosa

assam 3 Betti 2004, Jiofack 2009

H ba, ro, fr

Med 1



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Urera cordifolia 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1

Urera gabonensis

3 Jiofack 2009 st Med, FO

2

Vernonia conferta

Yôlô-yôlô 3 Betti 2004, zapfack 2001

H tree/Sh

fr Med, FO

2

Vernonia guineensis

Yôlô-yôlô 3 Jiofack 2009, zapfack 2001

H Sh ro, ba, fr

Med 1

Vitellaria paradoxa

Caritie Karitie Karahi (foulfoulde)

1,3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007

S MT se, fr, ro, ba, wo

Med, oil, Co, FO

5 3 3

Vitex cienkosku oum kouroum, sap, kol, karehi, kadanya

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Vitex cilitata 3 KIFP 1997 M ST Car 1

Vitex doniana Prunier noir

Tambe 3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Zapfack 1999, Jiofack 2009

S, M MT fr, le, wo, ba, ro

FO, Ti, Med

5 2

Vitex grandifolia Prunier noir

bi, galbiki, dinyar


H, S LT fr FO 5 1

Vitex rivularis teyak, bofoulok, evoula

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Vitex simplicifolia


S Tree le, ro, fr, ba, wo

FO, Med, Fu

5 1

Voacanga africana

Vocanga

boumehi, dinyar biri, Eton (Ewondo), Obeton (Bulu & Fang)

2, 3 182.33 273,500,000 579,788 585,586 SNV 2009, Cunningham 1993, FAO 1999, COMCAM 2004-2010, Eyog Matig et al 2006, KIFP 1997, ndencho 2009, zapfack 1999, Jiofack 2009

2009, 2004-2010 Comcam - average annually

H, M ST fr, ro, ex, ba, le , se, wo

Med, Car, Fu

2 2 to 3

4



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

Ximenia americana

citron de mer, prun de mer

obatoan 3 Eyog Matig et al 2006

S/gallery

ST fr, le, ro, wo

Fo, oil, Med,

1

Xylopia aethiopica

African pepper

Povire de Guinea/Ethiopie

mi, tsabouhli, Bikui (beti)

3, 2 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007, fao 1999

H ST wo,ba,fr

Co, Fur, Med, oil, Con, Fu

4

Xylopia aurantiodora

Kpwa'asa, Oyañ (dja)

3 Zapfack 2001 H tree st Con, fibre

1

Xylopia parviflora

poivrier de sedhiou

Nkala 3,1, 2 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007

H MT fr, se, wo, ro, le

Med, Con, Ti

2.5

Xylopia quintasii mbatou'ou, odjobi


H s/MT ba,fr Con, Meds,

1

Xylopia staudtii Mvomba, Odjobé (Dja)


H tree ba FO 1

Xymalos monospora

3 KIFP 1997 M ST le fibre 1

Yushina alpina (Arundinaria )

Bamboo, alpine bamboo

Bambou feghia, pooto'je , fii,

3, 1 KIFP 1997 M, H Sh st Cu, To, poles, paper

3

Zanthoxylum gilleti

tomtom, ebtotom, intomtom , kehweh

3 van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009

LT wo,ba

Eq, Meds

2

Zanthoxylum Bongo/ 3 van dijk & Wiersum LT st,ba, Ap, 2



Volume


Status

Habit

at typ

plant

type

parts Uses Dom

estic

atio

n

Harv

est

imp

act

Value

Score


value1

heitzii 'Olon' 1997, Betti 2004 th poison, Med

Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides

Elelongo/Ngues/'Olon'

3 Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009

S/riverine

ST fr Sh, FO, Med

2 1

Ziziphus mucronata

3 Betti 2007 tree 1

Ziziphus spina-christi

3 FAO 1999 tree ba Med 1


ANNEX 7 Protected animal species in Cameroon Sources (République du Cameroun 1994; Djeukam 2007)

Class A


Class B


ANNEX 8 Exchange rates and inflation indexes

YEAR Average FCFA to US$ Average FCFA to US$

Bid price Ask price

1994 544.6582 545.1003 544.8793

1995 498.922 500.1748 499.5484

1996 510.379 512.4943 511.4367

1997 582.1685 584.2639 583.2162

1998 589.2666 590.2137 589.7401

1999 615.2975 616.0187 615.6581

*2000 647.9161 648.6497 648.2829

2000 709.5236 713.4572 711.4904

2001 725.7181 741.4718 733.595

2002 677.7969 724.6121 701.2045

2003 564.7325 590.9745 577.8535

2004 507.2896 549.1639 528.2268

2005 522.2248 532.7466 527.4857

2006 505.8538 539.561 522.7074

2007 466.0924 492.7224 479.4074

2008 439.3087 457.0734 448.191

2009 462.7569 480.692 471.7244

*2010 466.5664 484.9953 475.7809

Source : http://www.xe.com/ucc/

Year Consumer Price index US$ % equivalent 2010

1995 1.43

1996 1.39

1997 1.36

1998 1.34

1999 1.31

2000 1.26

2001 1.23

2002 1.21

2003 1.18

2004 1.15

2005 1.11

2006 1.08

2007 1.05

2008 1.01

2009 1.01

Source : http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/

Date Euro S US

2004 1 1.2009

2010 1 1.27106

French francs $ US

1997 0.17193 1

Source: http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates

http://www.xe.com/ucc/

http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates


ANNEX 9 Markets, Volumes and Prices 1995-2008

Market Product Volume in

Sacks

Average Price FCFA

Local name Scientific name Unit buying

price

Unit selling

price

Mbalmayo

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 66 18148 68172

Andok Irvingia gabonensis 4523 16326 29225

Mvonglo Aframomum sulcatum 2 7333 21500

Kola nut Cola acuminata 132 9682 15641

Palm nut Elaeis guineensis 5 1317 2175

Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 13 11681 18820

Essock (noix) Garcinia lucida 388 6054 8924

Safou Dacryodes edulis 270 12060 23101

Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 675 9382 33353

Onié bark Garcinia kola 15 5160 12200

Piment Peper spp. 247 15201 30164

Termites

1 40000 100000

Yaounde

Mfoundi



Ndong Aframomum melegueta 2 7667 18833


Nding Monodora myristica 29 6615 13798

Tetrapleura Tetrapleura 17 2379 4945

Komen Coula Edulis 7 12083 18458





Olum Scorodophloeus zenkeri 1 6593 16577




Piment Peper sp 871 12064 21334

Olum fruit Scorodophloeus zenkeri 10 8409 15520

Ebolowa



Sacks

Average Price FCFA


price

Unit selling

price












Ebaïe Champignon 14 64000 80000

Poivre Piper guineensis 2125 60000 88000

Abang-Minko









Abong-Mbang








Chenilles banches

(Foasse) Larvae 1 42000 53125


Olum fruit Scorodophloeus 1 3060 8700

Tiko Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 508 94500 193773

New-Bell



Sacks

Average Price FCFA


price

Unit selling

price











Andok vert Irvingia gabonensis 12 3250 4875



Termites

72 57851 92005

Mutenguene Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1439 84000 145600

Limbe












Haricot (g) Phasoelus sp 215 16543 25421

Sa'a









Muea Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1165 145147 202588

Kye-Ossi



Sacks

Average Price FCFA


price

Unit selling

price









Ebaïe Mushrooms 136 91576 138403

Ekondo Titi








Idenau


Biwong-Bane

centre Andok Irvingia gabonensis 10 48000 64000

Makenene Est







Makenene

Centre











Fiango Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 2505 31500 51000

Ikom Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1277 12115 36750

Ikang Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1509 73500 157500

Symmetry

Calabar Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1509 31500 63000


ANNEX 10 Ranking of most hunted animal species Species Value

Score Ranking of most hunted species Averaged

rank Tieguhong 2009

Abugiche 2008

Wilkie 1999

Wilcox 2007

Fa 2006 (by species)

Fa 2006 (by weight)

Ayeni et al. 2001

Njirforti 1996

van Dijk 1999

Anaphe venata 1

Anomalurops sp. 1

Aonyx congica 2

Atherurus africanus 3 2 2 3 1 4 1 2

Atilax paludinosus 3 17 17

Bitis gabonica 1 10 5

caterpillars 2

Cephalophus callipygus 3 3 1 1 4 2

Cephalophus dorsalis, C. ogilbyi 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 7 2

Cephalophus monticola 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2

Cephalophus monticola 2

Cephalophus rufilatus 7 7

Cercocebus albigena 2

Cercocebus galeritus 2

Cercopithecus neglectus 2

Cercopithecus cephus 2 5 5

Cercopithecus erythrotise 2 11 11

Cercopithecus mona 2 6 6

Cercopithecus nictitans 2 7 6 7

Cercopithecus spp. 3 9 4 5 6

Colobus guereza 2

Cricetomys emini 2 3 3

Cricetomys gambianus 3 10 3 3 1 4

Crickets 2

Crocodylus niloticus 2 11 11

Crossarcuhus obscurus 2

Dendrolyrax arboreus 2

Felis aurata 3 13 3 8

Gorilla gorilla 3 16 7 12


Species Value Score

Ranking of most hunted species Averaged rank Tieguhong

2009 Abugiche 2008

Wilkie 1999

Wilcox 2007


Fa 2006 (by weight)

Ayeni et al. 2001

Njirforti 1996

van Dijk 1999

Guttera plumifera 3 14 14

Hippopotamus amphibius

Hyemoschus aquaticus 3 12 8 4 8

Hylochoerus meinertzhageni 3 7 7

Hystrix cristata 3 1 17

Imbrasia epimethea 2

Imbrasia ertlii 2

Imbrasia truncata 2

Kobus kob 3 3 15

Larvae 2

Loxodondta africana

Mandrillus leucophaeus 3 10 10

Manis spp. (M. tricuspis etc) 3 5 4 5

Manis tetrdyctala 2

Manis tricuspis

Nandinia binotata 2 12 12

Notodontidae

Nudaurelia oyenmsis 18

Numida meleagris 2 2 16

Osteoaemus tretraspis 2

Pan troglodytes 3 6 6

Panthera pardus

Perodicticus potto 2

Phataginus tricuspis 2

Potamochoerus porcus 2 5 1 1 2

Potamogale velox

Proptoxerus stangeri 1 9 9

Snakes 3 5 5

Python sebae 3 18 18

Snails 2


Species Value Score

Ranking of most hunted species Averaged rank Tieguhong

2009 Abugiche 2008

Wilkie 1999

Wilcox 2007


Fa 2006 (by weight)

Ayeni et al. 2001

Njirforti 1996

van Dijk 1999

Syncerus caffer nanus 3 15 5 10

Termites

Thryonomys swinderianus 2 8 9 5 8 8

Tragelaphus euryceros 3 4 4


Tragelaphus scriptus

Tragelaphus spekei 3 6 6

Tryonomys swinderianus 2

Uromanis tetradactyla 2 13 4 9

Varanus niloticus 2

Viverra civetta


ANNEX 11 Description of priority NTFPs

See separate annex file.

Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa · Review of Non Timber Forest...

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