Respiratory Function, Breathing, Respiration
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Respiratory Function, Breathing, Respiration
BI 233Exercise 40
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Introduction• Pulmonary Ventilation is
the movement of air into and out of the lungs and the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane
• The ventilation rate is the number of breaths per minute
• The pulmonary volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
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Clinical Application• Adequate pulmonary
ventilation is critical• Reduction in pulmonary
ventilation can cause increased C02 (hypercapnia) producing acidosis
• Increased pulmonary ventilation can lead to a reduction in C02 (hypocapnia) producing alkalosis.
• Changes in C02 concentrations can alter breathing rates
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Mechanics of Breathing• Air moves from regions of higher
pressure to regions of lower pressure.
• The lungs fill with air or deflate due to changes in air pressure.
• During inspiration the diaphragm contracts (with external intercostals) increasing the volume in thoracic cavity causing a decrease in pressure in the lungs which causes air to move into the lungs.
• When the diaphragm relaxes the size of thoracic cavity decreases causing increase in pressure and therefore causing expiration.
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Measurement of Relaxed Breathing Rate
• Calculate your lab partner’s relaxed breathing rate
• Have partner read lab exercise while you count the number of breaths for 2 minutes.
• Divide by 2• Record your results• Do this again but have lab
partner do strenuous exercise for 2 minutes and then count the number of breaths.
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Pulmonary Volumes
• Pulmonary volumes are the amount of air that flows into or out of the lungs during a particular event.
• Tidal Volume(TV): amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (300-500ml) *The numbers given for volumes and
capacities are averages and vary greatly between individuals
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Pulmonary Volumes• Inspiratory Reserve
Volume (IRV): Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3100ml)
• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1200ml)
• Residual Volume: Air left in lungs (1000ml)
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Capacities• Lung capacities are
calculated by summation of volumes
• Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (4800ml)
• Calculate your volumes and capacities including the percent of expected VC
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Other Exercises
• Calculate your minute ventilation
• Do flow and resistance exercise and be able to describe the relationship between these.
• Listen to your lab partners respiratory sounds with the stethoscope
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• CPR: typically used for people suffering from a heart attack (myocardial infarct), drug overdoses, drowning or trauma and obstruction of airways. Uses chest compressions of 100 times per minute on the body of the sternum.
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Physiology of Exercise and Pulmonary Health
Exercise 41
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Exercise
• Aerobic exercises increase heart rate and breathing rates at moderate levels for extended periods of time.
• Anaerobic exercises result in the consumption of available oxygen faster than it can be supplied to the muscle tissue
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Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FEV)
• Indications of health can be roughly correlated with the amount of air expelled from the lungs in 1 second.
• Expressed as a percent when compared to a person’s vital capacity.
• Should be approx 75%
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Harvard Step Test• Was developed to
determine a person’s physical fitness.
• We do not have the steps recommended in lab manual but you can go outside and walk up and down stairs for 3-5 minutes.
• Subject then rests for 30 seconds
• Then partner takes pulses every 30 seconds
• Calculate PFI:
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Body Mass Index
• BMI is a general guide to fitness
BMI= Weight in pounds/(height in inches)2
OrBMI= Mass(kg)/ Height
(M)2
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Waist/Hip Ratio
• WHR: According to the American Heart Association, people who carry more weight in their waist region are more at risk for health problems.
• WHR= Circumference of waist/Circumference of hips