Restless Earth Rock Cycle formation of different rock This cycle is involved with three types of...
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Transcript of Restless Earth Rock Cycle formation of different rock This cycle is involved with three types of...
![Page 1: Restless Earth Rock Cycle formation of different rock This cycle is involved with three types of rock a. Sedimentary b. Metamorphic c. Igneous schematic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649f2a5503460f94c44730/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Restless Earth
Rock Cycleformation of different rock
This cycle is involved with three types of rocka. Sedimentary b. Metamorphicc. Igneous
schematicdiagramrock cycle
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Sedimentary Rocka. occurs near the Earth’s surfaceb. sediment settles to the bottom of the rivers, lakes, and oceans c. forms in layers called strata or stratification
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Sedimentary Rock Cycle
a. weather breaks down existing rock
b. deposition
c. compaction and cementation
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Restless EarthMetamorphic Rock
a rock type that has changed into another type
a. occurs 2 to 16km deep in the Earthb. pressure is almost 4,000 times greater than at the surface c. temperature ranges from 1500C to 10000C
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Composition of Metamorphic rockheat and pressure play the significant rolesin forming this type of rock
Minerals + Heat and Pressure = New mineral
New minerals formed atdifferent temperaturesat different depths
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Igneous Rockformed from the cooling of magma
a. melted rock is trapped in the earth then coolsb. lava from a volcano erupts and then cools
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Three ways that rock can become magma
a. Temperatureb. Pressurec. Composition
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Restless EarthIgneous Rock formations
Two process in which magma forms rock
1. Intrusive – coarse grained rock that developed after magma has cooled below the Earth’s surface
after weathering of Earth's surface, these intrusions are apparent
Shiprock, New Mexico
extinct volcano
dike
Devils Tower
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2. Extrusive rock – very small crystalline rock that is formed on the Earth’s surface called lava
or under the ocean’s surface, pillow lava
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Earth’s story
Two theories on the geologic processes which points to how the Earth’s landscape was/is formed
1. Uniformitarianism – James Hutton, 1795 developed the idea the landscape developed over long periods of time through a variety of slow geologic and geomorphic processes.
a. deep soil profiles were formed by the weathering of bedrock over thousands of years
b. slow uplift and subsidence of land surfaces cause changing topography
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2. Catastrophism - doctrine that the geological changes in the earth's crust have been caused by the sudden action of violent physical causes
a. biblical floodsb. asteroid impacts
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Relative dating (and I am not referring to my family tree)
uses the Principal of Superposition
a. It is based on sedimentary rocks and fossils b. Oldest layers are at the bottomc. Helps in the order of eventsd. Produces a geologic column
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The Geologic column can have some very interestingformations.
a. Faults - a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other
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b. Intrusion – molten rock that seeps into crevicesand cools
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c. Folding – rock layers bend and buckle frominternal forces
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d. Tilting – internal pressures slants the geologiccolumn without folding
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Restless EarthUnconformity – a missing part of the geologic column
mostly occurs due to:a. depositionb. erosion
Three types of unconformitiesa. disconformity – rock layer is missing
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b. Nonconformity – sedimentary layer sits on topigneous or metamorphic rock
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c. Angular unconformity – layer between horizontallayer and tilted rock layer
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Restless EarthAbsolute Dating
a process which establishes the age of an object
The process uses radioactive decay the decay works this way:
Unstable atoms turn into stable atoms
Parent isotope – unstable isotope
Daughter isotope – stable isotope
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Restless EarthRadiometric dating
percentage of parent unstable isotope to daughter stable isotope
Uses half-life of isotope to date object
Three methods of radiometric datinga. Uranium-lead methodb. Potassium-argon methodc. Carbon-14 method
32
64
16
8
4
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The Earth may be described in two ways1. Composition2. Physical properties
Let’s take a look at each one 1. Composition - the Earth is composed
of three layersa. Crust – outermost layer b. Mantle – middle layerc. Inner and outer cores
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There are two categories of crusta. Continental – about 30 km thick; graniteb. Oceanic – about7 km thick; basalt
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Restless Earth2. Physical propertiesa. Lithosphere – outermost layer (tectonic plates)
made up of 1. crust 2. upper part of mantle
b. Asthenosphere – soft part of mantlec. Mesosphere – strong part of mantle, extends
from asthenosphere to outer cored. Outer core – liquid layer of coree. Inner core – solid core
6 miles
60 miles
125 miles
400 miles
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Restless EarthRock a little geology lesson!!!
Earth is made up of four layersa. inner core - mass of iron with a temperature of 70000 F b. outer core - electrical currents generated from this area produce the earth's magnetic field. c. mantle - slow moving molten rock or magma, 20000 F d. crust - layer from 4-25 miles thick consisting of sand and rock
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Mapping the Earth layersa seismograph can be used to measurethe thickness of each layer
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The lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates; theseare plates that float on the asthenosphere
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Cross section of a tectonic plate
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Continental DriftWegener, Alfred – 1880 - 1930
theory that all of the worlds land masses wereat one time together !!!!!
called the land mass Pangaea – about 245 million years ago
Evidence:a. continents fit together like a puzzleb. identical fossils on one continent are found on another
e.g. plants on S. America, Africa, Antarcticaand Australia
c. glaciers
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Restless Earth
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Restless EarthAre the continents on the move???
Yes, about 2 to 3 inches per year
How you ask...
Sea-floor Spreading!!!
As the continents move apart the mid-ocean ridgepulls apart and molten rock fills the gap
That is how the geologists determine the age of the ocean floor
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.
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As the magma makes new sea floor, the magnetic polesactually change directionAt irregular intervals, averaging about 200-thousand years, the Earth's magnetic field reverses. The end of a compass needle that today points to the north will instead point to the south after the next reversal.
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Theory of Tectonic Plates
Two possible answers for tectonic plate shift
a. gravityb. heat
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