IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs) OF MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA

IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OFIDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF

NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs)NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs)

OF MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA OF MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA

A report submitted to

Manaslu Conservation Area Project (MCAP)/

National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC)

Gorkha

Submitted by

Khilendra GurungDipesh Pyakurel

2006

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to acknowledge Dr. Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, Member Secretary,

NTNC for facilitating the field work to Manaslu Conservation Area. We are thankful

to Mr. Narendra Lama, Office in Charge and other staffs of MCAP for their support

and cooperation to carry out this work.

We are grateful to Amchis Dorche Thakuri (Prok) and Mingmar Lama (Samagaon)

for providing us the details of their healing practices. Similarly, Jigme Lama (Lama of

Pema Chholing Gompa, Samagaun), Tharpa Ghyaljen (Namrung) and Kalen Chhiring

Lama (Timber and NTFPs trader, Lihi village) for providing us the information on the

trading of NTFPs.

We would also like to thank Mr Chhewang Lama (Prok) for assisting us in the field

trip to Kalche forest and Kalchuman Tal.

Special thank goes to Mr. Megh Nath Bhattarai (Headmaster of Shree Jung Primary

School, Lihi village) and Mr. Rudra Prasad Sapkota (Teacher of Lho Primary School,

Lho village) for the overall information of the area and assisting in accommodation.

Lastly, we would like to thank Mr. Bijaya Gurung (Carpenter, Lho village) and Ms.

Laxmi Lama (Hotel Mount Manaslu, Samagaon) for their kind cooperation during the

field work.

Khilendra Gurung

Dipesh Pyakurel

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Table of contents

1. BACKGROUND 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Objectives 21.3 Justification of the study 21.4 Limitations of the study 32. STUDY AREAS 43. METHODOLOGY 63.1 Primary data collection 63.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping 63.1.2 Identification of NTFPs 63.1.3 Inventory of NTFPs 63.1.3a Habitat identification 63.1.3b Sampling 73.1.4 Documentation of traditional healing system 73.2 Secondary data collection 73.3 Data processing and analysis 73.3.1 Frequency and relative frequency 73.3.2 Density and relative density 83.3.3 Determination of forest types 83.3.4 Prioritization of NTFPs 83.3.5 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) 94. RESULT 104.1 Identification of NTFPs in Nubri valley 104.2 Inventory of NTFPs of Nubri valley 134.2.1 Prok VDC 134.2.2 Lho VDC 164.2.3 Samagaon VDC 194.3 Prioritization of NTFPs 204.3.1 Prok VDC 204.3.2 Lho VDC 214.3.3 Samagaon VDC 224.4 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) 234.4.1 Prok VDC 234.4.2 Lho VDC 234.4.3 Samagaon VDC 244.5 Trade of NTFPs in Nubri valley 254.6 Marketing and value addition of other NTFPs 264.7 Potentialities and opportunities for NTFPs cultivation in Nubri valley 274.8 Potential areas of NTFPs available sites in Nubri valley 294.9 Documentation of traditional healing system of Nubri valley 304.10 Sustainable harvesting practices of NTFPs 334.11 Guidelines for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs 345. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 365.1 Conclusion 365.2 Recommendations 37References 38

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List of pictures

Picture 1: Manaslu Peak as seen from Samagaon 4Picture 2: The Manaslu Conservation Area 5Picture 3: Nubri valley 5

List of tables

Table 1: Matrix preference ranking 8Table 2: Criteria for RVA 9Table 3: List of NTFP species found in Nubri valley 10Table 4: Population parameters of NTFPs species in Prok VDC 14Table 5: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC 17Table 6: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC 19Table 7: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC 21Table 8: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC 21Table 9: Prioritized NTFP species of Samagaon VDC 22Table 10: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Prok VDC 23Table 11: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Lho VDC 24Table 12: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Samagaon VDC 24Table 13: Potentialities of NTFPs cultivation in Nubri valley 27Table 14: Potential NTFPs available sites of Nubri valley 29Table 15: Traditional healing practice using NTFPs 31Table 16: Recommended sustainable harvesting of NTFPs 34

Flow chartFlow chart: Trading Channel of NTFPs of Nubri valley 25

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

AAC Annual Allowable Cut

ACA Annapurna Conservation Area

ANSAB Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio resources

BDS-MaPS Business Development Services-Marketing, Production and Service

CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee

DPR Department of Plant Resources

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GDP Gross Domestic Production

gm gram

IUCN The World Conservation Union

kg Kilogram

m Meter

MAP Medicinal and Aromatic Plant

MCA Manaslu Conservation Area

ml mili liter

NSCFP Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project

NTFP Non Timber Forest Product

NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation

RVA Rapid Vulnerability Assessment

SADP Special Area Development Program

SNV The Netherlands Development Organization

TISC Tree Improvement and Silviculture Component

VDC Village Development Committee

WWF World Wildlife Fund

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1. BACKGROUND

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) consists of goods of biological origin other than timber or fuelwood derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests (FAO, 1999). NTFPs have been welfare, subsistence or livelihood commodity since long; these are traditional source of food, fiber, medicine, etc. In some rural hilly areas, it contributes up to 50 % of total annual family income. NTFPs sub-sector in Nepal contributes about 5 % of national GDP out of total estimation of about 15 % from the whole forestry sector (almost 1/3). More than 100 types of plant species are harvested from wild and traded to international market mostly to India; 95 % of the NTFPs are collected from the wild and 90 % are exported to India in raw form.

The importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) has increased progressively over the last two decades. Herbal remedies are increasingly becoming mainstream consumer products manufactured by multinational companies amongst other, and sold in super market chains and in a variety of other outlets, globally. Food supplements, cosmetics, fragrances, traditional cuisine, dyeing and coloring agents are just a few of the application where medicinal, aromatic and dye plants are finding increasing use by the day. As a result there is growing demand of Nepalese MAPs and other NTFPs for these purposes.

The diverse geography and climate of Nepal has rendered it a unique land of NTFPs along with other natural resources. However, the commercial exploitation without any conservation measures has threatened many species. The high mountain NTFPs are highly praised for high potency and organic nature, hence they fetch higher prices. In spite of all advantages, the government is still not able to harness the full potential of NTFPs for the welfare of Nepalese people. The major constraints for such situation are considered to be low capital investments both by the government and private sectors for the overall promotion of NTFPs including enterprise development and the perpetual marketing of quality products; government’s unclear investment policy, lack of proper documentation on species availability (or bio-prospecting) & uses and poor awareness among public on its values.

Over centuries, local communities have developed their own locality specific knowledge and practice of medicinal plants resources. These communities traditionally acquired diversity of knowledge regarding the utilization of plant resources of the surrounding areas. However, the traditional healing practices in the area is depleting due to the impact of globalization, migration of people from rural to urban areas, loss of resources due to over exploitation, underestimation of traditional healer's knowledge and not willing to transfer their secret knowledge to new generations.

In this regard, it is important that the knowledge and skills of the traditional practitioners should be documented and transformed to new generations before they are disappeared. Documentation should be done in local language and kept within the community to prove that the resource and knowledge belong to the communities.

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Translation of healer's knowledge into formal language and its verification with scientific evidence could open venue for new intervention that can add value on traditional medicine. This ultimately will be the milestone for registration of traditional practices to get ownership over their resources for economic benefits.

1.1 Introduction

Manaslu Area of Gorkha district harbors rich source of plant diversity. Among them NTFPs are important sources of livelihood for the local communities residing in remote northern part of the district. However, the local communities are not benefited from the resources due to the lack of knowledge on the resources, their market value and cross border trade practices by the traders from Tibet. After the declaration of Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA) in 1998, the concept of conservation of the resources has been introduced in the area. But the proper identification and resource inventory of NTFPs using scientific parameters has not been carried out in the area. Therefore, this study endeavors to identify, resource inventory, prioritize and recommend NTFPs for commercial promotion in three village development committees (VDCs) viz; Prok, Lho and Samagaon of the conservation area.

1.2 Objectives

Broad objective of the present work was to identify and quantify NTFP resources of the area. The study covered the following aspects of NTFPs of the area:

To identify and quantify NTFPs of the study area. To assess on the status and distribution of NTFPs. To prioritize NTFPs on the basis of trade value and threat. To document the traditional healing system existing in the area.

1.3 Justification of the study

NTFPs and MAPs are traditionally associated with the livelihoods of majority of rural Nepalese population. Their importance regarding economic, environmental and social potentialities have increased on several fronts in recent years. 10 th five year plan and Government of Nepal has recognized NTFPs/MAPs as one of the most potential sectors for rural livelihood enhancement and poverty alleviation in the country. The current study is one of the major manifests of this fact.

Identification and inventory of NTFPs in ACA and other similar habitats adjoining the MCA had been undertaken and high valued NTFPs have been enlisted so far. Despite the richness of the resources in MCA, identification and resource inventory of NTFPs in the area has not been carried out till date. Therefore, this study attempted to identify and quantify the resources as far as practicable.

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1.4 Limitations of the study

The field work was conducted in late October-November and thus majority of the ground vegetation was dried out and also it was difficult to identify deciduous species as they were defoliated. Apparently the area harbors much more vegetation than what is listed in the report. Due to this fact, several high valued NTFPs like Nirmasi, Jatamansi, Kutki, Satuwa, Ban Lasun, Yarsa Gumba etc. were not listed on the report. Furthermore, regeneration study was not carried out due to the dry season. Field study during May-July will be more comprehensive in terms of species richness. Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) was not studied due to the short time frame (3 weeks only).

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2. STUDY AREAS

The study area comprises of Nubri valley on the basis of ethnicity and natural settings. It comprises the north western part of the Manaslu region which covers Prok, Lho and Samagaon VDCs. These three VDCs are bordered by the Tibetan autonomous region of China to the north, Bihi VDC to the east, middle of Gorkha district to the south and Manang and Lamjung districts within the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) to the west. The inhabitants are Tibetan immigrants and they claim to be Lamas. They followed Tibetan Buddhism mostly dominant by Ngingmapa and Kargyupa Sect. Locally they are termed as Nubripa. The Nubripa speaks Nubri language much more similar with the Tibetan dialects. Nubri area is quite rich in biodiversity particularly NTFPs and wildlife. The highest mountain of this region Mt. Manaslu (8163 m), the beautiful glacier lake Birendra Tal, Kalchuman Tal and the most ancient monastery Pungyen Gompa lies in Nubri valley. The upper most village of Samagaon VDC, Samdo village is the entry point of Larke Pass (5106 m) bordered with Thonche VDC of ACA (MCAP, 2005).

The economy of the region lies in agriculture, animal husbandry and seasonal migration for trade and labor. The major issues of the region are high dependency on natural resources leading loss of biodiversity, extreme poverty, illiteracy and inadequate infrastructures to address wide range of conservation and development issues.

Picture 1: Manaslu Peak as seen from Samagaon

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Picture 2: The Manaslu Conservation Area

Picture 3: Nubri valley

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3. METHODOLOGY

Current work was completed in four phases viz primary and secondary data collection, data analysis and report writing. Primary data was collected from the field while secondary data was compiled from various other related documents.

3.1 Primary data collection

Primary data collection was done by following methods:

3.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping

Information about the availability, current status and use of NTFPs and MAPs was collected from conservation area management committee (CAMC) members, elder person, Aamchis, NTFPs traders and to some extent by fuelwood and fodder collectors. Tools like PRA and group discussions were used for listing of available NTFPs and their identification, priority ranking of NTFPs for the inventory and suitable site selection.

3.1.2 Identification of NTFPs

NTFPs were identified visually on the basis of researcher's knowledge. Unidentified species were identified consulting with Aamchis and cross compiling with the reference literatures (Stainton & Polunin, 1984; Stainton, 1988; Yoshida, 1994; Lama et al. 2001; IUCN, 2004; Bista and Bista, 2005). Documentation of all available NTFPs were carried out according to Shrestha, 1998 & Press et al., 2000.

3.1.3 Inventory of NTFPs

Inventory methods include three different steps; habitat identification, sampling and regeneration study.

3.1.3a Habitat identification

The sampling was conducted in defined habitats. The identification of NTFPs habitats was done systematically by observing at each of the following characteristics.

Altitude Forest type Aspect Slope Plant abundance

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3.1.3b Sampling

Following procedures were applied for the inventory of NTFPs resources by sampling techniques:

At least one vertical elevation line was taken from top to bottom of the habitat. The number of elevation line depends on the habitat width, plant density, aspect and topography. At some instances, steep and rugged terrain caused the transect line to deviate from the original direction.

For every elevation line, horizontal sampling lines were set up at 100 m elevation intervals.

The sampling plots were set up along the horizontal line.

The plots were determined as 1m ×1m for herbs, 5m×5m for shrubs and 10m×10m for trees (Raunkiaer, 1934).

An inventory form was filled for every sampling plot.

3.1.4 Documentation of traditional healing system

Traditional healers (Aamchis) were identified in the respective villages. Interaction programs were held with Aamchis regarding the use of plants, parts used, mode of use, dose and diseases cured. Traditional healing practices were observed in the health centers. Documentation of the healing practices was done according to the interview with Aamchis and consultation with the literatures published by Special Area Development Program (SADP) and Pohle, 1998.

3.2 Secondary data collection

Secondary data were collected from all the possible documents, reports, articles, maps, official records, and other published and unpublished materials from NTNC, DPR, IUCN, WWF etc.

3.3 Data processing and analysis

Data obtained from the field was processed and analyzed manually to find out frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, Matrix Preference Ranking, Rapid Vulnerability Assessment (RVA), potential for value addition and market linkage, etc.

3.3.1 Frequency and relative frequency

Frequency is the number of sampling units in which the particular species occur, thus express the dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of dispersion in terms of percentage occurrence (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al. 1987).

Relative frequency is frequency of a species in relation to other species.

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3.3.2 Density and relative density

Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of species in a community. It is the number of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al. 1987).

Relative density is the density of a species with respect to the total density of all species.

3.3.3 Determination of forest types

Forest types of respective VDCs under the study area were determined by visual observation and consulting with document published by TISC, 2002.

3.3.4 Prioritization of NTFPs

Matrix Preference Ranking was used to find out most preferred NTFPs. By using this tool, the most preferred NTFP species was identified from each VDCs for the detail study. The criteria of preference were made by the users, availability of the resources and potential for value addition.

Moreover, the prioritization criteria of other development organizations like NSCFP, SNV, ANSAB, BDS-MaPS and Matrix Ranking Criteria have been thoroughly examined to attain the set objectives with proper justification. S.N.

Criteria Scale and value

1 Market demand High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)2 Margin \ Profit High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)3 Availability ( in time ) Almost always(3), Occasionally(2), Seasonal rare (1) 4 Geographical distribution Widespread (3), Moderate (2) ,Low(1)5 Conservation status Minimum (3), Moderate (2) , Low (1)6 Potential for cultivation High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)7 Regenerative potential High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)8 Contribution to income High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)9 Gender impact Only women (3), Both men and women (2) , only men

(1)10 Potential for value addition High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)11 Processing technology Manual\ local technology (3), Mechanical \ expertise

required (2), Sophisticated \ foreign technology(1)12 Ethnobotanical value Diverse use(3), medium uses(2) , single use(1)

Table 1: Matrix preference ranking

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3.3.5 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA)

RVA method collects information to identify species, resources or sites that may be at risk of over exploitation. It was developed as a quick way of collecting both scientific and indigenous information about species and has been used to recommend whether or not that resource species is suitable for harvest.

CriteriaPotential for sustainable use

Low High

Ecology

Low abundance (1) High abundance (2)

Slow growth (1) Fast growth (2)

Slow reproduction (1) Fast reproduction (2)

Sexual reproduction only (1) Both sexual & vegetative reproduction (2)

Habitat – specific (1) Habitat- non specific (2)

High habitat diversity (1) Low habitat diversity (2)

High life form diversity (1) Low life form diversity (2)

Life form Tree and shrub (1) & grasses (2)

Parts used Roots , rhizomes & bulbs ( 1) and leaf, flower, bark , fruit (2)

Harvesting method

Size/age classes not selected for harvesting (2), Particular size/age classes selected for harvesting (1)

Table 2: Criteria for RVA

Wong & Jenifer, 2001; Cunningham, 1994, 1996 a, 2001; Watts et al., 1996

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4. RESULT

4.1 Identification of NTFPs in Nubri valley

A total of 147 species were identified from the Nubri valley. Among them, 112 species were recorded from Prok VDC, 91 species from Lho VDC and 50 species from Samagaon VDC. Due to dry season, majority of herbs and some deciduous trees and shrubs were not identified. Therefore, those species are not enlisted in the present study. List of all the identified NTFP species of Nubri valley is shown in Table 3 and the list of species found in respective VDC is shown in table 4, 5 and 6.SN Botanical Name Local Name Family

1 Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb. Talis Patra Pinaceae2 Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis Firfire Aceraceae3 Aconogonum campanulatum (Hook. f.) Hara Thotne Polygonaceae4 Aconogonum molle (D. Don) Hara Thotne Polygonaceae

5 Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch. Bip.Sahadeva-Sahadevi Compositae

6 Alnus nepalensis D. Don Utis Betulaceae7 Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC. Buki Phul Compositae8 Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C. B. Clarke Buki Phul Compositae9 Anisodus luridus Link & Otto Jangali Jaringo Solanaceae

10 Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Schott Sarpa Makai Araceae11 Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I.M. Johnst Boraginaceae12 Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser Titepati Compositae13 Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Ban Kurilo Liliaceae14 Aster sp. Compositae15 Aster sp. Compositae16 Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Thulo Okhati Saxifragaceae17 Berberis aristata DC. Chutro Berberidaceae18 Berberis asiatica Roxb.ex DC. Chutro Berberidaceae19 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Pakhan Ved Saxifragaceae20 Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Saur Betulaceae21 Betula utilis D. Don Bhoj Patra Betulaceae22 Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene Raktaryaulo Polygonaceae23 Boehmeria platyphylla D. Don Gargalo Urticaceae

24Boeninghausenia albifolia (Hook.) Rchb. ex Meisn. Ankuri Rutaceae

25Campylotropis speciosa (Royle ex Schindl.) Schindl. Leguminosae

26 Cannabis sativa L. Ganja Cannabaceae27 Caragana gerardiana Royle Leguminosae28 Caragina brevispina Royle Leguminosae29 Carum carvi L. Jangali Jeera Umbelliferae30 Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D. Don Phursan Ericaceae31 Chesneya sp. Cyali Leguminosae32 Cirsium falconeri (Hook. F.) Petr. Sungure Kanda Compositae

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SN Botanical Name Local Name Family33 Clematis alternata Kitam. & Tamura Junge Lahero Ranunculaceae34 Clematis buchananina DC. Junge Lahero Ranunculaceae35 Clematis tibetana Kuntze Junge Lahero Ranunculaceae36 Coccinea grandis (L.) Voigt Goli Kakro Cucurbitaceae37 Colquhaunia coccinea Wall. Sano Tusare Labiatae38 Cotoneaster frigidus Wall.ex Lindl. Ruis Rosaceae39 Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall.ex Lindl. Kause Phul Rosaceae40 Cyathula capitata Moq. Kapase Kuro Amaranthaceae41 Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Thunb. Ex Lehm. Bhede Kuro Boraginaceae42 Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo Panch Aule Orchidaceae43 Daphne papyracea Wall.ex Steud. Lokhta Thymelaeaceae44 Desmodium multiflorum DC. Bakhre Ghas Leguminosae45 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.ex Griseb. Bhyakur Dioscoreaceae46 Dipsacus inermis Wall. Banmula Dipsacaceae47 Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f. Nigalo Gramineae

48 Drymeria cordata (L.) Willd.ex Roem. & Schult. AbhijaloCaryophyllaceae

49 Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall.ex Royle Gunyeli Elaeagnaceae50 Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Render Ban Silam Labiatae51 Elsholtzia sp. Vicks Jhar Labiatae52 Ephedra gerardiana Wall.ex Stapf Somlata Ephedraceae53 Fragaria nubicola Lindl.ex Lacaita Bhuin Kafal Rosaceae54 Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Dhasingre Ericaceae55 Gentiana urnula H. Sm Gangachhung Gentianaceae56 Gnaphalium affine D. Don Buki Phul Compositae57 Gynura cusimbua (D. Don) S. Moore Compositae58 Hedera nepalensis K. Koch Kathe Lahero Araliaceae59 Heracleum candicans Wall.ex DC. Umbelliferae60 Hippophae salicifolia D. Don Dale Chuk Elaeagnaceae61 Hippophae tibetana Schlecht Tare Chuk Elaeagnaceae62 Ilex dipyrena Wall. Seto Khasru Aquifoliaceae63 Jasminum humile L. Ban Jai Oleaceae64 Juniperus communis L. Dhupi Cupressaceae65 Juniperus indica Bertol. Dhupi Cupressaceae66 Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don Dhupi Cupressaceae67 Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. Dhup Jadi Compositae68 Larix himalaica W. C. Cheng & L.K. Fu Langtang Salla Pinaceae69 Leontopodium himalayanum DC. Compositae70 Leontopodium jacotianum Beauverd Compositae71 Lilium nepalense D. Don Ban Lasun Liliaceae72 Lindera neesiana (Wall. ex Nees) Kurz Sil Timur Lauraceae73 Litsea sp. Lauraceae74 Lonicera sp. Caprifoliaceae75 Lyona ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Angeri Ericaceae76 Morina longifolia Wall.ex DC. Dipsacaceae77 Myricaria rosea W. W. Sm. Orima Tamaricaceae78 Neolitsea pallens (D. Don) Mamiy Lauraceae

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SN Botanical Name Local Name Family79 Osyris wightiana Wall. ex Weight Nun Dhiki Santalaceae80 Parmelia sp. Jhyau Parmeliaceae81 Persea clarkeana (King ex Hook. f.) Kasterm. Bhosi Lauraceae82 Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss Jhule Salla Pinaceae83 Pieris Formosa (Wall.) D. Don Timalo Ericaceae84 Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks Gobre Salla Pinaceae85 Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) D. Don Leguminosae86 Plantago erosa Wall. Isabgol Plantaginaceae87 Plantago sp. Isabgol Plantaginaceae88 Pleurospermum hookeri C. B. Clarke Gandraino Umbelliferae89 Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle Khiraule Liliaceae90 Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Khiraule Liliaceae91 Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle Bhote Pipal Salicaceae92 Potentilla fruticosa Lindl.ex Lehm. Bajra Danti Rosaceae93 Primula denticulata Sm. Primulaceae94 Primula sp. Primulaceae95 Prinsepia utilis Royle Dhatelo Rosaceae96 Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Mayal Rosaceae97 Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A. Camus Moru Fagaceae98 Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. Khasru Fagaceae99 Rabdosia rugosa (Wall. ex Benth.) H. Hara Labiatae100 Ranunculus brotherusii Freyn Ranunculaceae

101 Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don Sunpati Ericaceae

102 Rhododendron arboretum Sm. Lali Guras Ericaceae

103 Rhododendron barbatum Wall. ex G. Don Chimal Ericaceae

104 Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G.Don Ericaceae

105 Rhododendron setosum D. Don Bhale Sunpati Ericaceae

106 Rhus javanica L. Bhaki Amilo Anacardiaceae

107 Rhus wallichi Hook. f. Bhalayo Anacardiaceae

108 Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne. Grossulariaceae

109 Rosa macrophylla Lindl. Jangali Gulab Rosaceae

110 Rosa sericea Lindl. Jangali Gulab Rosaceae

111 Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming Majitho Rubiaceae

112 Rubia wallichiana Decne. Majitho Rubiaceae

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SN Botanical Name Local Name Family113 Rubus ellipticus Sm. Ainselu Rosaceae

114 Rubus hoffmeisterianus Kunth & Bouche Ban Ainselu Rosaceae

115 Rubus paniculatus Sm. Ban Ainselu Rosaceae

116 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Halhale Polygonaceae

117 Salvia hians Royle ex Benth. Aape Labiatae

118 Sarcococca hookeriana Baill. Telparo Buxaceae

119 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Compositae

120 Saxifraga hemisphaerica Hook. f. & Thomson Saxifragaceae

121 Schefflera impressa (C.B. Clarke) Harms Kuth Simal Araliaceae

122 Selinum tenuifolium Wall. ex C. B. Clarke Bhutkesh Umbelliferae

123 Senecio cappa Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Bakhre Kane Compositae

124 Smilax aspera L. Kukur Daino Liliaceae

125 Smilax ferox Wall. ex Kunth Kukur Daino Liliaceae

126 Smilax sp. Kukur Daino Liliaceae

127 Solanum nigrum L. Kalo Bihi Solanaceae

128 Sorbus cuspidata (Spach) Hedl. Rosaceae

129 Sorbus foliolosa (Wall.) Spach Rosaceae

130 Sorbus microphylla Wenzig Rosaceae

131 Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Bhale Chiraito Gentianaceae

132 Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt Bhale Chiraito Gentianaceae

133 Swertia racemosa (Griseb.) C. B. Clarke Bhale Chiraito Gentianaceae

134 Tanacetum nubigenum Wall.ex DC. Compositae

135 Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. Tuki Phul Compositae

136 Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Lauth Salla Taxaceae

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SN Botanical Name Local Name Family137 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Dampate Ranunculaceae

138 Thymus sp. Ghode Machha Labiatae

139 Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eicher Thingure Salla Pinaceae

140 Urtica dioica L. Sisnu Urticaceae

141 Usnea sp. Jhyau Usneaceae

142 Viburnum erubescens Wall.ex DC. Titekath Sambucaceae

143 Viburnum grandiflorum Wall.ex DC. Sambucaceae

144 Viscum album L. Hadchur Loranthaceae

145 Wikstroemia canescens Meisn. Kagaj Pate Thymelaeaceae

146 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Timur Rutaceae

147 Zanthoxylum sp. Timur Rutaceae

Table 3: List of NTFP species found in Nubri valley

4.2 Inventory of NTFPs of Nubri valley

Frequency, Relative Frequency, Density and Relative Density of each NTFP species were calculated and analyzed in respective VDCs.

4.2.1 Prok VDC

Study area starts from the gorge of Budi Gandaki River (2200 m) to the hills surrounding the Kalchuman Tal (3600 m). Above this altitude, the hills were covered by snow. Temperate Blue Pine forest, Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest, Mixed Rhododendron-Maple Forest, Fir-Blue Pine forest, Fir-Hemlock-Oak Forest, Fir-Oak-Rhododendron Forest, Fir Forest and Birch-Rhododendron Forest were determined as the forest type of Prok VDC.

During the study, Quercus semecarpifolia (Khasru), Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Salla) and Rhododendron arboreum (Lali Guras) were dominant tree species. Similarly, Pieris Formosa (Timalo), Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nigalo), Gaultheria fragrantissima (Dhasingre), Wikstroemia canescens (Kagaj Pate) and Berberis asiatica (Chutro) were dominant shrub species. Whereas, Dipsacus inermis (Ban Mula) and Thalictrum foliolosum (Dampate) were recorded as dominant herb species in Prok VDC.

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Details of all the four population parameters were shown in table 4.

SN Botanical Name Freq1 R. Freq2 Den3 R. Den4

1 Pieris formosa 60 2.707 802.36 6.622 Quercus semecarpifolia 73.33 3.308 645.73 5.3283 Drepanostachyum falcatum 63.33 2.857 650.51 5.3684 Gaultheria fragrantissima 30 1.353 802.91 6.6255 Pinus wallichiana 70 3.158 476.18 3.9296 Wikstroemia canescens 46.67 2.105 562.16 4.6387 Dipsacus inermis 46.67 2.105 464.18 3.838 Rhododendron arboreum 60 2.707 357.07 2.9469 Thalictrum foliolosum 50 2.256 405.72 3.348

10 Berberis asiatica 63.33 2.857 301.22 2.48511 Sarcococca hookeriana 30 1.353 473.52 3.90712 Abies spectabilis 36.67 1.654 422.89 3.48913 Piptanthus nepalensis 40 1.805 287.86 2.37514 Anaphalis busua 26.67 1.203 345.41 2.8515 Rhododendron lepidotum 40 1.805 232.74 1.9216 Usnea 30 1.353 257.95 2.12817 Bergenia ciliata 16.67 0.752 315.26 2.60118 Daphne papyracea 36.67 1.654 193.11 1.59319 Rhododendron barbatum 26.67 1.203 236.5 1.95120 Elsholtzia fruticosa 40 1.805 139.14 1.14821 Senecio cappa 40 1.805 125.28 1.03422 Smilax ferox 43.33 1.955 106.3 0.87723 Jasminum humile 40 1.805 123.57 1.0224 Picea smithiana 36.67 1.654 137.12 1.13125 Tsuga dumosa 43.33 1.955 96.87 0.79926 Prinsepia utilis 40 1.805 105.28 0.86927 Berberis aristata 16.67 0.752 213.95 1.76528 Parmelia 36.67 1.654 101.02 0.83429 Ilex dipyrena 43.33 1.955 54.26 0.44830 Rosa macrophylla 40 1.805 71.59 0.59131 Artemisia dubia 40 1.805 57.25 0.47232 Lyona ovalifolia 40 1.805 47.73 0.39433 Urtica dioica 30 1.353 84.8 0.734 Morina longifolia 6.67 0.301 197.57 1.6335 Caragina brevispina 23.33 1.053 96.55 0.79736 Neolitsea pallens 23.33 1.053 96.29 0.79537 Campylotropis speciosa 20 0.902 97.44 0.80438 Betula alnoides 30 1.353 29.98 0.247

1 Freq= Frequency2 R. Freq= Relative Frequency3 Den= Density4 R. Den= Relative Density

20

SN Botanical Name Freq R. Freq Den R. Den39 Rosa sericea 20 0.902 77.91 0.64340 Rhus wallichi 26.67 1.203 38.83 0.3241 Acer caesium 23.33 1.053 55.98 0.46242 Potentilla fruticosa 10 0.451 119.74 0.98843 Larix himalaica 20 0.902 64.71 0.53444 Rhododendron setosum 10 0.451 117.39 0.96945 Hedera nepalensis 23.33 1.053 43.84 0.36246 Astilbe rivularis 16.67 0.752 80.05 0.66147 Juniperus recurva 13.33 0.602 91 0.75148 Thymus sp. 13.33 0.602 85.51 0.70649 Sorbus foliolosa 13.33 0.602 77.43 0.63950 Rubia manjith 16.67 0.752 53.62 0.44251 Rubia wallichiana 20 0.902 29.64 0.24552 Coccinea grandis 20 0.902 25.74 0.21253 Taxus wallichiana 23.33 1.053 4.99 0.04154 Pyrus pashia 20 0.902 22.64 0.18755 Cotoneaster microphyllus 20 0.902 13.7 0.11356 Elaeagnus parvifolia 20 0.902 10.81 0.08957 Heracleum candicans 20 0.902 10.2 0.08458 Cyathula capitata 13.33 0.602 45.95 0.37959 Swertia ciliata 10 0.451 62.39 0.51560 Polygonatum cirrhifolium 10 0.451 61.47 0.50761 Populus ciliata 16.67 0.752 23.66 0.19562 Fragaria nubicola 10 0.451 59.88 0.49463 Desmodium multiflorum 13.33 0.602 26.57 0.21964 Rubus paniculatus 16.67 0.752 6.28 0.05265 Unidetified (Compd leaf, 5 foliate) 10 0.451 42.41 0.3566 Viburnum grandiflorum 13.33 0.602 23.68 0.19567 Ribes himalense 13.33 0.602 13.43 0.11168 Rabdosia rugosa 6.67 0.301 48.25 0.39869 Sorbus cuspidate 13.33 0.602 7.69 0.06370 Persea clarkeana 10 0.451 25.05 0.20771 Rhus javanica 10 0.451 21.37 0.17672 Swertia angustifolia 10 0.451 17.53 0.14573 Hippophae salicifolia 6.67 0.301 33.53 0.27774 Dioscorea deltoidea 10 0.451 15.16 0.12575 Smilax aspera 10 0.451 12.38 0.10276 Betula utilis 6.67 0.301 29.8 0.24677 Quercus floribunda 6.67 0.301 25.99 0.21478 Gnaphalium affine 3.33 0.15 44.08 0.36479 Elsholtzia sp. 6.67 0.301 21.45 0.17780 Viburnum erubescens 10 0.451 2.94 0.024

21

SN Botanical Name Freq R. Freq Den R. Den81 Aconogonum molle 6.67 0.301 21.08 0.17482 Cynoglossum zeylanicum 6.67 0.301 19.66 0.16283 Clematis alternata 10 0.451 0.85 0.00784 Ainsliaea latifolia 3.33 0.15 34.5 0.28585 Osyris wightiana 6.67 0.301 11.64 0.09686 Rumex nepalensis 6.67 0.301 9.58 0.07987 Arisaema costatum 6.67 0.301 8.63 0.07188 Alnus nepalensis 6.67 0.301 7.8 0.06489 Rubus ellipticus 6.67 0.301 5.66 0.04790 Solanum nigrum 6.67 0.301 3.87 0.03291 Boeninghausenia albifolia 6.67 0.301 3.12 0.02692 Schefflera impressa 6.67 0.301 0.34 0.00393 Clematis buchananina 6.67 0.301 0.17 0.00194 Selinum tenuifolium 3.33 0.15 16.34 0.13595 Taraxacum officinale 3.33 0.15 15.2 0.12596 Zanthoxylum armatum 3.33 0.15 10.39 0.08697 Litsea 3.33 0.15 7.42 0.06198 Lindera neesiana 3.33 0.15 5.37 0.04499 Leontopodium jacotianum 3.33 0.15 4.93 0.041

100 Primula sp. 3.33 0.15 4.75 0.039101 Zanthoxylum sp. 3.33 0.15 4.24 0.035102 Gynura cusimbua 3.33 0.15 3.5 0.029103 Boehmeria platyphylla 3.33 0.15 2.95 0.024104 Smilax sp. 3.33 0.15 2.37 0.02105 Aster sp. 3.33 0.15 1.61 0.013106 Cannabis sativa 3.33 0.15 1.03 0.008107 Bistorta amplexicaulis 3.33 0.15 0.83 0.007108 Polygonatum verticillatum 3.33 0.15 0.56 0.005109 Ranunculus sp. 3.33 0.15 0.56 0.005110 Lonicera sp. 3.33 0.15 0.41 0.003111 Viscum album 3.33 0.15 0.08 0.001112 Orchid 3.33 0.15 0.12 0.001

Table 4: Population parameters of NTFPs species in Prok VDC

4.2.2 Lho VDC

VDC starts from 2600 m altitude to 3600 m on the forest above Lho village. Temperate Blue Pine Forest, Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest, Spruce Forest, Temperate Mountain Oak Forest, Mixed Rhododendron-Maple Forest, Fir-Oak-Rhododendron Forest, Fir-Hemlock-Oak Forest, Fir forest, Larch Forest, Birch-Rhododendron Forest were determined as forest type of Lho VDC.

22

Abies spectabilis (Talis Patra) and Pinus wallichiana was found to be the dominant tree species. Rhododendron lepidotum (Bhale Sunpati) and Drepanostachyum falcatum were dominant shrub species while Dipsacus inermis, Astilbe rivularis (Thulo Okhati), Elsholtzia fruticosa (Ban Silam), Thalictrum foliolosum, Fragaria nubicola (Bhuin Kafal), Saussurea costus and Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Khiraule) were dominant herb species of Lho VDC.

SN Botanical Name Freq R. Freq Den R. Den1 Dipsacus inermis 77.78 2.662 2018.71 10.7622 Rhododendron lepidotum 61.11 2.091 1008.38 5.3763 Astilbe rivularis 61.11 2.091 995.333 5.3064 Elsholtzia fruticosa 77.78 2.662 825.06 4.3985 Thalictrum foliolosum 61.11 2.091 861.405 4.5926 Fragaria nubicola 44.44 1.521 915.774 4.8827 Abies spectabilis 77.78 2.662 607.441 3.2388 Saussurea costus 38.89 1.331 836.226 4.4589 Drepanostachyum falcatum 83.33 2.852 540.202 2.88

10 Polygonatum cirrhifolium 55.56 1.901 700.845 3.73611 Rosa sericea 72.22 2.471 586.774 3.12812 Berberis aristata 61.11 2.091 650.738 3.46913 Aconogonum molle 55.56 1.901 596.441 3.1815 Swertia ciliata 61.11 2.091 525.583 2.80216 Plantago erosa 27.78 0.951 734.583 3.91617 Pinus wallichiana 72.22 2.471 445.631 2.37618 Artemisia dubia 61.11 2.091 397.298 2.11819 Hippophae salicifolia 72.22 2.471 324.012 1.72720 Tsuga dumosa 83.33 2.852 211.512 1.12821 Selinum tenuifolium 61.11 2.091 351.381 1.87322 Larix himalaica 72.22 2.471 268.536 1.43223 Anaphalis busua 27.78 0.951 507.691 2.70624 Zanthoxylum sp. 61.11 2.091 224.524 1.19725 Cotoneaster frigidus 66.67 2.281 181.655 0.96826 Rhododendron barbatum 55.56 1.901 219.798 1.17227 Betula utilis 50 1.711 254.071 1.35428 Heracleum candicans 55.56 1.901 164.476 0.87729 Berberis asiatica 33.33 1.141 229.5 1.22330 Piptanthus nepalensis 55.56 1.901 73.5119 0.39231 Hedera nepalensis 44.44 1.521 129.583 0.69132 Smilax sp. 44.44 1.521 115.369 0.61533 Usnea sp. 55.56 1.901 42.6548 0.22734 Clematis alternata 55.56 1.901 23.7024 0.12635 Juniperus recurva 50 1.711 43.6429 0.23336 Quercus semecarpifolia 33.33 1.141 150.333 0.80137 Caragina brevispina 44.44 1.521 68.7857 0.36738 Viburnum grandiflorum 44.44 1.521 67.0833 0.35839 Cirsium falconeri 44.44 1.521 44.25 0.23640 Populus ciliata 44.44 1.521 40.3452 0.215

23

41 Parmelia sp. 38.89 1.331 64.2619 0.34342 Rosa macrophylla 27.78 0.951 132.155 0.70543 Cotoneaster microphyllus 44.44 1.521 24.7976 0.13244 Prinsepia utilis 22.22 0.76 161.06 0.85945 Tanacetum nubigenum 33.33 1.141 83.4167 0.44546 Elsholtzia sp. 5.56 0.19 249 1.32747 Drymeria cordata 5.56 0.19 238.095 1.26948 Ribes himalense 33.33 1.141 47.4762 0.25349 Rumex nepalensis 27.78 0.951 77 0.4150 Rhododendron arboretum 33.33 1.141 24.4405 0.1351 Taxus wallichiana 33.33 1.141 10.9643 0.05852 Rubia wallichiana 22.22 0.76 81.7857 0.43653 Jasminum humile 27.78 0.951 33.1071 0.17654 Pieris formosa 22.22 0.76 41.5 0.22155 Smilax ferox 22.22 0.76 35.5238 0.18956 Boeninghausenia albifolia 16.67 0.57 70.1667 0.37457 Rubus hoffmeisterianus 16.67 0.57 40.7143 0.21758 Sorbus microphylla 16.67 0.57 33.3333 0.17859 Acer caesium 16.67 0.57 32.6905 0.17460 Urtica dioica 16.67 0.57 28.9286 0.15461 Picea smithiana 16.67 0.57 13.7143 0.07362 Asparagus filicinus 16.67 0.57 11.0238 0.05963 Cyathula capitata 11.11 0.38 17.9524 0.09664 Ainsliaea latifolia 5.56 0.19 52.5238 0.2865 Colquhaunia coccinea 11.11 0.38 16.2143 0.08667 Delphinium grandiflorum 11.11 0.38 9.89286 0.05368 Daphne papyracea 11.11 0.38 9.52381 0.05169 Clematis tibetana 11.11 0.38 9 0.04870 Ephedra gerardiana 11.11 0.38 8.35714 0.04571 Rubus paniculatus 11.11 0.38 7.72619 0.04172 Betula alnoides 11.11 0.38 4.21429 0.02273 Elaeagnus parvifolia 11.11 0.38 3.26191 0.01775 Leontopodium jacotianum 5.56 0.19 23.25 0.12476 Thymus sp. 5.56 0.19 21.1071 0.11377 Rhododendron setosum 5.56 0.19 7.75 0.04178 Wikstroemia canescens 5.56 0.19 7.2381 0.03979 Salvia hians 5.56 0.19 6.96429 0.03780 Lonicera sp. 5.56 0.19 6.75 0.03681 Unidetified (Compd leaf, 5 foliate) 5.56 0.19 6.35714 0.03482 Anisodus luridus 5.56 0.19 5.75 0.03183 Juniperus indica 5.56 0.19 3.92857 0.02184 Juniperus communis 5.56 0.19 3.39286 0.01885 Taraxacum officinale 5.56 0.19 2.91667 0.01686 Bistorta amplexicaulis 5.56 0.19 1.47619 0.008

24

87 Lilium nepalense 5.56 0.19 1.5 0.00888 Jurinea dolomiaea 5.56 0.19 1.2381 0.00789 Aster sp. 5.56 0.19 1 0.00590 Arisaema costatum 5.56 0.19 0.69048 0.00491 Sorbus foliolosa 5.56 0.19 0.45238 0.002

Table 5: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC

4.2.3 Samagaon VDC

The study area starts from the altitude of 3300 m to 5100 m starting from Samagaon village to Larke Pass (5106 m). Fir Forest, Larch Forest, Birch-Rhododendron Forest, Trans-Himalayan Lower Caragana Steppe, Dry Alpine Scrub, Upper Alpine Meadows and Tras-Himalayan High Alpine Vegetation were determined as the forest types of Samagaon VDC.

Juniperus indica (Dhupi) and Betula utilis (Bhoj Patra) were found dominant tree speices during the study. Similarly, Cotoneaster microphyllus (Kause Phul), Berberis aristata (Chutro), Lonicera sp., Ephedra gerardiana (Somlata), Juniperus communis (Dhupi) and Rhododendron setosum (Bhale Sunpati) were dominant shrub species whereas Gentiana urnula (Gangachhung), Swertia racemosa (Bhale Chiraito) and Anaphalis triplinervis (Buki Phul) were dominant species among herbs in Samagaon VDC. Details of all population parameters are given in table 6.SN Botanical Name Freq R. Freq Den R. Den

1 Cotoneaster microphyllus 90.91 5.494 3732.75 22.0082 Gentiana urnula 27.27 1.648 3263.23 19.243 Berberis aristata 90.91 5.494 2160.1 12.7364 Juniperus indica 72.73 4.396 908.56 5.3575 Lonicera sp. 81.82 4.945 610.09 3.5976 Swertia racemosa 45.45 2.747 965.17 5.6917 Ephedra gerardiana 81.82 4.945 258.75 1.5268 Juniperus communis 81.82 4.945 198.82 1.1729 Anaphalis triplinervis 36.36 2.198 624.44 3.682

10 Rhododendron setosum 63.64 3.846 303.61 1.7911 Rosa sericea 54.55 3.297 359.82 2.12112 Betula utilis 54.55 3.297 281.86 1.66213 Rhododendron anthopogon 27.27 1.648 549.32 3.23914 Usnea sp. 54.55 3.297 263.06 1.55115 Rosa macrophylla 54.55 3.297 260.62 1.53716 Clematis tibetana 63.64 3.846 134.2 0.79117 Myricaria rosea 54.55 3.297 214.62 1.26518 Drepanostachyum falcatum 54.55 3.297 124.86 0.73619 Plantago sp. 27.27 1.648 318.54 1.87820 Ranunculus brotherusii 9.09 0.549 396.73 2.33921 Rhododendron barbatum 45.45 2.747 15.51 0.091

25

22 Saussurea costus 36.36 2.198 81.22 0.47923 Juniperus recurva 36.36 2.198 73.91 0.43624 Carum carvi 36.36 2.198 67.9 0.425 Larix himalaica 36.36 2.198 45.17 0.26626 Selinum tenuifolium 36.36 2.198 19.06 0.11227 Hippophae tibetana 27.27 1.648 64.88 0.38329 Arnebia benthamii 9.09 0.549 232.5 1.37130 Abies spectabilis 27.27 1.648 29.71 0.17531 Aconogonum campanulatum 18.18 1.099 77.52 0.45732 Caragana gerardiana 18.18 1.099 71.19 0.4233 Primula denticulata 18.18 1.099 18.58 0.1134 Gnaphalium affine 18.18 1.099 15.63 0.09235 Pleurospermum hookeri 18.18 1.099 9.38 0.05536 Smilax sp. 18.18 1.099 4.53 0.02737 Cirsium falconeri 9.09 0.549 64.27 0.37938 Saxifraga hemisphaerica 9.09 0.549 61.15 0.36139 Cassiope fastigiata 9.09 0.549 30.09 0.17740 Swertia ciliata 9.09 0.549 18.31 0.10841 Leontopodium himalayanum 9.09 0.549 11.31 0.06742 Viburnum grandiflorum 9.09 0.549 6.23 0.03743 Chesneya sp. 9.09 0.549 3.58 0.02144 Rhododendron lepidotum 9.09 0.549 2.09 0.01245 Dactylorhiza hatagirea 9.09 0.549 1.63 0.0146 Jurinea dolomiaea 9.09 0.549 1.67 0.0147 Polygonatum cirrhifolium 9.09 0.549 1.54 0.00948 Pinus wallichiana 9.09 0.549 1.01 0.00649 Piptanthus nepalensis 9.09 0.549 1.07 0.00650 Sorbus foliolosa 9.09 0.549 0.78 0.005

Table 6: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC

4.3 Prioritization of NTFPs

The species were prioritized based on 8 principal criteria viz. (i) highly demanded commercial species (ii) species having high market price (iii) having potential for domestic value addition (iv) species available over wide geographical range (v) species harvestable in short rotation period (vi) land fertility requirement for species (vii) species importance in ethnobotany and (viii) species conservation status.

4.3.1 Prok VDC

Top five prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC for value addition and marketing linkage and further study are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Bergenia ciliata, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Berberis asiatica and Abies spectabilis. Other prioritized NTFP species are given in table 7.

26

SN

Criteria

NTFP species

Mar

ket

dem

and

Mar

gin

\ P

rofi

t

Ava

ilab

ilit

y (

in t

ime

)

Geo

grap

hic

al d

istr

ibu

tion

Con

serv

atio

n s

tatu

s

Pot

enti

al f

or c

ult

ivat

ion

Reg

ener

ativ

e p

oten

tial

Con

trib

uti

on t

o in

com

e

Gen

der

imp

act

Pot

enti

al f

or v

alu

e ad

dit

ion

Pro

cess

ing

tech

nol

ogy

Eth

nob

otan

ical

val

ue

Tot

al

1 Drepanostachyum falcatum

1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 29

2 Bergenia ciliata 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 29

3 Gaultheria fragrantissima 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 28

4 Berberis asiatica 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 26

5 Abies spectabilis 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 26

6 Zanthoxylum armatum 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 26

7 Daphne papyracea 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 25

8 Wikstroemia canescens 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 23

9 Prinsepia utilis 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 23

10 Berberis aristata 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 23

11 Artemisia dubia 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 23

12 Hippophae salicifolia 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 23

13 Dipsacus inermis 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 22

14 Taxus wallichiana 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 22

15 Elsholtzia fruticosa 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 21

Table 7: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC

4.3.2 Lho VDC

Top five prioritized NTFP species analyzed from Lho VDC were Drepanostachyum falcatum, Abies spectabilis, Hippophae salicifolia, Heracleum candicans and Berberis aristata. Other prioritized NTFPs were tabulated in table 8.SN

Criteria

NTFP species

Mar

ket

dem

and

Mar

gin

\ P

rofi

t

Ava

ilab

ilit

y (

in t

ime

)

Geo

grap

hic

al d

istr

ibu

tion

Con

serv

atio

n s

tatu

s

Pot

enti

al f

or c

ult

ivat

ion

Reg

ener

ativ

e p

oten

tial

Con

trib

uti

on t

o in

com

e

Gen

der

imp

act

Pot

enti

al f

or v

alu

e ad

dit

ion

Pro

cess

ing

tech

nol

ogy

Eth

nob

otan

ical

val

ue

Tot

al

1Drepanostachyum falcatum

1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 329


3 Hippophae salicifolia 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 25

4 Heracleum candicans 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 25


27

6 Rosa sericea 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 23

7 Zanthoxylum sp. 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 23

8 Juniperus indica 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 23

9 Juniperus communis 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 23

10 Dipsacus inermis 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 22

11 Artemisia dubia 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 22

12 Astilbe rivularis 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 21

13 Elsholtzia fruticosa 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 21

14 Selinum tenuifolium 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 21

15 Prinsepia utilis 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 21

Table 8: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC

4.3.3 Samagaon VDC

Top five NTFPs prioritized from matrix preference ranking were Juniperus indica, Juniperus communis, Berberis aristata, Rhododendron anthopogon and Drepanostachyum falcatum. Other NTFP species set for prioritization from Samagaon VDC is given in table 9.

Criteria

NTFP species

Mar

ket

dem

and

Mar

gin

\ P

rofi

t

Ava

ilab

ilit

y (

in t

ime

)

Geo

grap

hic

al d

istr

ibu

tion

Con

serv

atio

n s

tatu

s

Pot

enti

al f

or c

ult

ivat

ion

Reg

ener

ativ

e p

oten

tial

Con

trib

uti

on t

o in

com

e

Gen

der

imp

act

Pot

enti

al f

or v

alu

e ad

dit

ion

Pro

cess

ing

tech

nol

ogy

Eth

nob

otan

ical

val

ue

Tot

al

1 Juniperus indica 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 29

2 Juniperus communis 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 28


4 Rhododendron anthopogon 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 25

5 Drepanostachyum falcatum 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 25

6 Carum carvi 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 25

7 Ephedra gerardiana 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 23

8 Rosa sericea 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 22

9 Hippophae tibetana 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 22

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 22

11 Selinum tenuifolium 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 21


13 Juniperus recurva 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2014 Swertia racemosa 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 19

15 Rhododendron setosum 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 19

Table 9: Prioritized NTFP species of Samagaon VDC

28

4.4 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA)

RVA analysis was carried out for the prioritized NTFP species of respective VDCs of Nubri valley. RVA was conducted on the basis of the following criteria: 1. Ecology, 2. Life form, 3. Parts used and 4. Harvesting method.

4.4.1 Prok VDC

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Prok VDC are Taxus wallichiana (Lauth Salla), Berberis asiatica, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Abies spectabilis and Daphne papyracea (Lokhta). Other prioritized vulnerable species are shown in table 10.

SN

Criteria

NTFPs

Ab

un

dan

ce

Gro

wth

Rat

e of

rep

rod

uct

ion

Mod

e of

rep

rod

uct

ion

Hab

itat

Hab

itat

div

ersi

ty

Lif

e fo

rm d

iver

sity

Hab

it

Par

ts u

sed

Har

vest

ing

met

hod

Sco

re

1 Taxus wallichiana 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 12

2 Berberis aristata 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 13

3 Gaultheria fragrantissima 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 14

4 Abies spectabilis 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 14

5 Daphne papyracea 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 14

6 Hippophae salicifolia 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 14

7 Berberis asiatica 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 15

8 Wikstroemia canescens. 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 15

9 Dipsacus inermis 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 15

10 Bergenia ciliata 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 16

11 Zanthoxylum armatum 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 16

12 Prinsepia utilis 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 16

13 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 16

14 Elsholtzia fruticosa 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 16


2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 17

Table 10: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Prok VDC

4.4.2 Lho VDC

On the basis of RVA analysis, the most vulnerable NTFP species of Lho VDC was Juniperus indica, Juniperus communis, Berberis aristata, Abies spectabilis and Hippophae salicifolia (Dale Chuk). RVA of other prioritized NTFP species are given in table 11.

29

SN

Criteria

NTFPs

Ab

un

dan

ce

Gro

wth

Rat

e of

rep

rod

uct

ion

Mod

e of

rep

rod

uct

ion

Hab

itat

Hab

itat

div

ersi

ty

Lif

e fo

rm d

iver

sity

Hab

it

Par

ts u

sed

Har

vest

ing

met

hod

Sco

re

1 Juniperus indica 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 12

2 Juniperus communis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 12

3 Berberis aristata 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 13

4 Abies spectabilis 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 14

5 Hippophae salicifolia 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 14

6 Selinum tenuifolium 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 14

7 Dipsacus inermis 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 15

8 Heracleum candicans 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 16

9 Rosa sericea 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 16

10 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 16

11 Elsholtzia fruticosa 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 16

12 Prinsepia utilis 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 16


2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 17

14 Zanthoxylum sp. 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 17

15 Astilbe rivularis 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 17

Table 11: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Lho VDC

4.4.3 Samagaon VDC

RVA analysis showed that the prioritized vulnerable NTFP species of Samagaon VDC are Juniperus recurva, Rhododendron anthopogon (Sunpati), Ephedra gerardiana, Selinum tenuifolium (Bhutkesh) and Abies spectabilis. List of other prioritized vulnerable species of Samagaon VDC are given in table 13.SN

Criteria

NTFPs

Ab

un

dan

ce

Gro

wth

Rat

e of

rep

rod

uct

ion

Mod

e of

rep

rod

uct

ion

Hab

itat

Hab

itat

div

ersi

ty

Lif

e fo

rm d

iver

sity

Hab

it

Par

ts u

sed

Har

vest

ing

met

hod

Sco

re

1 Juniperus recurva 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 122 Rhododendron anthopogon 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 133 Ephedra gerardiana 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 134 Selinum tenuifolium 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 13

30

5 Abies spectabilis 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 136 Rhododendron setosum 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 137 Juniperus indica 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 148 Juniperus communis 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 149 Dactylorhiza hatagirea 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1410 Berberis aristata 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1511 Drepanostachyum

falcatum 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

1512 Rosa sericea 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1513 Hippophae tibetana 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1514 Carum carvi 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1615 Swertia racemosa 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 16

Table 12: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Samagaon VDC

4.5 Trade of NTFPs in Nubri valley

The inhabitants of Nubri valley depend on subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry and seasonal migration for trade and labour for their livelihood support. There is no trade of NTFPs from Prok VDC. Whereas few villagers of Lho and Samagaon VDCs collect NTFPs as an additional source of income in the harvesting season. The major traded NTFPs from Lho VDC are Cordyceps sinensis (Yarsa Gomba), Fritillaria cirrhosa (Ban Lasun), Delphinium denudatum (Nirmasi), Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Kutki), Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Panch Aunle) and Nardostachys grandiflora (Jatamansi). These traded NTFPs are collected from the forest of Hinang, Himalchuli base camp, Lho and Syala.

Similarly, NTFPs traded from Samagaon are Cordyceps sinensis (Yarsa Gomba), Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Kutki), Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Panch Aunle) and Nardostachys grandiflora (Jatamansi). These NTFPs are harvested from forest around Pungyen Gomba, forest above Samagaon and scrubland nearby Samdo village.

Tibetan traders would come to the respective villages demanding NTFPs each year and accordingly the villagers collect the demanded NTFPs. Sometimes the collectors sell those NTFPs directly to the Tibetan traders in their villages but mostly they sell those NTFPs in Tibet. The major route for the trade of NTFPs to Tibet is through Gyala Pass. Few collectors sell the NTFPs, mainly Panch Aunle, Kutki and Jatamansi to the traders of Kathmandu.

31

Traders from Tibet

Traders of Kathmandu

Collectors

Flow chart: Trading Channel of NTFPs of Nubri valley

4.6 Marketing and value addition of other NTFPs

All the NTFPs harvested from Nubri valley are traded in crude form. Value addition of these NTFPs in local level could provide the collectors with premium price thereby creating local level employment.

Some prioritized NTFPs potential for marketing and value addition of Prok VDC are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Bergenia ciliata, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Berberis asiatica, Abies spectabilis, Zanthoxylum armatum, Daphne papyracea, Wikstroemia canescens, Prinsepia utilis, Hippophae salicifolia and Artemisia dubia.

Similarly, few prioritized NTFPs other than that are in current trade potential for marketing and value addition of Lho VDC are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Abies spectabilis, Hippophae salicifolia, Berberis aristata, Rosa sericea, Zanthoxylum sp., Artemisia dubia, Selinum tenuifolium and Prinsepia utilis.

Likewise, potential NTFP species for marketing and value addition other than that are in trade from Samagaon VDC are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Juniperus indica, Juniperus communis, Berberis aristata, Rhododendron anthopogon, Ephedra gerardiana, Rosa sericea and Selinum tenuifolium.

Small scale enterprises that can be set up for value addition of NTFPs in Nubri valley are as follows:

i. Instillation of portable/ prototype distillation unit system for distillation of essential oils: Wintergreen oil (from leaves of Gaultheria fragrantissima), Abies oil (From leaves of Abies spectabilis), Zanthoxylum oil (from fruits of Zanthoxylum armatum), Artemisia oil (from leaves of Artemisia dubia) Anthopogon oil (from leaves of Rhododendron anthopogon) and Juniper oil (from the leaves and berries of Juniperus indica and J. communis). The current market values of these essential oils are: Wintergreen oil (Rs 900-1000 per kg), Abies oil (Rs 3800-4000 per kg), Zanthoxylum oil (Rs 3500-4000 per kg), Artemisia oil (Rs 1800-2000 per kg), Anthopogon oil (Rs 4000-4500 per kg), Juniper needle oil (Rs 2200-2500 per kg) and Juniper berry oil (Rs 5500-6000 per kg).

ii. Micro level handmade paper enterprise establishment for making handmade papers from bark of Daphne papyracea and Wikstroemia canescens. The market price of sheet paper (size: 20" X 30", 20 gm) in Kathmandu is Rs 1200-1400/ kori (1 Kori =200 sheets)

iii. Juice making enterprise from berries of Hippophae salicifolia, the market price of which is Rs 150 to Rs 180 per bottle (650 ml).

iv. Jam making enterprise from the berries of H. salicifolia, Rosa sericea and R. macrophylla. The market price of jam from H. salicifolia is Rs 130-150 per bottle (500 gm) and that of Rosa species is Rs 100-120 per bottle (500 gm).

32

v. Alcohol brewed from Berberis asiatica and B. aristata. Local market price per bottle (650 ml) ranges from Rs 35/- to 50/-.

vi. Edible oil can be extracted from the seeds of Dhatelo (Princepia utilis) that can be consumed locally.

vii. Handicrafts making from Drepanostachyum falcatum.viii. Pakhan ved (Bergenia ciliata at Rs 12-15/kg), Bhutkesh (Selinum tenuifolium at

Rs 50-60/kg) and Somlata (Ephedra gerardiana at Rs 50-60/kg), sold in the market of Kathmandu.

4.7 Potentialities and opportunities for NTFPs cultivation in Nubri valleyLarge areas of lands; both private owned and lying within the forests remain fallow in the territories of Prok, Lho and Samagaun VDCs. While there is emense potentiality for NTFPs cultivation having market assurance in those areas. The cultivation would be initiated in household level in the private lands as well as in user group level in forest lands. Possibilities of cultivation of few NTFPs are presented in the table below:a. Prok VDCSN

Name of NTFPs Parts used for cultivation

Time frame for cultivation

Potential areas for cultivation

1. Hippophae salicifolia (Dalechuk)

Seeds Seeds collection in August -September; seeds sowing in April-May. A nursery is required before it is planted in the field

Around Namrung village along side of the river system

2. Lindera neesiana (Siltimur)

Seeds Seeds collection in July-August; seeds sowing in April-May

In marginal lands above Prok village, around Unga Gompa, around Gap village and marginal lands around Namrung village

3. Selinum tenuifolium (Bhutkesh)

Seeds/ underground rhizomes

Seeds collection in October-November and sowing during April-May/ Part of rhizomes collection during April-May and immediately cultivate in the specified field

In marginal lands of Namrung village

4. Swertia chirayita (Chirayito)

Seeds Seeds collection in November-December and sowing during March-April in vertical slopes of the agricultural fields and marginal lands

In and around Prok and Gap villages

5. Taxus wallichiana Seeds Seeds collection Around Unga Gompa

33

(Lauth salla) during October-November. A nursery is required before the saplings are planted in the field

and marginal lands of Namrung village

6. Zanthoxylum armatum (Timur)

Hardwood cutting

Hardwood cutting plantation during May-June

As a fence around the cultivated lands of Prok and Namrung villages and in the marginal lands of the respective villages

b. Lho VDCSN




1. Asparagus filicinus (Ban Kurilo)

Seeds / rhizomes

Seeds collection during September-October. Seeds sowing during April-May. Rhizomes collection during May-June at the time of cultivation in the field

In marginal lands around Benzam village

2. Hippophae salicifolia (Dalechuk)

Seeds Seeds collection in August -September; seeds sowing in April-May. A nursery is required before cultivation

Around Benzam, below Lihi, Shyo and Lho villages around Budhi Gandaki river and along side of the Hinang river

3. Lilium nepalense (Ban lasun)

Seeds / rhizomes

Seeds collection during September-October. Seeds sowing during April-May. Rhizomes collection during May-June at the time of cultivation in the field

In marginal lands around Benzam village




In the marginal lands of Benzam, Lihi, Hinang, Shyo and Lho villages

5. Taxus wallichiana (Lauth salla)

Seeds Seeds collection during October-

In the marginal lands of Benzam, Lihi,

34

November. A nursery is required before the saplings are planted in the field

Hinang, Shyo and Lho villages

6. Zanthoxylum armatum (Timur)

Hardwood cutting

Hardwood cutting plantation during May-June

As a fence around the cultivated lands of Benzam village

c. Samagaon VDCSN




1. Hippophae tibetana (Bhuichuk)

Seeds Seeds collection in August -September; seeds sowing in April-May. A nursery is required before cultivation

Alongside of the rivers of Samdo village




In the marginal lands of Samagaon village

Table 13: Potentialities of NTFPs cultivation in Nubri valley

4.8 Potential areas of NTFPs available sites in Nubri valley

For sustainable management of NTFPs in Nubri valley, NTFPs available sites are identified as according to the following table below:SN Prok VDC Lho VDC Samagaon VDC1 In between Prok village and

Budhi Gandaki riverAround and above Benzam village

In Forest around and above Pemachholing Gompa

2 In between Peru Gompa, Unga Gompa and Prok village

Forest between Benzam village and Lihi village

In forest and scrubland alongside of the river below Samagaon village

3 In Kalchho forest In Lihi forest; above Lihi village

In forest above Samagaon village

4 Around Kalchhuman Tal Forest between Lihi village and Hinang village

In Juniper forests above Gompa and on the way to Birendra Tal

5 Forest between Prok and Gap village

Forest around and above Hinang village

In Birch-Juniper forests and scrubland along side of the river and forest above main trail to Samdo village

35

6 Forest between Gap and Namrung

In forest between Lihi village to Shyo village

In scrubland on the way to Lajyung pass

7 In Namla forest above Namrung village

Forest above Shyo village In scrubland alongside of the rivers below Samdo village

8 Forest and marginal lands around cultivated areas of Namrung

Forest between Shyo village to Lho village

In the scrublands between Samdo village and Larke pass

9 In forest of Lho; above Lho village

10 Around Budhi Gandaki below Lihi, Shyo and Lho village

11 In forest between Lho village and Shyala village

12 In Shyala forest; around and above Shyala village

Table 14: Potential NTFPs available sites of Nubri valley

4.9 Documentation of traditional healing system of Nubri valley

Traditional healing system exists only in Prok and Samagaon VDCs of Nubri valley. Aamchis have been curing patients of the locality for decades. They acquire healing knowledge from their elder generations and from various trainings offered by Special Area Development Program, SEEDS and Himalayan Aamchi Association. They prepare medication in their own and treatment takes place either in Health Posts or in their respective home.

During the study, a total of 48 NTFP species used by Aamchis for treating different ailments were recorded. Among them, 35 NTFP species are locally available and harvested by them while rest 13 species are bought from different localities of Nepal and Tibet. Altogether 36 different diseases were cured by them, the common diseases being bodyache, stomachache, cold and cough, rheumatism and joint pain.

Plant parts used for treating diseases are Root (12 NTFP species), Whole Plant (9), Seeds, Fruit and Flower (5), Leaf (4), Aerial part (3), Stem and Bulb (2) and Bark and Heartwood (1).

Among the plants, Carum carvi, Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora and Gentianopsis paludosa each cures 4 different diseases. Likewise, Ephedra gerardiana, Cremanthodium sp., Hippophae salicifolia, Lepisorus waltonii, Mirabilis himalaica, Nardostachys jatamansi and Tinospora cordifolia is being used to cure three different diseases.

36

These NTFPs are used for treatment by four different modes of medication. 38 different species were used in powder form, 9 different species in decoction and 2 species each is applied externally and immersed in water.

SN Botanical Name

Local / Common Name

Parts Used

Mode of Application / Dose

Disease Cured

1Abies spectabilis Talis Patra Leaf

1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a day

Asthma

2Aconitum naviculare

Mongar (T) Root2-4 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Antidote and Fever

3Adiantum pedatum

Reral (T) Root3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Antidote

4Agremonia pilosa

Dhumbu Thakchye (T)

Whole Plant

3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Haemorrhage

5Allium cepa Pyaz Bulb

1 tsp powder fried in Ghee / 2 times a day

Whooping Cough

6Allium sativum Lasun Bulb

4-5 pcs with lukewarm water / Bed time

Rheumatism

7Allium sativum Lasun Bulb

1 tsp powder fried in Ghee / 2 times a day

Whooping Cough

8Asparagus filicinus

Ban Kurilo, Nhersingh (T)

Root1 tsp decoction / 2 times a day

Acidity

9

Carum carviGhonyodh Du (T)

Seed1-2 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Appetizer, Eye Tonic, Gastric and Heart Problem

10

Cassia fistula Raj Brikshya Seed1 tsp powder with lukewarm water / Bed time

Constipation

11 Cassia tora Chakramandi Seed

1 tsp powder with lukewarm water / 3 times a day

Rheumatism

12

Chrysanthemum tatsienense

Serjum Mettok (T)

Flower


Bodyache & Fracture

13

Cremanthodium sp

Ngoga (T)Whole Plant


Appetizer, Fever & Headache

14

Dracocephalum tanguticum

Tango (T)Aerial parts


Liver tonic & Stomachache

15

Ephedra gerardiana

Somlata, Chhedum (T)

Aerial parts

1 tsp decoction / 3 times a day

Asthma

16

Ephedra gerardiana

Somlata, Chhedum (T)

Aerial parts

2-3 gm powder with lukewarm water / once a day

Ease menstruation & Haemorrhage

17

Gentiana urnula Gangachhung (T)

Root 3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a

Cough, Diarrhoea & Ulcer

37

day18

Gentiana vetichiorum

Pangyan Mettak (T)

Whole Plant


Fever & Throat trouble

19

Gentianopsis paludosa

Chyaktik (T)Whole Plant


Appetizer, Fever, Hypertension & Nausea

20

Glycyrhiza glabra

Jethi Madhu Root1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a day

Acidity

21

Glycyrhiza glabra

Jethi Madhu Root3 tsp Decoction / 6 hrs duration

Whooping Cough

22

Heterospermum caurigerum

Serki Metok (T)


Gall bladder trouble

23

Hippophae salicifolia

Tarbu (T) Fruit2-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Cough and Cold, Gastric and Eases Menstruation

24

Holarrhena pubescens

Indrajau Bark 1 tsp powder / 3 times a day Stomach problem

25

Incarvillea younghusbandii

Ukchhyomarpo (T)

Whole Plant


Constipation and Ear Pain

26

Juniper sp Dhup Leaf1/2 tsp decoction / 2 times a day

Gout

27

Juniper sp DhupLeaf oil

Apply externally / 2 times a day

Rheumatism

28

Juniper sp Dhup Seed 1 tsp powder / 2 times a day Rheumatism

29

Justicia adhatoda

Asuro Leaf1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a day

Asthma

30

Lepisorus waltonii

Dakpyo (T) Root3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Kidney and Lungs problem & Sore Throat

31

Malva verticillata

Chamdu (T) Fruit2-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Kidney problem

32 Meconopsis sp

Utpal Ngompo (T)

Flower


Liver tonic

33

Miribilis himalaica

Bhatru (T) Root3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Joint Pain, Kidney and Stomach problem

34

Nardostachys grandiflora

Pampyoi (T) Root3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Antidote, Cough and cold & Hypertension

35 Onosma hookeri Demok (T)

Whole Plant


Cough and Hypertension

36

Pedicularis oliveriana

Lugrumukpo (T)

Flower


Antidote, Ulcer & Diarrhoea

37

Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora

Houglan (T) Root 3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a

Cough, Dysentery & Hypertension

38

day38

Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora

Kutki Root1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a day

Fever

39

Plantago depressa

Tharam (T)Whole Plant


Diarrhoea & Kidney Problem

40

Podophyllum emodi

Holmose (T) Fruit2-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Ease menstruation & Uterus tonic

41

Polygonum sphaerostachyum

Pangram (T)Aerial parts

3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Morning

Diarrhoea

42

Pterocarpus marsupium

BijaysalHeart wood

1 glass water consumed after wood immersed overnight / Morning

Diabetes

43 Rheum australe Padamchal Root

1 tsp powder with lukewarm water / Once in Bed time

Constipation

44 Rubus idaeopsis Kantakari Stem


Cold and Cough & Fever

45

Saxiraga pasumensis

Sumdik (T)Whole Plant


Fever

46

Schisandra sphaerandra

Dhatik (T) Fruit2-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Cold and Cough & Diarrhoea

47

Senecio scandens

Serpo Gudyu (T)

Flower, Root

4-6 gm paste / Apply externally

Cure wounds

48

Senecio scandens

Serpo Gudyu (T)

Flower, Root

4-6 gm power with lukewarm water / once regularly

Eye infection

49

Spiranthes sinensis

Wanglag (T) Root3-5 gm powder with lukewarm water / Once a day

Lungs Tonic

50 Swertia chirayita Tikta

Whole Plant

1/2 glass water consumed after plant immersed overnight / 2 times a day

Diabetes

51 Swertia chirayita Tikta

Whole Plant

1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a day

Fever

52

Terminalia chebula

Harro Fruit1 tsp powder with lukewarm water / Bed time

Constipation

53

Tinospora cordifolia

Gurjo Stem1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a day

Acidity, Fever and Diabetes

54

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Methi Seed 1 tsp powder / 2 times a day Diabetes

Table 15: Traditional healing practice using NTFPsT=Tibetan

4.10 Sustainable harvesting practices of NTFPs

39

To determine the long term impact of harvesting on population dynamics, permanent plots must be established. Trials that measure the effect of different harvesting levels and methods are also helpful.Sampling areas must be monitored for years twice at a minimum, to learn how harvesting effects overall biodiversity.Sampling areas help to: - establish rotational harvesting schedules- identify optimal harvesting times and methods- get community members involved in hands on biological monitoring- devise more accurate community resource management plans

Optimal harvesting practices for sustainable NTFPs useSpecies/Parts harvested

Harvesting season

Optimal rotational interval

Optimal % of plants not harvested

Optimal harvesting methods

Rhizomes with roots

July-October 3-5 years At least 20% plants undisturbed

Whole plants pulled from bushy areas and dug out carefully with the tool, kuto, from open grasslands

Fruits July-September

1-2 years At least 20% fruits undisturbed

Fruits/fruits with stalks are detached from stem using sickles or bare hands

Leaves/needles July-October 1 year At least 30% of leaves left on plant

Leaves hand picked or cut with scissors

Flowers May-August 1-2 years At least 30% of flowers left undisturbed

Flowers hand picked or cut with scissors

Barks May-August 3 years At least 75% bark left undisturbed/ for lokta bark cut the stem at least 15 cm above the ground

Bark pulled from plants with the help of sickles or knife/khukuri

Aerial parts July- October 2-3 years At least 40% plant left undisturbed

Aerial parts cut with scissor or khukuri

Table 16: Recommended sustainable harvesting of NTFPs

4.11 Guidelines for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs

A few rules of thumb have been formulated relating to biological characteristics and technical harvesting practices of NTFPs. Some guidelines for sustainable use are as follows.

40

1. In the absence of thorough knowledge on NTFPs, the principle of precaution should be adopted.

2. Sustainable amounts may be determined on the basis of the size of plant's population, its population dynamics and reproductive biology.

3. Some NTFPs may be rare in some areas and abundant in others. Care should be taken not to collect in areas where NTFPs are rare.

4. Use of substitutes for vulnerable species should be promoted if they are known to be safe and have good level of activity.

5. It is not sustainable to harvest all the plants of a same population. Small amounts of different population should be harvested.

6. For perennial herbs, collection of whole plants, roots or rhizomes are destructive unless a very small proportion is collected from one sub population. This proportion should be estimated on the basis of the growth rate and size of the plant collected, population dynamics and size of the plant population. Care should be taken to collect only some parts of the root or rhizome in order to allow the plants to regeneration. Therefore a good knowledge of plant's morphology is needed to decide which part may be collected without affecting plant's ability for regeneration.

7. For monocarpic species, care should be taken not to collect the flowers before the plant has set seeds and to collect only a small proportion of flowers. Collection of roots is highly destructive and the proportion of plants that may be uprooted should depend on the size of the population.

8. For annual herbs, it is more sustainable to collect whole plants once the plants have set seeds.

9. Collection of fruits and seeds should have a large proportion of seeds to allow the population to regenerate.

10. For trees, shrubs and perennial climbers, collection of large amount of roots and barks is unsustainable. Collection of some proportion of leaves, flowers and seeds may be sustainable if care is taken to leave material for plants to reproduce.

41

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

Assessment of forest types, population density, frequency, RVA, Matrix Preference Ranking, documentation of traditional healing system and trade and value addition of NTFP species were analyzed in the Nubri valley.

A total of 147 species were identified in 16 forest types. Fir Forest and Birch-Rhododendron Forest were most dominant and found in all three VDCs followed by Temperate Blue Pine forest, Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest, Mixed Rhododendron-Maple Forest, Fir-Hemlock-Oak Forest, Fir-Oak-Rhododendron Forest and Larch forest.

The present study showed that Quercus semecarpifolia, Pinus wallichiana, Abies spectabilis, Rhododendron arboreum, Betula utilis and Juniperus indica were dominant trees. Similarly Pieris Formosa, Drepanostachyum falcatum, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Wikstroemia canescens, Berberis asiatica, Berberis aristata, Rhododendron lepidotum, Rhododendron setosum Cotoneaster microphyllus, Lonicera sp., Ephedra gerardiana, and Juniperus communis were dominant shrubs. Whereas Dipsacus inermis, Thalictrum foliolosum, Astilbe rivularis, Elsholtzia fruticosa, Fragaria nubicola, Saussurea costus, Gentiana urnula, Swertia racemosa, Anaphalis triplinervis and Polygonatum cirrhifolium were recorded as dominant herbs of the study area.

Top prioritized NTFP species are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Abies spectabilis, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Bergenia ciliata, Berberis asiatica, B. aristata, Hippophae salicifolia, Juniperus indica, J. communis, Rhododendron anthopogon and Heracleum candicans.

RVA analysis showed that among the prioritized NTFPs, most vulnerable species of the study area are Abies spectabilis, Taxus wallichiana, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Juniperus indica, J. communis J. recurva, Daphne papyracea, Hippophae salicifolia, Rhododendron anthopogon, Selinum tenuifolium, Ephedra gerardiana, Berberis asiatica and B. aristata.

Harvesting and trading of NTFPs is highest in Samdo, followed by Samagaon and Lho. The traded NTFPs of Lho and Samagaun VDCs are Cordyceps sinensis, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Delphinium denudatum, Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora,

42

Dactylorhiza hatagirea and Nardostachys grandiflora. There is no trade of NTFPs from Prok VDC.

Some prioritized NTFPs potential for marketing and value addition from Nubri valley are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Bergenia ciliata, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Berberis asiatica, B. aristata, Abies spectabilis, Zanthoxylum armatum, Daphne papyracea, Wikstroemia canescens, Prinsepia utilis, Hippophae salicifolia, Artemisia dubia, Rosa sericea, Selinum tenuifolium and Prinsepia utilis, Juniperus indica, J. communis, Rhododendron anthopogon and Ephedra gerardiana.

Traditional healing system exists in Prok and Samagaon VDCs of Nubri valley and is supported by various organizations. A total of 48 NTFP species used by Aamchis for treating different ailments were recorded. Among the NTFPs, Carum carvi, Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora and Gentianopsis paludosa were used to cure most diseases.

5.2 Recommendations

Long term management and conservation plan of NTFPs should be prepared for the

sustainable utilization of the resources, participating the local community.

Opportunity for income generation from NTFPs could change the attitude of people

towards sustainable management practices of the resources. Conservation and

sustainable management are the ever raised issues, but why and how to conserve and

manage are the big questions challenging ever.

In this scenario, following are few recommendations regarding the overall

management of NTFPs of Nubri valley:

1. Set up of NTFP management committee including Amchis, women, VDC representatives, CAMC members for conservation and sustainable harvesting.

2. Consolidated training package on management and sustainable harvesting of NTFPs should be conducted.

3. Sustainable harvesting guidelines should be prepared and distributed to the NTFPs collectors of the area.

4. Marketing information Center should be established for the promotion of NTFPs of the region.

5. A collective marketing centre (Jadibuti Mandi) should be established in Samdo village so that the collectors could bargain for the better price.

6. NTFP based community enterprise should be established for processing NTFPs of the area for premium price.

7. High altitude pastureland management should be done for conserving NTFPs especially herbs of the area.

8. Emphasis should be given to promote the knowledge and build up of the capacity of Amchis in order to ensure the continuation of healing system in the respective villages.

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9. Alternative source of livelihood for the people of Lho and Samagaon villages should be addressed so that the deforestation and illegal trading of Timber and NTFPs would be minimized.

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References

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Cunningham, A. B., 1994. Integrating Local Plant Resources and Habitat Management. Biodiversity and Conservation. 3. pp 104-115

Cunningham, A. B., 1996 a. People, Park and Plant Use: Recommendations for Multiple Use Zones and Development Alternatives Around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. People and Plants Working Paper no 4. UNESCO, Paris. pp 58.

Cunningham, A. B., 2001. Applied Ethnobotany: People, Wild Plant use and Conservation. People and Plants Conservation Manual. Earthscan.

FAO, 1999. Towards a Harmonized Definition of Non Wood Forest Products. Unasylva. 50 (198). pp 63-64.

IUCN, 2004. National Register of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. IUCN Nepal.

Lama, Y. C., Ghimire, S. K. and Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., 2001. Medicinal Plants of Dolpo: Amchis Knowledge and Conservation. WWF-Nepal Program, Kathmandu.

MCAP, 2005. Summary of Achievement: 8 Years Progress Report. KMTNC/MCAP.

Pohle, P., 1990. Useful Plants of Manang District. Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH, Stuttgart.

Polunin, O. and Stainton, A., 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press. New Delhi.

Press, J. R., Shrestha, K. K. and Sutton, D. A., 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal. The Natural History Museum, London.

Raunkair, C. 1934. The life forms of Plants and Statistical plant geography. Oxford.

Shrestha, K., 1998. Dictionary of Nepalese Plant. Mandala Book Point, Nepal.

Stainton, A., 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya, A Supplement. Oxford University Press. New Delhi.

TISC, 2002. Forest and Vegetation Types of Nepal. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, HMG/N, Natural Resource management Sector Assistance Programme (NARMSAP).

Watts, J., Scott, P. and Mutebi, J., 1996. Forest Assessment and Monitoring for Conservation and Local use: Experience in three Ugandan National Parks. pp 212-243. In; Recent Approaches to Participatory Forest Resource Assessment. Rural Development Forestry Study Guide 2. Carter, J. (ed). ODI, London.

Wong, W. and Jenifer, L.G. 2001. Resources Assessments of Non- Wood Forest Products: Experience and Biometric Principles. Non-Wood Forests Products Series-13. FAO

Yoshida, T., 1994. Portraits of Himalayan Flowers. Heibonsha Limited, Tokyo.

Zobel, D. B., Jha, P.K., Behan, M. J. & Yadav, U. K. R. 1987. A Practical Manual for Ecology. Ratna Book Distributors, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs) OF MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA

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