Behaviour and safety of masonry structures

University of Naples "Federico II"Department of Structural Analysis and Design

Prof. Antonello De LucaProfessor of Structural Engineering

RETROFIT OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF BASE ISOLATION (B.I.S.)

Lesson: 1

15 march 2006

STUDENT AND OTHER ADDRESSES

Antonello De Luca

Students

Other addresses

Giuseppe LUCIBELLOMaurizio TORENOFrancesco ONORIO

Antonio BRANCACCIOGiovanni CANDIDAMichal KRAL

Giovanni MONTUORI

OUTCOME FROM THE STUDY OF STRUCTURAL TYPES IN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

• Historical monuments• Modern construction

5000 Years

• Before steel (1800)• Before concrete (1900)

• After steel (1800)• After concrete (1900)

• 1900 masonry construction?

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OUTCOME FROM THE STUDY OF STRUCTURAL TYPES IN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Before studies on the theory of elasticity and strength of materials

After studies on the theory of elasticity and strength of materials

Some keystones dates

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Jacques Bernoulli (1654-1705)Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

Augustine Cauchy, Coulomb…

1700 - 1800

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OUTCOME FROM THE STUDY OF STRUCTURAL TYPES IN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Before having the tools for design and dimensioning with analytical tools (Numbers coming from theory and computation.

Books to use for designing

Bernard Forest e BelidorLa Science des Ingenieurs (1729-1830)

M. Navier (1807 ? - 1826)Resumé de Lecons sur l’application de la mecanique a l’etabilissement des constructions at des machines

Jean Baptiste Rondelet 1802Traité Tehorique et Pratique de l’art de Batir

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STRUCTURAL TYPES IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Before Navier

Trilith 1+1 Columns2Columns +1 Lintel (beam ?)

Primitive idea of putting one stone on the top of the other:

PYRAMID

• Greek architecture

• Roman architecture

• Up to Navier

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STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Columns, Piers, Load Bearing Wall

Lintel, Architrave, Arch, Vault

Vertical Loads

Horizontal Loads

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STRUCTURAL TYPES IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Vertical loads GREEK

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STRUCTURAL TYPES IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Vertical loads PYRAMIDS

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STRUCTURAL TYPES IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Horizontal loads: slender construction

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STRUCTURAL TYPES IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Horizontal loads: stocky construction

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 3)

Typical wall arrangements in masonry buildings

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 5)

Liability of a simplecross-wall structure

to accidentaldamage

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NAVIER: RESUMÉ DES LECONS

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NAVIER: RESUMÉ DES LECONS

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NAVIER: RESUMÉ DES LECONS

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NAVIER: RESUMÉ DES LECONS

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 14)

Classification of clay bricks according to compressive strength and absorption

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 14)

Compressive strength classes anr requirements of calcium silicate bricks

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 14)

Compressive strength and thickness of concrete blocks

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 19)

Compressive strength for mortar (BS 5628)

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pagg. 54 and 70)

Partial safety factors in BS 5628

Partial safety factors for material in EC6

HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 19)

Requirements for mortar (BS 5628)

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pagg. 24 and 41)

Effect of water/cement ratio on the compressive strength of mortar of

grades I, II and III

Rlationsip between brick crushingstrength and brikwork strength

forvarious morta strengths. Basedontest results

HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 57)

Characteristic strength of brickwor and solid concrete blockor whereratio of height tothickness of unit is between2.0 and 4.0

Breymann (Dello spessore dei muri e delle volte Pag. 57)

The stone strength and the safety factor

Breymann reports the sandstone of keuper strength test from Brix for the construction of the Bietigheim viaduct.

1/2 Antonello De Luca

Breymann (Dello spessore dei muri e delle volte Pag. 57)

The stone strength and the safety factor

2/2

From the last table we have:

Type of sandstone

Ultimate stressMPa

Safety factor

Design stressMPa

Max project stressMPa

Brughiera 30.2 1.5Kornwestheim 27.6 1.38

Marbach 40.2 2Kleebronn 18.4 0.9Nordheim 31.1 1.55Heilbronn 46 2.3

220

Breymann report also the max stress for the Bietigheim viaduct. This max stress is 1.1 MPa.

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Breymann (Dello spessore dei muri e delle volte Pag. 57)

The stone strength and the safety factor from Cantalupi

Breymann also report the stone strength test from Cantalupi and give another safety factor for this to be assuming in the structure project.

Type of stone Ultimate stressMPa

Safety factor

Design stressMPa

Max project stressMPa

Lava Vesuvio 59 5.9

Liais stone Paris 44 4.4

Hard brick 15 1.5

210

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HENDRY - “DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUTURES” (pag. 47)

Typical stress-strain curve for brick masonry

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.I - art.III)

Compression stress in some masonry structures of European Cultural Heritage

StressesStructure

MPa klb/ft2

The columns of Tutti i Santi Church - Angers 4.4 90

The dome pile of S. Pietro in Rome 1.6 35

The dome pile of S. Paolo in London 1.9 42

The Invalidi dome pile in Paris 1.5 32

The dome pile of Santa Genevieffa 3.0 63

The columns of S. Paolo fuori le Mura 2.0 43

The bell tower pile of Saint-Mery .Church 3.0 63

In next slides are reported some examples.

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.I - art.III)

San Pietro in Rome

1,63 MPa35,2 lb/ft2

21103 m2

5511 m2 of masonry in plant(about 1/4 of total surface and about 1/3 of free surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.I - art.III)

Invalidi dome in Paris

1,93 MPa41,7 lb/ft2

2695 m2

724 m2 of masonry in plant(about 4/15 of total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.I - art.III)

S. Paolo Fuori le Mura Church

1,97 MPa42,9 lb/ft2

9899 m2

1176 m2 of masonry in plant(about 2/17 of total surface and about 5/15 of free surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

Ratio of the total surface represented by the masonry in some structures of European Cultural Heritage

In next slides are reported

some examples.

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

Panteon in Rome

3182 m2

739 m2 of masonry in plant (23% of the total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

S. Sofia di Costantinopoli

9591 m2

2097 m2 of masonry in plant (22% of the total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

S. Maria del Fiore in Florence

7881 m2

1582 m2 of masonry in plant (20% of the total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

Tempio della Concordia Agrigento (Italy)

636 m2

123 m2 of masonry in plant

(20% of the total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

Cathedral in Milan

11696 m2

1985 m2 of masonry in plant

(16% of the total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

Nôtre-Dame in Paris

6258 m2

816 m2 of masonry in plant

(14% of the total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

S. Filippo Neri Church in Naples

2121 m2

273 m2 of masonry in plant (13% of the total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

S. Sabina Church in Rome

1407 m2

143 m2 of masonry in plant

(10% of the total surface)

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Rondelet (T.IV - Lib.IX - sez.IV - c.II)

Rotunda of S. Stefano in Rome

3413 m2

190 m2 of masonry in plant

(6% of the total surface)

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